Drilling is the most common (multi-point) cutting technique targeted for the production of
small-diameter holes. Hole making is among the most important operations in manufacturing, and
drilling is a major and common hole-making process in components. Productivity can be interpreted in
terms of material removal rate in any machining operation. It is, therefore, essential to optimize quality
and productivity simultaneously. Mild steel are soft, ductile, easily machined and is extensive used us a
main engineering material in various industry such as air craft and aerospace industry. The Taguchi
method is applied to formulate the experimental layout to ascertain the Element of impact each
optimum process parameters for CNC drilling machining with drilling operation of mild steel. A total of
27 experimental runs were conducted using an orthogonal array, and the ideal combination of
controllable factor levels was determined for the material removal rate, time of machining and
circularity has been measured. Design optimization for quality was carried out and single to noise ratio
and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed using experiment result to confirm effectiveness of
this approach.
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality
products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning
process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal
rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out
by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and
insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system. This experiment also present the relation
between chip formations and controllable variables along with chip thickness, chip colors & chip
velocity from which its effect on insert wear, quality of product can be easily found out, because of
chip morphology gives indirectly the effect of it on the insert wear. In this dissertation work
minimum quantity lubrication system is used for reducing the cutting zone temperature properly and
very fastly. Finally comparison is carried out between wet and minimum quantity lubrication system
from which one can easily identify which system is better for higher productivity along with high
surface finish. This work also present the productivity (MRR) concept in production. The design of
experiment and optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time is carried
out by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design method is used (CCD)
for the total experimental design work and its analysis and also for optimization of turning process
parameter by which wastage of the machining time, power can be avoided.
Optimization of Machining Parameters of 20MnCr5 Steel in Turning Operation u...IJMER
Now-a-days increasing the productivity and the quality of the machined parts are the main
challenges of metal cutting industry during turning processes. Optimization methods in turning
processes, considered being a vital role for continual improvement of output quality in product and
processes include modeling of input-output and in process parameters relationship and determination of
optimal cutting conditions. This paper present on Experimental study to optimize the effects of cutting
Parameters on Surface finish and MRR of 20MnCr5 Steel alloy work material by employing Taguchi
techniques. The orthogonal array, signal to noise ratio and analysis of variance were employed to study
the performance characteristics in turning operation. Five parameters were chosen as process variables:
Cutting Speed, Feed, Depth of cut, Hardness of cutting Tool, Cutting environment (wet and dry). The
experimentation plan is designed using Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array (OA) and Minitab statistical
software is used. Optimal cutting parameters for minimum surface roughness (SR) and maximum material
removal rate were obtained. Finally, the relationship between factors and the performance measures
were developed by using multiple regression analysis
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality
products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning
process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal
rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out
by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and
insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system. This experiment also present the relation
between chip formations and controllable variables along with chip thickness, chip colors & chip
velocity from which its effect on insert wear, quality of product can be easily found out, because of
chip morphology gives indirectly the effect of it on the insert wear. In this dissertation work
minimum quantity lubrication system is used for reducing the cutting zone temperature properly and
very fastly. Finally comparison is carried out between wet and minimum quantity lubrication system
from which one can easily identify which system is better for higher productivity along with high
surface finish. This work also present the productivity (MRR) concept in production. The design of
experiment and optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time is carried
out by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design method is used (CCD)
for the total experimental design work and its analysis and also for optimization of turning process
parameter by which wastage of the machining time, power can be avoided.
Optimization of Machining Parameters of 20MnCr5 Steel in Turning Operation u...IJMER
Now-a-days increasing the productivity and the quality of the machined parts are the main
challenges of metal cutting industry during turning processes. Optimization methods in turning
processes, considered being a vital role for continual improvement of output quality in product and
processes include modeling of input-output and in process parameters relationship and determination of
optimal cutting conditions. This paper present on Experimental study to optimize the effects of cutting
Parameters on Surface finish and MRR of 20MnCr5 Steel alloy work material by employing Taguchi
techniques. The orthogonal array, signal to noise ratio and analysis of variance were employed to study
the performance characteristics in turning operation. Five parameters were chosen as process variables:
Cutting Speed, Feed, Depth of cut, Hardness of cutting Tool, Cutting environment (wet and dry). The
experimentation plan is designed using Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array (OA) and Minitab statistical
software is used. Optimal cutting parameters for minimum surface roughness (SR) and maximum material
removal rate were obtained. Finally, the relationship between factors and the performance measures
were developed by using multiple regression analysis
Optimization of Material Removal Rate & Surface Roughness in Dry Turning of M...IJERA Editor
Optimization of machining parameters is valuable to maintain the accuracy of the components and to minimize
the cost of machining. Surface finish is an important measure for the quality of the machined parts. The present
work is an experimental investigation to study the effect of machining parameters on Material Removal Rate
and Surface Roughness in dry turning of medium carbon steel EN19. Taguchi’s single objective optimization
method was used to find the effect of input parameters on the responses. The experiments were conducted as per
Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array on CNC lathe under dry conditions. Cutting parameters of speed, feed and
depth of cut were taken as inputs and machining was done by PVD TiAlN tool. Regression models for the
responses were prepared by using MINITAB-16 software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the
influence of machining parameters on the responses. From the ANOVA results, it is clear that speed has high
influence followed by feed and depth of cut has very low influence in achieving the optimum values for both
Material Removal Rate and Surface Roughness. Finally, experimental and Regression values of responses were
compared. From the results, it is found that both the values are close to each other hence, the regression models
prepared were more accurate and adequate. Percentage of errors between experimental and regression values
were calculated and they found in the range of ±0.20.
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents minimization of surface roughness in dry turning of AISI 430F steel using TiN-TiCN-Al2O3-ZrCN multilayer coated cemented carbide & cryo-treated inserts. Effect of cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of cut & machining duration is studied on the surface roughness. Taguchi’s design of experiment is used to find the optimum factor levels. It is found that the feed rate has much effect in producing lower surface roughness followed by speed. The depth of cut has lesser role on surface roughness. The result of Taguchi method shows that cutting velocity of 250m/min, feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.3mm should be maintained as optimal parameter settings for both coated and cryo-treated tools. Cryo-treated tools perform better. Keywords: Cryo-treatment, Dry Turning, Surface roughness, Taguchi Method
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Turning metal removal is the removal of metal outside diameter of a rotating cylindrical workpiece. As it is used to reduce the diameter. of the work piece generally to a specified dimension and to produce a smooth finish on the metal. Often, the work piece is turned so that the sections have different diameters. As is the machining operation that produces cylindrical. In its basic form, it can be defined as an outer surface machining: Based on the findings of the Pilot study, actual experimentation work will be designed and input machining parameters and their values finalized. The results are expected to show that the response variables (output parameters) strongly influenced by the control factors (input parameters). So, the results which are obtained after experimentation analyzed and modeled for their application in manufacturing industry It is concluded that for MRR be maximum factor Cutting speed has to be at high level 3, Feed has to be at high level & D.O.C has to be at high level.
Effect of process factors on surface roughness in dip cryogenic machining of ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A large number of structures that are being constructed at present tend to be wind-sensitive because of their slenderness, shapes, size, lightness and flexibility. With the ever increase in the vertical growth of urban cities, high rise buildings are being constructed in large numbers. In this study, analytical investigation of different shapes of buildings are taken as an example and various analytical approaches are performed on the building. These plans are modeled and wind loads are found out according to I.S 875(part 3)-1987 by taking gust factor and without taking gust factor. These models are compared in different aspects such as storey drift, storey displacement, storey shear, etc. for different shapes of buildings by using finite element software package ETAB’s 13.1.1v. Among these results, which shape of building provide sound wind loading to the structure as well as the structural efficiency would be selected. Key Words: Storey displacement, Storey drift, Storey shear, Gust, Wind load
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Deformation Analysis of a Triangular Mild Steel Plate Using CST as Finite Ele...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Study the Situation of Housing Social Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators...IJMER
Abstract:Housing indicators are fundamental factor and determine in descriptive, analysis and making decision for housing
which can lead to as outline in housing planning for maker decision and planner if housing indicators recognize and
understanding, it's study and analysis of way a applied and fundamental or basic research and correctly done with in plans.
Among housing indicators, social indicators are the most property fundamental factor of housing progress and goals.
The aim this article is to study the situation of the social quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing in rural areas of Ghachsaran Township.
The methodology used in this article is a combination of descriptive, analytical method and case study.
The results of this article in relation of housing social quantitative and qualitative indicators in rural areas of
Ghachsaran township within the years of 1996 to 2006 shows there are problems in terms of social quantitative indicators of
housing and unbelievable bad conditions (density of family per dwelling). But from view point of social qualitative indicators
of housing (infrastructure facilities and basic services of housing units and construction materials) in rural areas have had a
relative developing trend.
Therefore, one plan of housing is need of recognize, understanding and analysis of housing dimension and its effect.
In the among is necessary study of this indicators as one of the most important housing indicators in housing quality update
and their role in housing development planning and progress.
Keywords: Housing, Social Indicators, Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators, Rural Areas, Ghachsaran township.
Sender Authentication with Transmission Power Adjustment Method Using RSSI in...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Optimization of Material Removal Rate & Surface Roughness in Dry Turning of M...IJERA Editor
Optimization of machining parameters is valuable to maintain the accuracy of the components and to minimize
the cost of machining. Surface finish is an important measure for the quality of the machined parts. The present
work is an experimental investigation to study the effect of machining parameters on Material Removal Rate
and Surface Roughness in dry turning of medium carbon steel EN19. Taguchi’s single objective optimization
method was used to find the effect of input parameters on the responses. The experiments were conducted as per
Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array on CNC lathe under dry conditions. Cutting parameters of speed, feed and
depth of cut were taken as inputs and machining was done by PVD TiAlN tool. Regression models for the
responses were prepared by using MINITAB-16 software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the
influence of machining parameters on the responses. From the ANOVA results, it is clear that speed has high
influence followed by feed and depth of cut has very low influence in achieving the optimum values for both
Material Removal Rate and Surface Roughness. Finally, experimental and Regression values of responses were
compared. From the results, it is found that both the values are close to each other hence, the regression models
prepared were more accurate and adequate. Percentage of errors between experimental and regression values
were calculated and they found in the range of ±0.20.
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents minimization of surface roughness in dry turning of AISI 430F steel using TiN-TiCN-Al2O3-ZrCN multilayer coated cemented carbide & cryo-treated inserts. Effect of cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of cut & machining duration is studied on the surface roughness. Taguchi’s design of experiment is used to find the optimum factor levels. It is found that the feed rate has much effect in producing lower surface roughness followed by speed. The depth of cut has lesser role on surface roughness. The result of Taguchi method shows that cutting velocity of 250m/min, feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.3mm should be maintained as optimal parameter settings for both coated and cryo-treated tools. Cryo-treated tools perform better. Keywords: Cryo-treatment, Dry Turning, Surface roughness, Taguchi Method
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Turning metal removal is the removal of metal outside diameter of a rotating cylindrical workpiece. As it is used to reduce the diameter. of the work piece generally to a specified dimension and to produce a smooth finish on the metal. Often, the work piece is turned so that the sections have different diameters. As is the machining operation that produces cylindrical. In its basic form, it can be defined as an outer surface machining: Based on the findings of the Pilot study, actual experimentation work will be designed and input machining parameters and their values finalized. The results are expected to show that the response variables (output parameters) strongly influenced by the control factors (input parameters). So, the results which are obtained after experimentation analyzed and modeled for their application in manufacturing industry It is concluded that for MRR be maximum factor Cutting speed has to be at high level 3, Feed has to be at high level & D.O.C has to be at high level.
Effect of process factors on surface roughness in dip cryogenic machining of ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A large number of structures that are being constructed at present tend to be wind-sensitive because of their slenderness, shapes, size, lightness and flexibility. With the ever increase in the vertical growth of urban cities, high rise buildings are being constructed in large numbers. In this study, analytical investigation of different shapes of buildings are taken as an example and various analytical approaches are performed on the building. These plans are modeled and wind loads are found out according to I.S 875(part 3)-1987 by taking gust factor and without taking gust factor. These models are compared in different aspects such as storey drift, storey displacement, storey shear, etc. for different shapes of buildings by using finite element software package ETAB’s 13.1.1v. Among these results, which shape of building provide sound wind loading to the structure as well as the structural efficiency would be selected. Key Words: Storey displacement, Storey drift, Storey shear, Gust, Wind load
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Deformation Analysis of a Triangular Mild Steel Plate Using CST as Finite Ele...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Study the Situation of Housing Social Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators...IJMER
Abstract:Housing indicators are fundamental factor and determine in descriptive, analysis and making decision for housing
which can lead to as outline in housing planning for maker decision and planner if housing indicators recognize and
understanding, it's study and analysis of way a applied and fundamental or basic research and correctly done with in plans.
Among housing indicators, social indicators are the most property fundamental factor of housing progress and goals.
The aim this article is to study the situation of the social quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing in rural areas of Ghachsaran Township.
The methodology used in this article is a combination of descriptive, analytical method and case study.
The results of this article in relation of housing social quantitative and qualitative indicators in rural areas of
Ghachsaran township within the years of 1996 to 2006 shows there are problems in terms of social quantitative indicators of
housing and unbelievable bad conditions (density of family per dwelling). But from view point of social qualitative indicators
of housing (infrastructure facilities and basic services of housing units and construction materials) in rural areas have had a
relative developing trend.
Therefore, one plan of housing is need of recognize, understanding and analysis of housing dimension and its effect.
In the among is necessary study of this indicators as one of the most important housing indicators in housing quality update
and their role in housing development planning and progress.
Keywords: Housing, Social Indicators, Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators, Rural Areas, Ghachsaran township.
Sender Authentication with Transmission Power Adjustment Method Using RSSI in...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Big Bang–Big Crunch Optimization Algorithm for the Maximum Power Point Track...IJMER
This paper presents an intelligent control method for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a
photovoltaic system under variable temperature and irradiance conditions. The Big Bang–Big Crunch (BB–BC)
optimization algorithm is a new optimization method that relies on the Big Bang and Big Crunch theory, one of the
theories of the evolution of the universe. In this paper, a Big Bang–Big Crunch algorithm is presented to meet the
maximum power operating point whatever the climatic conditions are from simulation results, it has been found that
BB–BC method is highly competitive for its better convergence performance.
MCDM Techniques for the Selection of Material Handling Equipment in the Autom...IJMER
Abstract: Material Handling Equipments are utilized in different shops of an automobile industry.
For culling congruous Material Handling Equipment, it is felt that some Multi Criteria Decision
Making Methods must be used due to their ability of converting an intricate quandary to a paired
comparison. These methods are predicated on some relative Criteria and Sub-criteria. Certain
methods such as; Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), and
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) Method have to be utilized
for solving the quandary of Material Handling Equipment cull in different shops of automobile
industry. For solving these quandaries, some criteria (Material, Move, and Method) are culled.
The main conclusions drawn from this study are that, Method criteria is more consequential for
culling Material Handling Equipment, and Conveyor System is more efficient and precise Equipment
for Handling the Material in shop floor of any automobile industry. The focus of this research is in
the area of Cull of Material Handling Equipment in automobile industry. Cull of congruous Material
Handling Equipment is very paramount for reducing manufacturing cycle time, and cost of
manufacturing.
Remote Access and Dual Authentication for Cloud StorageIJMER
Cloud computing is an emerging technology, which provides services over internet such as
software, hardware, network and storage. The key role for cloud computing is virtualization which
reduces the total cost and gives reliable, flexible and secured services. However compute service are
chosen between the providers located in multiple data centres. One of the major security concerns
related to the virtualization and the Storage where the outside attackers can use the files in the storage
and the data owners are not capable of knowing attacks. In this paper we proposed a high level
authentication for the cloud user and remote monitor controlled of your cloud storage. Here our model
provides the dual authentication for the cloud and to get the runtime record of the logs and the secured
application controls, the logs are remotely accessed and controlled by the owner of the data.
Power Quality Enhancement in an Isolated Power System Using Series CompensationIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
AC-DC-AC-DC Converter Using Silicon Carbide Schottky DiodeIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Combating Bit Losses in Computer Networks using Modified Luby Transform CodeIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Influence choice of the injection nodes of energy source on on-line losses of...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Illustration Clamor Echelon Evaluation via Prime Piece PsychotherapyIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Analysis and Improved Operation of PEBB Based 5-Level Voltage Source Convert...IJMER
The paper presents the power-electronic devices are increasing in several applications, and
power-electronic building blocks (PEBBs) are a strategic concept to increase the reliability of the
power-electronic converters and to minimize their cost. Magnetic elements, such as zigzag
transformers, phase-shifted transformers (PST), or zero-sequence blocking transformers (ZSBT), are
used to interconnect the PEBBs. In this paper, by using 5-level voltage source converter the operation
of multi-pulse converters will be analyzed, describing the harmonic cancellation and minimization
techniques that could be used in these multi-pulse converters, focusing on the power-electronics flexible
ac transmission systems devices installed at the NYPA Marcy substation. In order to improve the
dynamic response of this system, the use of selective harmonic elimination modulation is proposed and
implemented
Experimental Analysis of Material Removal Rate in Drilling of 41Cr4 by a Tagu...IJERA Editor
In manufacturing industries the largest amount of money spent on drills. Therefore, from the viewpoint of cost and productivity, modeling and optimization of drilling processes parameter are extremely important for the manufacturing industry this paper presents a detailed model for drilling process parameter. The detailed structure includes in the model, are three parameters such as such as Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut on material removal rate in drilling of 41 Cr 4 material using HSS spiral drill .We an effect of this three parameters on material removal rate .The detailed mathematical model is simulated by Minitab14 and simulation results fit experiment data very well In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to higher MRR. Experiments were conducted by varying Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve high MMR. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR model to map the relationship between process parameters and MMR the experiment was conducted on drilling machine. From the investigation It concludes that speed is most influencing parameter followed by feed and depth of cut on MRR
Impact of Mechanical System in Machining Of AISI 1018 Using Taguchi Design o...IJMER
The imperative objective of the science of metal cutting is the solution of practical problems
associated with the efficient and precise removal of metal from work piece. Optimization of process
parameters is done to have great control over quality, productivity and cost aspects of the process.
Taguchi method stresses the importance of studying the response variation using the signal–to–noise
(S/N) ratio, resulting in minimization of quality characteristic variation due to uncontrollable
parameter. Orthogonal array was adopted in order to planning the (L9) experimental runs in turning of
AISI 1018 by taking the help of software Minitab 16. The MRR and time
Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters for Aluminum 6061 T6 Alloyijtsrd
In the present work, Turning Parameters were optimized using Taguchi Method. Also, the effect of turning parameters such as rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and material removal rate on surface roughness of Aluminum 6061 T6 alloy was investigated. L9 Taguchi’s method was used for designing the experiments and optimization of turning parameters. Nine experiments were conducted with four factors having three levels for each factor. Results revealed that spindle speed has a significant effect on surface roughness and it is the most dominating factor affecting the surface roughness with contribution of 52.38 . The optimal parameter combination of Aluminum 6061 T6 alloy bar for minimum surface roughness is found to be A2 B1 C2 D i.e., rotational spindle speed A at 900 rpm, feed rate B at 90 mm min and depth of cut C at 0.8 mm, and material removal rate D . Hardeep Singh | Ganga Singh | Dr. Dinesh Kumar "Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters for Aluminum 6061-T6 Alloy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52611.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/52611/experimental-investigation-of-machining-parameters-for-aluminum-6061t6-alloy/hardeep-singh
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
ANALYSIS OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN DRY MACHINING OF EN-31 STEEL by GREY RELATI...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth o f cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presents work of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analys...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of
part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface
roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter.
The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other
parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions.
Taguchi Method for Optimization of Cutting Parameters in Turning OperationsIDES Editor
Surface roughness an indicator of surface quality is
one of the prime customer requirements for machined parts.
For efficient use of machine tools, optimum cutting
parameters are required. The turning process parameter
optimization is highly complex and time consuming. In this
paper taguchi parameter optimization methodology is applied
to optimize cutting parameters in turning. The turning
parameters evaluated are, cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of
cut, and nose radius of tool and hardness of the material each
at two levels. The results of analysis show that feed rate,
cutting velocity and nose radius have present significant
contribution on the surface roughness and depth of cut and
hardness of material have less significant contribution on the
surface roughness.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analy...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter. The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions
Vibration control of newly designed Tool and Tool-Holder for internal treadi...IJMER
Machining processes are manufacturing methods for ensuring processing quality, usually within
relatively short periods and at low cost. Several machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, work
piece material, and cutting tool geometry have significant effects on the process quality. Many researchers have
studied the impact of these factors. The cutting tool overhang affects the surface quality, especially during the
internal turning process, but this has not been reviewed much [9].
Artificial Neural Network Modeling and Analysis of EN24 &EN36 Using CNC Milli...ijiert bestjournal
Metal cutting is one of the most significant manufa cturing processes in the area of material removal. It is Block it is defined metal cutting as the removal of metal chips from a work piece in order to obtain a finished product with de sired attributes of size,shape,and surface roughness.The imperative objective of the science o f metal cutting is the solution of practical problems associated with the efficient and precise removal of metal from work piece. It has been recognized that the reliable quantitative pred ictions of the various technological performance measures,preferably in the form of equ ations,are essential to develop optimization strategies for selecting cutting condi tions in process planning. In this thesis experiments has to be conducted to improve the surf ace finish quality of a work piece by using carbide tips. The type is bull nose tip. A se ries of experiments have to be done by varying the milling parameters spindle speed,feed rate and depth of cut and modeling is done by ANN. and Analysis is done by ANSYS.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi Design
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.10| Oct. 2014 | 75|
Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi Design G. Gangadhar1, Dr. S.Venkateswarlu2, C. Rajesh3 1PG scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SKIT/JNTUA, INDIA) 2Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SKIT/JNTUA, INDIA) 3Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SKIT/JNTUA, INDIA)
I. Introduction
Manufacturing processes are technological methods to change raw material from its raw form to the final product. The suitability of materials for a certain process depends usually on a special combination of its properties. There are also special technological tests for certain manufacturing processes to assess the materials suitability of the process. Machining is the most important one among manufacturing process. Machining can be defined as the process of removing metal from the work piece in the form of chips. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required. Any machine process requires a cutting tool to remove material. The cutting tool is stronger than the material being machined, and causes fracture of the material.
Drilling is a process used to produce holes inside solid parts. The tool is rotated and also moved in the axial direction. Drilling is used to create a round hole. It is accomplished by a rotating tool that typically has two or four helical cutting edges. The tool is fed in a direction parallel to its axis of rotation into the work piece to form the round hole. Drilling operations are operations in which holes are produced or refined by bringing a rotating cutter with cutting edges at the lower extremity into contact with the work piece. Drilling operations are done primarily in drill presses but sometimes on lathes or mills. The goal is to improve efficiency, reduce costs, boost productivity, and minimize cycle time, while simultaneously safeguarding the work environment. Dry or near dry processes are the potential candidates to replace wet machining processes. Due to the development of machine design and drive technology, modern CNC machines can be described to an increasingly extent as a characteristic example of complex mechatronic systems. Manually operated type of drilling machine creates problems such as low accuracy, high setup time, low productivity, etc. A CNC machine overcomes all these problems but the main disadvantage of a CNC drilling machine is the high initial cost and requirement of skilled labor for operating the machine. Hence, there arises a need for a low cost CNC machine which can not only drill holes with high accuracy and low machining time but also have low initial cost. [1].
Abstract: Drilling is the most common (multi-point) cutting technique targeted for the production of small-diameter holes. Hole making is among the most important operations in manufacturing, and drilling is a major and common hole-making process in components. Productivity can be interpreted in terms of material removal rate in any machining operation. It is, therefore, essential to optimize quality and productivity simultaneously. Mild steel are soft, ductile, easily machined and is extensive used us a main engineering material in various industry such as air craft and aerospace industry. The Taguchi method is applied to formulate the experimental layout to ascertain the Element of impact each optimum process parameters for CNC drilling machining with drilling operation of mild steel. A total of 27 experimental runs were conducted using an orthogonal array, and the ideal combination of controllable factor levels was determined for the material removal rate, time of machining and circularity has been measured. Design optimization for quality was carried out and single to noise ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed using experiment result to confirm effectiveness of this approach.
Keywords: Mild steel, Taguchi, ANOVA, MRR, Circularity.
2. Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi Design
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Machining requires attention to many details for a work piece to meet the specifications set out in the engineering drawings or blueprints. Besides the obvious problems related to correct dimensions, there is the problem of achieving the correct finish or surface smoothness on the work piece. The inferior finish found on the machined surface of a work piece may be caused by incorrect clamping, a dull tool, or inappropriate presentation of a tool. Frequently, this poor surface finish, known as chatter, is evident by an undulating or irregular finish, and the appearance of waves on the machined surfaces of the work piece. II. Literature Survey Out of the various machining processes, drilling is used to produce holes in materials etc. So in order to achieve the optimum working conditions various research were conducted by different researchers from across the globe. This report reviews some of the journal published by them regarding optimization processes. Yogendra Tyagi,Vadansh Chaturvedi and Jyoti Vimal [2] have conducted an experiment on drilling of mild steel, and applied the taguchi methods for determining the optimum parameters condition for the machining process using the taguchi methods and analysis of variance. Here too the confirmation experiment was conducted and this confirms the successful implementation of taguchi methods.Timur Canel,A. Ugur Kaya,Bekir Celik [3] studied the laser drilling on PVC material in order to increase the quality of the cavity. Taguchi optimization methods was used to obtain the optimum parameters. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array is used to find the signal to noise ratio is used for circularity. Variance analysis is performed usingthe calculated S/N ratio to conclude optimum stage. The experimental results are compatible with Taguchi method with 93% rate. Thiren G. Pokar,Prof. V. D. Patel[4] used grey based taguchi method to determine the optimum micro drilling process parameters.B.Shivapragash,K.Chandrasekaran,C.Parthasarathy,M.Samuel [5] have tried to optimize the drilling process involving metal matrix composites(MMC) in order to minimize the damage done to it during the process by using taguchi and grey rational analysis. The input parameter are spindle speed, depth of cut and feed rate whereas the output parameter are MRR and surface roughness. Wen Jialing and Wen Pengfei [6] used an orthogonal experimental design in order to find out the optimum process parameters for injection molding of aspheric plastic lens, to reduce volumetric shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage variation. III. Experimental Details 3.1 Work Piece Material Drilling operation will be performed on Mild steel work piece .mild steel are soft, ductile and easily machined The Composition of mild conation carbon (0.05%to0.3%) and small quantities of manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), phosphorus (P), sulphur (S). A rectangular mild steel plate of size (300 mm ×100mm ×5mm) in shaping machine for performing CNC drilling machine. Holy oil was used as the coolant fluid in this experiment .Young’s Modulus (210GPa), Poisson’s Ratio (0.29) Density (7.8g/cm³), Melting Point (140ºC) Modulus of elasticity (200GPa) Bulk Modulus (140GPa). 3.2 High Speed Steel One of our tools for the CNC drilling operation will be the high speed steel. High speed steel (HSS) are used for making drilling tools, we used tool diameter 10mm in the drilling machine and point angle is118º This property allows HSS to drilling faster than high carbon steel, hence the name high speed steel. At room temperature, in their generally recommended heat treatment, HSS grades generally display high hardness composition of high speed steel are carbon (0.6%to0.75%), tungsten (14%to20%),Chromium (3%to5%), Vanadium (1%to1.5%), Cobalt (5%to10%) and remaining is iron. 3.3 Plan of Experimental Design Design of experiment is the design of any information gathering experiment where variation is present, whether under full control of the experimenter or not. Taguchi methods are statistical method applied to problems in engineering, marketing etc. In this particular case we have used L27 orthogonal arrays with 3 input parameters at 3 levels each. Hence the total number of experimental runs is 27. Table 3.1: Input process parameters
Factors
Units
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Spindle Speed (S)
rpm
1000
1500
2000
Feed (F)
mm/rev
0.5
1.0
150
Drill tool point
mm
6.4
8.8
10
3. Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi Design
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Fig 1: Experimental Setup Fig 2: Drilling empathy
In this experiment, in order to investigate the material removal rate of the machined work piece, during
cutting, a tungsten carbide tool was used. A view of the cutting zone and Experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1.
The initial and final diameters was measured with the help of Digital vernier, material removal rate are
calculated as below type. The working ranges of the parameters for subsequent design of experiment, based on
Taguchi’s L27 Orthogonal Array (OA) design have been selected. In the present experimental study, drill type,
spindle speed & feed rate have been considered as Process variables.
3.4 Calculations
MRR is Material Removal Rate and note; no material is removed while the Drill travels through the
“Allowance Zone”. Use caution with units!!
-D is Drill Diameter, A is allowance usually (D/2), Fr is drill feed rate, N is rpm and L is length of hole
-CE is Circularity error is difference of (Max – Min) value of circularity distance of the existed hole.
Fig 3: Post-View of drilling hole
IV. Data Collection & Analyzing Phase
The results of the experiments have been shown in Table 4.1 to 4.2. Analysis has been made based on
those experimental data in the following session. Optimization of material removal rate of the cutting tool has
been made by Taguchi method and couple with Regression analysis, Confirmatory test also been conducted
finally to validate optimal results.
MRR =
Vol.Removed
CT
=
D Lf N
4L
=
D f N
4
2
r
2
r
4. Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi Design
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Table 4.1: Experimental Runs L27 Orthogonal array
Table 4.2: Calculated &Measured Output Data
Data Analyses Experiment was conducted to assess the effect of, drill type, Spindle speed, feed rate on material removal rate (MRR)&Circularity error (CE). 4.1 Taguchi Method
Taguchi defines as the quality of a product, in terms of the loss imparted by the product to the society from the time the product is shipped to the customer. Some of these losses are due to deviation of the products functional characteristic from its desired target value, and these are called losses due to functional variation. The
Drill type
Spindle Speed
Feed rate
Runs
Drill type
Spindle Speed
Feed rate
1
1
1
1
15
2
2
3
1
1
2
2
16
2
3
1
1
1
3
3
17
2
3
2
1
2
1
4
18
2
3
3
1
2
2
5
19
3
1
1
1
2
3
6
20
3
1
2
1
3
1
7
21
3
1
3
1
3
2
8
22
3
2
1
1
3
3
9
23
3
2
2
2
1
1
10
24
3
2
3
2
1
2
11
25
3
3
1
2
1
3
12
26
3
3
2
2
2
1
13
27
3
3
3
2
2
2
14
--
--
--
--
Runs
Material removal rate (mm3/min)
Circularity Error
1
15
267.9467
1962.5
0.05
0.02
2
16
506.5867
1205.76
0.05
0.03
3
17
654.1667
2279.64
0.04
0.03
4
18
535.8933
2943.75
0.04
0.03
5
19
1013.173
535.8933
0.04
0.02
6
20
1308.333
1013.173
0.04
0.02
7
21
803.84
1308.333
0.04
0.01
8
22
1519.76
1071.787
0.04
0.01
9
23
1962.5
2026.347
0.04
0.01
10
24
401.92
2616.667
0.03
0.01
11
25
759.88
1607.68
0.03
0.02
12
26
981.25
3039.52
0.02
0
13
27
803.84
3925
0.03
0.01
14
--
1519.76
--
0.03
--
5. Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi Design
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uncontrollable factors, which cause the functional characteristics of a product to deviate from their target values,
are called noise factors, which can be classified as external factors (e.g. unit to unit variation in product
parameters) and product deterioration. The overall aim of quality engineering is to make products that are robust
with respect to all noise factors.
Taguchi has empirically found that the two stage optimization procedure involving S/N ratios, indeed
gives the parameter level combination, where the standard deviation is minimum while keeping the mean on
target. This implies that engineering systems behave in such a way that the manipulated production factors that
can be divided into three categories:
1. Control factors, which affect process variability as measured by the S/N ratio.
2. Signal factors, which do not influence the S/N ratio or process mean.
3. Factors, which do not affect the S/N ratio or process mean.
In practice, the target mean value may change during the process development applications in which
the concept of S/N ratio is useful are the improvement of quality through variability reduction and the
improvement of measurement. The S/N ratio characteristics can be divided into three categories when the
characteristic is continuous: nominal is the best, smaller the better and larger is better characteristics.
The analysis is made with the help of a software package MINITAB 16. The main effect plot and SNR
plots are shown inFig.1 and 2.These show the variation of individual response with the three parameters i.e.
Speed, feed, and depth of cut separately. In the plots, the x-axis indicates the value of each process parameter at
three level and y-axis the response value. Horizontal line indicates the mean value of the response. The signal-to-
noise ratio plots are used to determine the optimal design conditions to obtain the optimum MRR and
CE.Fig.3and4shows the main effect plot and SNR plot for Circularity Error.
1000 1500 2000
2000
1500
1000
0.5 1.0 1.5
6.4 8.8 10.0
2000
1500
1000
speed
Mean of Means
feed
drill dia
Main Effects Plot for Means
Data Means
1000 1500 2000
65.0
62.5
60.0
57.5
55.0
0.5 1.0 1.5
6.4 8.8 10.0
65.0
62.5
60.0
57.5
55.0
speed
Mean of SN ratios
feed
drill dia
Main Effects Plot for SN ratios
Data Means
Signal-to-noise: Larger is better
Fig.1 Main effect plot for MRR Fig.2 SNR plot for MRR
1000 1500 2000
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.5 1.0 1.5
6.4 8.8 10.0
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
speed
Mean of Means
feed
drill dia
Main Effects Plot for Means
Data Means
1000 1500 2000
39
36
33
30
27
0.5 1.0 1.5
6.4 8.8 10.0
39
36
33
30
27
speed
Mean of SN ratios
feed
drill dia
Main Effects Plot for SN ratios
Data Means
Signal-to-noise: Smaller is better
Fig.3 Main effect plot for CE Fig.4 SNR plot for CE
6. Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi Design
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Table 4.3: Optimal turning conditions
4.2 Analysis Of Variance The non-linear behavior among the process parameters, IF EXISTS, If can only be revealed if more than two levels of the parameter are investigated. Therefore each parameter was analyzed at three levels. The assignment of process parameters along with their values at three levels are given in table 4.4&4.5. In order to remove the biased-ness each experiment was conducted for a fixed duration. It was also decided to investigate the following two factor interaction effects on Material removal rate and Circularity error.
(i) Interaction between drill type and spindle speed (AxB)
(ii) Interaction between spindle speed and feed rate (BxC)
(iii) Interaction between drill type and spindle speed (AXC)
The total degree of freedom for three parameters each at three levels and three second order interactions is 18. So a three level OA with at least 18 DOF was to be selected. The L27 OA having 26 DOF was selected for the present work. ANOVA Terms & Notations: D.F =Degree of Freedom, S.S = Sum of Squares, M.S = Mean Square, F =Variance Ratio & C = Percentage Contribution. Table 4.4: ANOVA result for Material removal rate (MRR) [95% confidence level]
SOURCE
DOF
S.S
M.S
F
C%
(S)
2
4082367
2041184
14.11582
19.91233
(F)
2
9185327
4592663
31.7606
44.80274
(D)
2
6153159
3076580
21.27611
30.01291
SXF
4
340197.3
85049.32
0.588159
1.659361
SXD
4
227894.8
56973.7
0.394002
1.111589
FXD
4
512763.3
128190.8
0.886505
2.501076
ERROR
8
1156820
144602.5
TOTAL
26
20501709
100
Table 4.5: ANOVA result for Circularity Error (CE) [95% confidence level]
SOURCE
DOF
S.S
M.S
F
C%
(S)
2
0.004052
0.0020259
78.1429
89.8215884
(F)
2
9.63E-05
0.0000482
1.85714
2.13469954
(D)
2
0.000141
0.0000704
2.71429
3.11994548
SXF
4
5.19E-05
0.000013
0.5
1.1494536
SXD
4
5.19E-05
0.000013
0.5
1.1494536
FXD
4
0.000119
0.0000296
1.14286
2.62732251
ERROR
8
0.000207
0.0000259
TOTAL
26
0.004511
100
From ANOVA table for Material removal rate it is clears that feed (44.80%) is the major factor to be selected effectively to get the Maximum Material removal rate. The interaction FXD (2.51%) has more influence than other two interactions. For Circularity Error, speed (89.82%) is the major factor to be selected to get Min- Circularity Error of the drilledholes. The interaction FXD (2.62%) has more influence than other two interactions. 4.3 Calculations Of Optimum MRR&CE. Let T’ = average result for 9 runs of MRR T’ = 1428.7
MRROPT = T’+ (A3 – T’) + (B3-T’) + (C3-T’) [7]
Responses
Best-Levels
MRR
3-3-3
CE
3-2-3