Presentation on osteomyelitis for physiotherapy students
It includes the explanation along with the treatment for osteomyelitis which may be benefitial for the physiotherapy students
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Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone and bone marrow that was coined in 1834 and refers to inflammation of bone. It can remain localized or spread through the bone. It is classified based on duration as acute, subacute, or chronic, and based on mechanism as hematogenous, exogenous, or by host response. Common causes are trauma, prosthetic devices, and immunocompromised states. Symptoms include fever, pain, and swelling. Diagnosis involves aspirating pus, blood tests, and imaging like x-ray, CT, or MRI. Treatment is based on antibiotics and possible surgery to debride infected tissue. Complications can include chronic infection, septic arthritis, and pathological fractures if not
Septic arthritis is a joint infection caused by bacteria or other microbes entering the joint space. It leads to inflammation of the synovial membrane and purulent effusion. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, warmth and limited movement of the infected joint. Diagnosis involves synovial fluid analysis showing purulence and leukocytosis, along with supportive blood tests. Treatment is with antibiotics and surgical drainage may be needed. Complications can include bone and cartilage destruction, joint deformity, and secondary osteoarthritis.
Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process of bone caused by bacterial infection. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on duration. The most common causative organism is Staphylococcus aureus. Acute osteomyelitis typically affects children and causes fever, pain, and swelling near the infected bone. Chronic osteomyelitis results from inadequate treatment of acute osteomyelitis and causes persistent infection, bone necrosis, and sinus tract formation. Surgical debridement along with long-term antibiotics is usually required to treat chronic osteomyelitis. Rehabilitation focuses on restoring range of motion and strength through exercises.
This document discusses bone healing and repair. It begins with an introduction and overview of bone structure and function. There are several cell types involved in bone healing including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and fibroblasts. Bone healing can occur directly through primary healing or indirectly through secondary healing which involves callus formation. Several factors can affect bone healing such as nutrition, age, infection and vascularity. Complications of bone healing include nonunion, malunion and delayed union. Bone grafts undergo revascularization from the recipient site and healing of extraction sockets occurs in stages from coagulum to bone development.
This document discusses osteomyelitis, an infection and inflammation of bone and bone marrow. It describes the different types of osteomyelitis, including pyogenic (bacterial), tuberculous, and syphilitic osteomyelitis. The stages and morphology of osteomyelitis are outlined from the acute stage of bacterial proliferation to the chronic stage involving bone necrosis, abscess formation, and new bone growth. Clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and radiological findings are also summarized.
Septic arthritis is an infection of a joint that causes inflammation. It occurs when bacteria or other microorganisms spread through the bloodstream from another infected site in the body and enter the joint space. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, warmth and reduced range of motion in the infected joint. Diagnosis involves synovial fluid analysis, blood tests and imaging. Treatment requires intravenous antibiotics and may also involve surgical drainage and debridement of the joint. Complications can include bone and cartilage destruction, joint fibrosis or ankylosis if not treated promptly.
Chronic osteomyelitis is difficult to treat and eradicate completely. It is characterized by infected dead bone within scarred soft tissue. Treatment requires long-term antibiotics as well as extensive surgical debridement to remove all infected and dead bone. Multiple surgical procedures may be needed to eliminate residual infection by removing bone sequestra and draining sinus tracts. Even with aggressive treatment, complications like reinfection, joint stiffness, and limb deformity are common.
Osteomyelitis is a severe bone infection caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria can enter the bone directly via injury or surgery or indirectly by spreading from another infected site. Symptoms include bone pain, swelling, and fever. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging tests, and bone biopsy to identify the bacteria. Treatment consists of antibiotics, immobilization, and sometimes surgery to remove infected bone. Nursing care focuses on pain management, immobilization, ensuring proper use of assistive devices, and educating patients on long-term treatment and self-care of osteomyelitis.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone and bone marrow that was coined in 1834 and refers to inflammation of bone. It can remain localized or spread through the bone. It is classified based on duration as acute, subacute, or chronic, and based on mechanism as hematogenous, exogenous, or by host response. Common causes are trauma, prosthetic devices, and immunocompromised states. Symptoms include fever, pain, and swelling. Diagnosis involves aspirating pus, blood tests, and imaging like x-ray, CT, or MRI. Treatment is based on antibiotics and possible surgery to debride infected tissue. Complications can include chronic infection, septic arthritis, and pathological fractures if not
Septic arthritis is a joint infection caused by bacteria or other microbes entering the joint space. It leads to inflammation of the synovial membrane and purulent effusion. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, warmth and limited movement of the infected joint. Diagnosis involves synovial fluid analysis showing purulence and leukocytosis, along with supportive blood tests. Treatment is with antibiotics and surgical drainage may be needed. Complications can include bone and cartilage destruction, joint deformity, and secondary osteoarthritis.
Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process of bone caused by bacterial infection. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on duration. The most common causative organism is Staphylococcus aureus. Acute osteomyelitis typically affects children and causes fever, pain, and swelling near the infected bone. Chronic osteomyelitis results from inadequate treatment of acute osteomyelitis and causes persistent infection, bone necrosis, and sinus tract formation. Surgical debridement along with long-term antibiotics is usually required to treat chronic osteomyelitis. Rehabilitation focuses on restoring range of motion and strength through exercises.
This document discusses bone healing and repair. It begins with an introduction and overview of bone structure and function. There are several cell types involved in bone healing including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and fibroblasts. Bone healing can occur directly through primary healing or indirectly through secondary healing which involves callus formation. Several factors can affect bone healing such as nutrition, age, infection and vascularity. Complications of bone healing include nonunion, malunion and delayed union. Bone grafts undergo revascularization from the recipient site and healing of extraction sockets occurs in stages from coagulum to bone development.
This document discusses osteomyelitis, an infection and inflammation of bone and bone marrow. It describes the different types of osteomyelitis, including pyogenic (bacterial), tuberculous, and syphilitic osteomyelitis. The stages and morphology of osteomyelitis are outlined from the acute stage of bacterial proliferation to the chronic stage involving bone necrosis, abscess formation, and new bone growth. Clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and radiological findings are also summarized.
Septic arthritis is an infection of a joint that causes inflammation. It occurs when bacteria or other microorganisms spread through the bloodstream from another infected site in the body and enter the joint space. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, warmth and reduced range of motion in the infected joint. Diagnosis involves synovial fluid analysis, blood tests and imaging. Treatment requires intravenous antibiotics and may also involve surgical drainage and debridement of the joint. Complications can include bone and cartilage destruction, joint fibrosis or ankylosis if not treated promptly.
Chronic osteomyelitis is difficult to treat and eradicate completely. It is characterized by infected dead bone within scarred soft tissue. Treatment requires long-term antibiotics as well as extensive surgical debridement to remove all infected and dead bone. Multiple surgical procedures may be needed to eliminate residual infection by removing bone sequestra and draining sinus tracts. Even with aggressive treatment, complications like reinfection, joint stiffness, and limb deformity are common.
Osteomyelitis is a severe bone infection caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria can enter the bone directly via injury or surgery or indirectly by spreading from another infected site. Symptoms include bone pain, swelling, and fever. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging tests, and bone biopsy to identify the bacteria. Treatment consists of antibiotics, immobilization, and sometimes surgery to remove infected bone. Nursing care focuses on pain management, immobilization, ensuring proper use of assistive devices, and educating patients on long-term treatment and self-care of osteomyelitis.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone that results in inflammation, necrosis, and new bone formation. It is classified as hematogenous, contiguous focus, or associated with vascular insufficiency. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism. Clinical manifestations include pain, swelling, and drainage from non-healing ulcers. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgical debridement, and stabilization of the bone. Nursing care focuses on pain management, preventing complications like sepsis, and educating patients.
Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone caused by bacterial infection. It can be acute (<2 weeks), subacute (2-6 weeks), or chronic (>6 weeks) depending on duration and symptoms. Common causative organisms are Staphylococcus aureus and other staph species. In children, S. aureus and group B streptococcus are frequent causes. Chronic osteomyelitis is characterized by necrotic bone (sequestrum) surrounded by inflammatory tissue (involucrum). Symptoms include pain, swelling, and draining sinuses. The metaphysis of long bones is a common site due to its vascular anatomy.
Fracture healing is a complex process that begins immediately after a bone is broken and continues for many years as the bone remodels. It involves the formation of a soft callus that is later replaced by hard bony callus as new bone bridges the fracture gap. The type and amount of new bone formed depends on factors like fracture type, stability, and biological environment. Fracture healing progresses through inflammatory, callus formation, consolidation, and remodeling stages. Complications can include malunion, delayed union, and nonunion, which are influenced by injury, patient, tissue, and treatment factors and require specific management approaches.
This short presentation is to help those in medical fields to have a summary knowledge of what bursitis is and it can also help students in their assignments and or course works. It contains what bursae are, what bursitis means, causes, risk factors, common sites, clinical features, how to diagnose bursitis, other conditions that can mimic bursitis, how to prevent bursitis and management.
This document discusses osteomalacia, a disease characterized by softening of the bones due to defective mineralization. It is caused by vitamin D deficiency and/or phosphate deficiency. Signs include diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragile bones. Laboratory findings show low calcium and phosphate levels as well as elevated alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels. Treatment involves vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Exercise and sunlight exposure can also help strengthen bones affected by osteomalacia.
This document summarizes the management of osteoarthritis (OA), including both non-surgical and surgical options. For non-surgical treatment, it recommends medications like paracetamol, NSAIDs, tramadol, and topical creams. It also mentions supplements like glucosamine/chondroitin and corticosteroid injections. For surgical management, it describes arthroscopy, osteotomy, arthroplasty including hip replacement, and arthrodesis. Complications of surgery are also outlined. The goal of treatment is to relieve pain, protect joint function, and improve quality of life.
The document discusses various pathologies that can occur with fractures beyond just the bone break itself. It classifies complications as immediate, early, or late and discusses specific issues like hypovolamic shock, fat embolism, deep vein thrombosis, crush syndrome, compartment syndrome, and delayed or non-union. Treatment options are provided for many of these complications aiming to address the underlying causes and minimize long-term disabilities. Early diagnosis and aggressive management of fractures and their associated issues is emphasized.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by breakdown of cartilage and bone changes. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees. Risk factors include obesity, joint injury, genetics, and age. Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and decreased range of motion. Diagnosis is made based on clinical features and confirmed with x-rays showing cartilage loss, bone spurs, and bone changes. Treatment focuses on education, exercises, braces, medications, and sometimes surgery to relieve symptoms and improve function.
The document discusses the history and process of amputation. It traces the etymology of the word "amputation" back to Latin and describes its early uses. It then covers the development of amputation techniques throughout history. The document also defines types of amputations, common causes, and potential complications. It provides details on the principles and process of both closed and open amputations.
Paget's disease is a chronic bone disorder caused by abnormal bone remodeling. The cause is unknown but may involve viruses or genetic predisposition. It is characterized by increased and disorderly bone breakdown followed by rapid bone formation, resulting in abnormal bone structure. Common symptoms include bone pain, fractures, and skeletal deformities. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated alkaline phosphatase levels and imaging tests revealing abnormal bone structure. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on reducing symptoms.
This document provides an overview of amputations, including:
- Indications for amputations include poor circulation, injury, infection, and tumors. The most common indication is poor circulation from conditions like diabetes or peripheral artery disease.
- Types of amputations include closed amputations where flaps are closed primarily and open amputations where flaps are not primarily closed. Levels of amputation depend on the condition and location of the injury or disease.
- Basic principles of amputation include using anesthesia, a tourniquet, fashioning adequate skin flaps, sectioning muscles and blood vessels, protecting cut nerve endings, and postoperative rehabilitation. Complications can include hematoma, infection, necrosis, contractures and phantom limb
Rickets is caused by a lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate which leads to softening and weakening of the bones due to defective mineralization of bone matrix. It results from vitamin D deficiency which prevents proper absorption of calcium and phosphate from the diet. Symptoms include bone pain, skeletal deformities, increased fractures, and impaired growth. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause by increasing vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate intake.
This document discusses various types of amputations and their management. It covers:
1. Definitions of different types of amputations including closed/open, levels of amputation for upper and lower limbs.
2. Guidelines for post-operative management and bandaging of the amputated limb to shape the stump and prevent complications.
3. Common issues after amputation like pain management, skin disorders, and the psychological impact of losing a limb.
This document provides an overview of dislocations and subluxations. It begins by defining dislocations as a complete displacement of articular surfaces, while subluxations involve partial displacement with some contact remaining. Dislocations and subluxations are then classified as congenital or acquired, with the latter further divided into traumatic or pathological causes. Traumatic dislocations can be acute, old unreduced, recurrent, or associated with fractures. Pathological dislocations result from infectious, neoplastic or other diseases destroying joints. Diagnosis involves clinical exams for signs like deformity, loss of movement, and radiological confirmation. Potential complications are injuries, recurrence, stiffness, osteoarthritis or avascular necrosis. Treatment depends on the type but generally involves
1) Pyogenic meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused most commonly by bacterial infection in infants and young children.
2) The causative agents vary by age but include Escherichia coli, Group B Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes in infants under 2 months. Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common causes in children from 2 months to 2 years.
3) Clinical features include fever, irritability, vomiting, seizures, and bulging fontanelle. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture to examine cerebrospinal fluid for presence of bacteria, white blood cells and
Paget's disease is a condition where there is excessive and disorganized bone remodeling, leading to thickened and deformed bones. It was first described in 1877 and typically involves the pelvis, femur, skull and spine. The cause is unknown but genetic and viral factors may play a role. It progresses through lytic, mixed, and sclerotic phases with abnormal osteoclast and osteoblast activity. Complications include fractures, arthritis, and neurological or vascular issues. Diagnosis involves elevated alkaline phosphatase and imaging showing thickened bones. Treatment focuses on suppressing active disease with bisphosphonates or calcitonin to reduce pain, deformity, and complications.
Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that can be either acute or chronic. Acute osteomyelitis develops rapidly within 7-10 days while chronic osteomyelitis persists or recurs despite treatment, especially in those with diabetes, HIV, or poor circulation. The most common cause is Staphylococcus aureus bacteria entering through the bloodstream, nearby infections, or direct contamination. Risk factors include injuries, surgery, poor wound healing, and weakened immunity. Symptoms include pain, swelling, fever and difficulty moving the affected area. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and bone biopsies. Treatment consists of antibiotics, wound care, immobilization, and sometimes surgery.
Acute and Chronic Osteomyelitis - Infection of BoneRahul Singh
Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process of bone caused by bacterial infection. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on duration and host response. Common causes are Staphylococcus aureus and trauma. Acute osteomyelitis presents with fever, pain, and swelling near the infected bone in children. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgical drainage. Chronic osteomyelitis results from inadequate treatment of acute infection and is characterized by persistent sinus tracts and bone destruction. Surgical debridement along with long-term antibiotics is usually required to treat chronic osteomyelitis.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone that results in inflammation, necrosis, and new bone formation. It is classified as hematogenous, contiguous focus, or associated with vascular insufficiency. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism. Clinical manifestations include pain, swelling, and drainage from non-healing ulcers. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgical debridement, and stabilization of the bone. Nursing care focuses on pain management, preventing complications like sepsis, and educating patients.
Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone caused by bacterial infection. It can be acute (<2 weeks), subacute (2-6 weeks), or chronic (>6 weeks) depending on duration and symptoms. Common causative organisms are Staphylococcus aureus and other staph species. In children, S. aureus and group B streptococcus are frequent causes. Chronic osteomyelitis is characterized by necrotic bone (sequestrum) surrounded by inflammatory tissue (involucrum). Symptoms include pain, swelling, and draining sinuses. The metaphysis of long bones is a common site due to its vascular anatomy.
Fracture healing is a complex process that begins immediately after a bone is broken and continues for many years as the bone remodels. It involves the formation of a soft callus that is later replaced by hard bony callus as new bone bridges the fracture gap. The type and amount of new bone formed depends on factors like fracture type, stability, and biological environment. Fracture healing progresses through inflammatory, callus formation, consolidation, and remodeling stages. Complications can include malunion, delayed union, and nonunion, which are influenced by injury, patient, tissue, and treatment factors and require specific management approaches.
This short presentation is to help those in medical fields to have a summary knowledge of what bursitis is and it can also help students in their assignments and or course works. It contains what bursae are, what bursitis means, causes, risk factors, common sites, clinical features, how to diagnose bursitis, other conditions that can mimic bursitis, how to prevent bursitis and management.
This document discusses osteomalacia, a disease characterized by softening of the bones due to defective mineralization. It is caused by vitamin D deficiency and/or phosphate deficiency. Signs include diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragile bones. Laboratory findings show low calcium and phosphate levels as well as elevated alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels. Treatment involves vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Exercise and sunlight exposure can also help strengthen bones affected by osteomalacia.
This document summarizes the management of osteoarthritis (OA), including both non-surgical and surgical options. For non-surgical treatment, it recommends medications like paracetamol, NSAIDs, tramadol, and topical creams. It also mentions supplements like glucosamine/chondroitin and corticosteroid injections. For surgical management, it describes arthroscopy, osteotomy, arthroplasty including hip replacement, and arthrodesis. Complications of surgery are also outlined. The goal of treatment is to relieve pain, protect joint function, and improve quality of life.
The document discusses various pathologies that can occur with fractures beyond just the bone break itself. It classifies complications as immediate, early, or late and discusses specific issues like hypovolamic shock, fat embolism, deep vein thrombosis, crush syndrome, compartment syndrome, and delayed or non-union. Treatment options are provided for many of these complications aiming to address the underlying causes and minimize long-term disabilities. Early diagnosis and aggressive management of fractures and their associated issues is emphasized.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by breakdown of cartilage and bone changes. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees. Risk factors include obesity, joint injury, genetics, and age. Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and decreased range of motion. Diagnosis is made based on clinical features and confirmed with x-rays showing cartilage loss, bone spurs, and bone changes. Treatment focuses on education, exercises, braces, medications, and sometimes surgery to relieve symptoms and improve function.
The document discusses the history and process of amputation. It traces the etymology of the word "amputation" back to Latin and describes its early uses. It then covers the development of amputation techniques throughout history. The document also defines types of amputations, common causes, and potential complications. It provides details on the principles and process of both closed and open amputations.
Paget's disease is a chronic bone disorder caused by abnormal bone remodeling. The cause is unknown but may involve viruses or genetic predisposition. It is characterized by increased and disorderly bone breakdown followed by rapid bone formation, resulting in abnormal bone structure. Common symptoms include bone pain, fractures, and skeletal deformities. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated alkaline phosphatase levels and imaging tests revealing abnormal bone structure. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on reducing symptoms.
This document provides an overview of amputations, including:
- Indications for amputations include poor circulation, injury, infection, and tumors. The most common indication is poor circulation from conditions like diabetes or peripheral artery disease.
- Types of amputations include closed amputations where flaps are closed primarily and open amputations where flaps are not primarily closed. Levels of amputation depend on the condition and location of the injury or disease.
- Basic principles of amputation include using anesthesia, a tourniquet, fashioning adequate skin flaps, sectioning muscles and blood vessels, protecting cut nerve endings, and postoperative rehabilitation. Complications can include hematoma, infection, necrosis, contractures and phantom limb
Rickets is caused by a lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate which leads to softening and weakening of the bones due to defective mineralization of bone matrix. It results from vitamin D deficiency which prevents proper absorption of calcium and phosphate from the diet. Symptoms include bone pain, skeletal deformities, increased fractures, and impaired growth. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause by increasing vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate intake.
This document discusses various types of amputations and their management. It covers:
1. Definitions of different types of amputations including closed/open, levels of amputation for upper and lower limbs.
2. Guidelines for post-operative management and bandaging of the amputated limb to shape the stump and prevent complications.
3. Common issues after amputation like pain management, skin disorders, and the psychological impact of losing a limb.
This document provides an overview of dislocations and subluxations. It begins by defining dislocations as a complete displacement of articular surfaces, while subluxations involve partial displacement with some contact remaining. Dislocations and subluxations are then classified as congenital or acquired, with the latter further divided into traumatic or pathological causes. Traumatic dislocations can be acute, old unreduced, recurrent, or associated with fractures. Pathological dislocations result from infectious, neoplastic or other diseases destroying joints. Diagnosis involves clinical exams for signs like deformity, loss of movement, and radiological confirmation. Potential complications are injuries, recurrence, stiffness, osteoarthritis or avascular necrosis. Treatment depends on the type but generally involves
1) Pyogenic meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused most commonly by bacterial infection in infants and young children.
2) The causative agents vary by age but include Escherichia coli, Group B Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes in infants under 2 months. Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common causes in children from 2 months to 2 years.
3) Clinical features include fever, irritability, vomiting, seizures, and bulging fontanelle. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture to examine cerebrospinal fluid for presence of bacteria, white blood cells and
Paget's disease is a condition where there is excessive and disorganized bone remodeling, leading to thickened and deformed bones. It was first described in 1877 and typically involves the pelvis, femur, skull and spine. The cause is unknown but genetic and viral factors may play a role. It progresses through lytic, mixed, and sclerotic phases with abnormal osteoclast and osteoblast activity. Complications include fractures, arthritis, and neurological or vascular issues. Diagnosis involves elevated alkaline phosphatase and imaging showing thickened bones. Treatment focuses on suppressing active disease with bisphosphonates or calcitonin to reduce pain, deformity, and complications.
Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that can be either acute or chronic. Acute osteomyelitis develops rapidly within 7-10 days while chronic osteomyelitis persists or recurs despite treatment, especially in those with diabetes, HIV, or poor circulation. The most common cause is Staphylococcus aureus bacteria entering through the bloodstream, nearby infections, or direct contamination. Risk factors include injuries, surgery, poor wound healing, and weakened immunity. Symptoms include pain, swelling, fever and difficulty moving the affected area. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and bone biopsies. Treatment consists of antibiotics, wound care, immobilization, and sometimes surgery.
Acute and Chronic Osteomyelitis - Infection of BoneRahul Singh
Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process of bone caused by bacterial infection. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on duration and host response. Common causes are Staphylococcus aureus and trauma. Acute osteomyelitis presents with fever, pain, and swelling near the infected bone in children. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgical drainage. Chronic osteomyelitis results from inadequate treatment of acute infection and is characterized by persistent sinus tracts and bone destruction. Surgical debridement along with long-term antibiotics is usually required to treat chronic osteomyelitis.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone and bone marrow that can spread locally or systemically. It is classified based on duration into acute (<2 weeks), subacute (2 weeks-3 months), and chronic (>3 months) forms. Mechanisms of infection include hematogenous spread, direct inoculation, or contiguous spread. Common causative organisms are Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative rods. Diagnosis involves clinical features, lab findings like elevated inflammatory markers, and imaging studies showing bone changes over time. Treatment consists of antibiotics, surgery to debride infected bone, and measures to promote bone healing.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone that can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on duration of symptoms. Acute osteomyelitis typically involves the metaphysis and is caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus entering through breaks in skin or bloodstream. It causes inflammation, pus formation, and bone necrosis. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery if abscess forms, and immobilization. Chronic osteomyelitis results from inadequate treatment of acute osteomyelitis and is characterized by bone destruction, cavities containing pus and bone fragments, and draining sinuses. Surgical debridement along with long-term antibiotics is usually required to treat chronic osteomyelitis.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone and bone marrow that was coined in 1834 and includes three root words - osteon, myelo, and itis. It may remain localized or spread through the bone. It is classified based on duration as acute (<2 weeks), subacute (2 weeks to 3 months), or chronic (>3 months). Three basic mechanisms allow infection to reach bone: hematogenous spread, contagious source, or direct implantation. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, and localized swelling, erythema, and tenderness. Diagnosis involves aspirating pus for smear and culture, blood tests like ESR and CRP, and imaging like x-rays, CT, or MRI
Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone and bone marrow that was coined in 1834 and includes three root words - osteon, myelo, and itis. It may remain localized or spread through the bone. There are three main mechanisms of infection - hematogenous spread, direct contact, and direct implantation. Osteomyelitis is classified based on duration as acute (<2 weeks), subacute (2 weeks to 3 months), or chronic (>3 months). Diagnosis involves clinical features, lab findings like elevated WBC and ESR, and radiological findings like periosteal reaction visible on x-rays after 1-2 weeks. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery to debride infected tissue, and management of complications
This document provides information about osteomyelitis, including:
1) Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone caused by an infecting organism that may remain localized or spread through the bone. Common causes are bacteria or fungi entering through a break in the skin or spreading via blood.
2) It can be classified as acute (less than 2 weeks), subacute (2-6 weeks), or chronic (over 6 weeks) based on duration of symptoms. It can also be classified based on mechanism of infection such as exogenous (from outside trauma/surgery) or hematogenous (from another infectious site).
3) Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen. Risk factors
osteomyelitis-Types, clinic features and treatment.pptxPraveen Yadav
1. Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone and bone marrow that is usually caused by bacteria. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on duration of symptoms.
2. It is commonly caused by hematogenous spread of bacteria from another infected site like skin, lungs, or throat to the bone marrow. Direct implantation from open fractures or surgery is another mechanism.
3. Symptoms include fever, pain, and swelling near the infected bone. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like x-rays, CT, or MRI to identify bone changes, and aspirating fluid for culture. Treatment involves long-term antibiotics and possible surgery to remove infected bone.
This document discusses inflammatory diseases of the bones and joints, focusing on osteomyelitis. It defines osteomyelitis as inflammation of all bone anatomical structures that is typically caused by common bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus. It describes the pathogenesis of hematogenous osteomyelitis, how it spreads through the bones, and can lead to complications like sepsis and fractures. Diagnosis involves x-rays and CT scans to identify features like periosteal reaction and bone destruction. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery to debride infected areas, and managing complications.
Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process of bone and bone marrow caused by a bacterial infection. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on the duration of infection. Acute osteomyelitis most commonly affects children and is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus in the metaphysis of long bones. Chronic osteomyelitis results from inadequate treatment of acute osteomyelitis and is characterized by persistent infection, bone necrosis, sinus tract formation, and bone destruction seen on imaging. Treatment involves long-term antibiotics and surgical debridement to remove infected bone. Physical therapy focuses on restoring range of motion, strength, and mobility while protecting the infected bone during recovery.
This document discusses several joint and connective tissue diseases including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. Osteoarthritis is characterized by the progressive deterioration of articular cartilage in the joints. It is the most common joint disease and has minimal inflammation. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the synovial membrane in multiple joints. Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Septic arthritis refers to a bacterial infection that causes inflammatory destruction of joints.
This document discusses osteomyelitis, an infection of bone tissue. It defines osteomyelitis and describes the epidemiology, sources of infection, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations and treatment of both acute and chronic osteomyelitis. Acute osteomyelitis is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus spreading via the bloodstream and commonly affects the long bones of children and the vertebrae, feet and pelvis of adults. Investigations include blood tests, imaging like x-rays, CT and MRI, and bone biopsy for culture and sensitivity testing. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesia, splinting, drainage of pus if needed, and follow up to monitor for recurrence.
Osteomyelitis is a progressive bone or bone marrow infection, usually caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. It can affect any bone and is more common in long bones and vertebrae. Symptoms include bone pain, swelling, and limited movement. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, blood tests, imaging like MRI, bone scan, or CT, and bone biopsy. Treatment consists of prolonged antibiotic therapy and sometimes surgery to remove infected bone and tissue. Complications include bone abscesses, fractures, and chronic osteomyelitis.
Osteomyelitis is inflammation of bone and bone marrow that can be caused by bacteria (pyogenic osteomyelitis) or tuberculosis. Pyogenic osteomyelitis is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus and can spread hematogenously or from a contiguous site. It causes bone necrosis, formation of sequestra and involucrum. Tuberculous osteomyelitis mainly affects the spine and long bones, causing caseous necrosis and abscesses. Specific forms include Brodie abscess, tuberculous osteomyelitis, and syphilitic osteomyelitis from congenital or acquired syphilis.
This document discusses osteomyelitis of the jaws, including predisposing factors, pathogenesis, classification, clinical presentation, radiographic features, and management. It notes that osteomyelitis typically occurs due to spread of an odontogenic infection or trauma. Predisposing factors include age, immunosuppression, drugs, local factors like osteoporosis, and malnutrition. Management involves both medical approaches like antibiotics and surgical approaches like incision and drainage, debridement, and sequestrectomy. The document also discusses a recent study finding that pentoxifylline and tocopherol used as an adjunct for more than 3 months can help increase bone density and decrease inflammation in osteomyelitis.
This document discusses osteomyelitis, an infection of bone. It describes the classification systems of Waldvogel and Cierny-Mader, which categorize osteomyelitis based on duration, pathogenesis, anatomical involvement, and host physiology. Common types include hematogenous osteomyelitis from bacteremia and contiguous osteomyelitis from a nearby soft tissue infection. Diagnosis involves imaging, labs, and bone biopsy for culture and pathology. Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent pathogen.
1) Acute osteomyelitis is a bacterial infection of bone that typically affects children under 5 years old. It spreads hematogenously from sites like skin infections.
2) Symptoms include fever, bone pain, and refusal to use the affected limb. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like x-rays and MRIs, and aspirating fluid from bone or abscesses.
3) Treatment consists of antibiotics, drainage of abscesses, and sometimes drilling into bone to relieve pressure. Complications include spread to joints, bones, or internally. Without proper treatment, it can become chronic osteomyelitis.
This document discusses septic arthritis of the knee. It begins with an introduction and overview of pathogenesis. Septic arthritis is caused by bacterial infection of the synovial membrane, usually by Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical features include pain, swelling and limited movement of the infected joint. Investigations may include blood tests, synovial fluid analysis, x-rays and ultrasound. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery drainage and splinting the joint to promote healing. Complications can include bone and cartilage destruction, joint dislocation, growth disturbances or secondary osteoarthritis.
The document discusses acute osteomyelitis (OM), defining it as a pyogenic bone infection. It outlines the classification, typical organisms, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations and management of acute OM. Key points include: acute OM most commonly affects preschool children and the metaphysis of long bones; symptoms include fever, bone pain and inability to bear weight; diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like X-ray and bone scan, and aspirating pus from abscesses; treatment is with antibiotics, drainage of abscesses if present, and relieving intraosseous pressure with bone drilling if needed. Complications can include septic arthritis if the infection spreads to adjacent joints.
Biomechanics of Shoulder Complex- Dr Gurjant Singh (PT)Dr. Gurjant Singh
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2. DEFINITION OF OSTEOMYELITIS
Osteo=bone
Myelo=marrow
Itis=inflammation
So we can conclude that ostemyelitis is a disease in which
infection of bone marrow occurs.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone & bone
marrow that may be caused by direct
inoculation of an open traumatic wound or by
blood-borne organisms (hematogenous)
3. CLASSIFICATION
OfOSTEOMYELITIS
ACC TO DURATION-
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS(Less than 2 weeks)
SUB-ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS(Between 2-6 weeks)
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS(more than 6 week)
ACC TO ROUTE OF INFECTION(Acc toWaldogel’s)
HEMATOGENOUS(Most common)
DIRECT
CONTIGUITY
ACC TO HOST RESPONSE
PYOGENIC
NON PYOGENIC
7. INDIRECT ENTRY
Frequently affects growing bone in boys
<12 years old
Associated with increased incidence of blunt trauma
Most common sites of indirect entry ……
Distal femur
Proximal tibia
Humerus
Radius
8. Adults with increased risk
Vascular disorders
Genitourinary and respiratory infections
Spread infection from blood to bone
Vascular-rich bone sites
Pelvis
Tibia
Vertebrae
9. Direct Entry
Can occur at any age
Open wound where microorganisms can gain entry to
body
May also occur in presence of foreign body
Implant
Orthopedic prosthetic device
10. Direct Entry
After entry, microorganisms lodge in an area of bone
where circulation slows.
Usually the metaphysis
Microorganisms grow causing increased pressure
because most bone is nonexpanding
Increased pressure leads to ischemia and vascular
compromise of periosteum
11. Direct Entry
Eventually, infection passes through bone cortex and
marrow cavity
Results in cortical devascularization and necrosis
12. Direct Entry
Once ischemia occurs, bone dies
Sequestrum forms
Devitalized bone separates from living bone .
Part of periosteum that continues to have a blood
supply forms new bone called involucrum
13. Etiology and Pathophysiology
Caused by a variety of microorganisms
Most common infecting microorganism is Staphylococcus
aureus .
ORGANISM POSSIBLE PROBLEM
Staphylococcus aureus Pressure ulcer, penetrating
wound,
open fracture, orthopedic surgery
Staphylococc Epidermis Indwelling prosthetic device
Streptococcus viridans Abscessed tooth, gingvial disease
16. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Pus spreads into vascular channels
Raising intraosseous pressure
Impairing blood flow
Chronic ischemic necrosis
Separation of large devascularized fragment
New bone formation
(involucrum)
(Sequestra)
18. Acute Osteomyelitis
Types of Acute Osteomyelitis
I. Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
II. Direct Inoculation Osteomyelitis
19. Acute Osteomyelitis
Hematogenous Osteomyelitis:
Bacterial seeding from the blood.
Seen primarily in Children.
The most common site is the Metaphysis at the growing
end of Long Bones in Children, and The Vertebrae and
pelvic in Adults.
21. Acute Haematogenous Osteomyelitis
It is an endogenous form of the disease most often affecting
neonates.
Source of infection may be umblicus
Organisms – Staphlococci, Steptococci, E.Coli, Klebsiella,
Pasteurella, Proteus, etc :
Hematogenous-common in children .It is highest in the first
two decades of life. < 5 years of age. In adult-Haematogenous
is less common but they suffered due to debility
disease(diabetes mellitus)drugs(immunosuppresion
Clinical signs – Fever, malaise, non weight bearing lameness,
soft tissue swelling over the involved bone .
22. Pathophysiology
Septicaemia initiated from focus of infection (umblicus)
Infective emboli enters the nutrient arteries of long bones
The emboli gets entrapped in the end arteries and capillaries of the metaphyseal
area (epiphyseal plate)
Bacterial emboli causes inflammation, microthrombi formation, ischaemia,
bacterial proliferation & necrosis :
Hyperaemia, migration of leucocytes & pus formation
Purulent material travels under pressure in plane of least resistance
Reaches the outer cortex and elevates the periosteum
This compromise cortical blood supply Leads to sequestrum formation
23. SYMPTOMS
Temperature >102ºF long-lasting pain, Decreased range of motion in the case of joint
involvement. local warmth, tenderness, swelling .
CLINICAL FINDINGS
Within three to seven days- :
Interposed translucent fat planes within muscle are obliterated
by edema fluid.
Periosteal elevation or thickening may represent new bone
formation, pus, or reactive edema from adjacent soft tissue infection .
24. DIAGNOSIS
Aspiration of pus and send for culture W.B.C. CRP and ESR
Blood for culture Plain films, bone scintigram, ultrasound,
CT Scan and MRI Even a biopsy all show positive results
Elevations in the peripheral white blood cell count (WBC),
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive
protein (CRP) in children with hematogenous
osteomyelitis are variable and nonspecific Blood culture is
positive in half of cases.
Laboratory findings: Lytic and sclerosis, indicating chronic
infection. Periosteal new bone formation, with compatible
25. CLINICAL FINDINGS
Within three to seven days- :
Interposed translucent fat planes within muscle are
obliterated by edema fluid.
Periosteal elevation or thickening may represent new bone
formation, pus, or reactive edema from adjacent soft tissue
infection .
26. In acute osteomyelitis-
principle of treatment are-
General supportive treatment Analgesic for relieve pain I/V
fluid(fever with shock, septicaemia)
Spintage of the affected part
Antibiotics(oral/intravenous)-It should be started
immediately not waiting for culture of blood and pus
management.
Drainage-if necesssary
27. Management and Treatment Of
Acute Osteomyelitis:
Acute osteomyelitis is an orthopaedic emergency which needs in
patient admission. The management can be discussed as general and
local
GENERAL MANAGEMENT
• Conservative management is mainstay of treatment. The mneomics
RESTS sums up the conservative line of treatment
• Rest in bed, protect affected part with splints to alleviate pain and
spasm.
• Elevation-of part ,warm and moist packs to reduce swelling.
• Systemic treatment-blood transfusion, iv fluid to correct shock and
hypovolaemia.
• Treatment-with antibiotics to reduce toxicity . Antibiotics given are
penicillins, ciprofloxacin etc.
Surgery
28. LOCAL MANAGEMENT
Focus here is on well timed surgery if one of
following indication are present
•Abscess formation
•Severely ill
•Failure to respond to intravenous antibiotics for
more than 48 hrs.
• Exact treatment varies according to the bones
involved, the severity of the infection and the
immune status of the patient.
29. During acute osteomyelitis following measures are suggested
•Proper splinting of affecting joints in functional positions.
•Limb elevation to control oedema.
•Cryotherapy in initial stages followed by thermotherapy in later
stages .These measure help to reduce pain and spasm.
•Unaffected joints put in active vigorous exercises
•After complete cessation of pain, mild isometrics exercise are
prescribed for affected joints.
•Mobilise joint and strengthen the muscles like active assisted ,
active and resisted exercise after disease is completely arrested.
•Ambulation and weight transfer done slowly commenced
initially with help of assistive advice.
PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT
30. SUB-ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS
Is caused by staphylococcus aureus.
Patient complaint of pain without constitutional
symptoms.
Temperature may be increased or normal.
It is not detected until at least two weeks has elapsed.
Blood culture is positive in 60% of cases
WBC and ESR raised in 50 % of cases
CAUSES
Increased host resistances
Lowered bacterial resistances
If Anti-biotics are administrated before symptom appear.
31. A Brodie abscess
is a subacute osteomyelitis with a predilection for the
ends of long bones and the carpus and tarsus. Plain
radiographic findings include the following:
(1) a central area of radiolucency with a surrounding
thick rim of reactive bone sclerosis, which may
persist for months;
(2) pathognomonic tortuous parallel lucent channels
extending toward the growth plate;
(3) a variable degree of periosteal new-bone formation;
and
(4) associated soft-tissue swelling.
32. A Brodie abscess is characterized
by a double line at the site of the
lesion due to the high signal
intensity of granulation tissue
surrounded by low signal
intensity of bone sclerosis on T2-
weighted MRIs. The lesion has
low-to-intermediate signal
intensity that is outlined by a
hypointense rim on T1-weighted
MRIs.
Treatment of Brodie’s
abscess in the
metaphysis includes
surgical curettage
33. CLINICAL FEATURES
pain, limp
swelling occasionally
local tenderness
INVESTIGATION
X ray
Bone scan
Biopsy(50%) grow organism
TREATEMENT
Antibiotics given for 6 month
Surgery
35. Chronic osteomyelitis
Is a severe, persistent, and sometimes incapacitating
infection of bone and bone marrow. It is often a
recurring condition because it is difficult to treat
definitively. May arise as a result of an
inappropriately treated acute trauma, soft tissue
spread in the immunosuppressed patient,
diabetics, and i.v drug abusers.
36. This disease may result from
(1) inadequately treated acute OSM (2) a
hematogenous type of osteomyelitis; (3)
trauma, (4) iatrogenic causes such as joint
replacements and the internal fixation of
fractures; (5) compound fractures; (6)
infection with organisms, such as
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Treponema
species (syphilis); and (7) contiguous spread
from soft tissues, as in diabetic ulcers or
ulcers in peripheral vascular disease
37. Clinical presentation
chronic forms of osteomyelitis usually occur in adults.
Generally, these bone infections are secondary to an open
wound, most often an open injury to bone and
surrounding soft tissue. Localized bone pain, erythema
and drainage around the affected area are frequently
present. The cardinal signs of subacute and chronic
osteomyelitis include draining sinus tracts, deformity ,
shortening or lengthning of bones and local signs of
impaired vascularity, range of motion and neurologic
status. The incidence of deep musculoskeletal infection
from open fractures has been reported to be as high as 23
percent.6 Patient factors, such as altered neutrophil
defense, humoral immunity and cell-mediated
immunity, can increase the risk of osteomyelitis
38. Other forms of chronic osteomyelitis
Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the bone is
secondary spread from a primary source in
the lung or GI tract. It most commonly
occurs in the vertebrae (body) and long
bones. Once established, the bacilli provoke
a chronic inflammatory reaction. Small
patches of caseous necrosis occur, and these
coalesce to form larger abscesses. The
infection spreads across the epiphysis into
the joints. The infection may track along soft
tissue to appear as a cold abscess
39. TUBERCULOUS
OSTEOMYELITIS
It is rare in the developed country and common in the
developing and underdeveloped countries of world.
This disease effect the adolescent and young adult more
often Most frequently involved are spine and bones of
extremities.
Tuberculosis lesion appear as the focus of bone destruction .
Tuberculosis of spine,potts disease often commences in
vertebral body may be aasociated with compression fracture
and destruction of intervertebral discs producing permanent
damage and paraplegia.
Extension of caseous material along with pus from the
lumbar vertebrae to the sheaths of psoas muscle produce
psoas abscess or lumbar cold abscess .This abscess when
burst out they form sinus.
Tuberculosis of spine,Pott’s disease often commense in
vertebral body and may be associated with compression
fracture and destruction of the intervertebral discs,produce
permanent damage and paraplegia.
Extension of caseous material alongwith pus from the
lumbar vertebrae to sheath of psoas muscle produce psoas
abscess or lumbar cold abscess,this abscess may burst
through skin and form sinus.Long standing cases may
develop systemic amyloidesis.
42. Management of
chronic
osteomyelitis
g
GOAL
Eradication of the infection by achieving a
viable and vascular envoirnment This can
be done by radical debridement by way of
sequestrectomy and resection of scarred
and infected bone and soft tissue.
Appropriate antibiotic required.
Reconstruction of both bone and soft
tissue defect may be needed
Principal of treatment
Surgery to be undertaken only when fever
and infection has subsided,when living
bone is distinguished from the dead bone .
When surgery is indicated ,culture is done
and antibiotics is started at least four days
before surgery and is continued for two
weeks.
Surgery method include Sequestrectomy
and saucerisation.Other methods of
treatment are Open Grafting,hyperbaric
oxygen therapy,closed suction
drainage,amputation is done in very rare
cases.
43. PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT
Measure for chronic osteomyelitis
Here disease has run its course and left back various sequlae like
limb length discrepancies
deformities,scarring etc.Efforts are made to combat these problem
Limb length discrepancies-corrected by shoe raise and other
method
Deformities-Corrected by various orthotic devices
For scar,contractures etc,sustained passive streching of scarred
and contracted tissue.
Deep ultrasonic massage for adherant scars.
Strengthening isometrics and isokinetic exercises for the
muscles
Range of motion exercises like active and passive ones for
affected and non-affected joints
Assistive devices used for ambulation,weight transfers.
44. Manifestations of Osteomyelitis
Cardiovascular effects
Tachycardia
GI effects
Nausea and vomiting
Anorexia
MS effects
Limp in involved extremity
Localized tenderness
Integumentary effects
Drainage and ulceration at involved site
Swelling, erythema, and warmth at involved site Lymph node
involvement
Other effects
High temperature with chills
Abrupt onset of pain
Malaise
45. COMPLICATIONS
Osteomyelitis may result in following complications
Septicemia
Acute bacterial arthritis
Pathologic fractures
Development of squamous cell carcinoma in
longstanding cases
Secondary amyloidosis in long standing cases
Vertebral osteomyelitis may cause vertebral
collapse with paravertebral abscess,cord
Compression and neurological deficits.