Building a quantum internet is a key ambition for many countries around the world, such a breakthrough will give them competitive advantage in a promising disruptive technology, and opens a new world of innovations and unlimited possibilities.
Just like a classical internet a quantum internet consists of computers attached to an internet. In the case of a quantum internet these are naturally quantum computers.
On a quantum internet we don’t send classical bits, 0’s and 1’s, but we will transmit qubits.What makes a quantum internet, or what makes the transmission of qubits so much more powerful than what we have today? Qubits have very special features
They cannot be copied, making them ideal for security applications.
Two qubits can also be in a very special state: namely an entangled state.
An entangled state between two qubits is the essence of the power of a quantum internet.
An overview of quantum computing, with its features, capabilities and types of problems it can solve. Also covers some current and future implementations of quantum computing, and a view of the patent landscape.
Quantum Computing with respect to Quantum Mechanics, i.e. Quantum Superposition and Quantum Entanglement. Qubits. Why Quantum Computing? Quantum Computing vs Conventional Computing. Latest Trends and Progress in Quantum Computing and Applications of Quantum Computing.
Just like a classical internet a quantum internet consists of computers attached to an internet. In the case of a quantum internet these are naturally quantum computers.
On a quantum internet we don’t send classical bits, 0’s and 1’s, but we will transmit qubits.What makes a quantum internet, or what makes the transmission of qubits so much more powerful than what we have today? Qubits have very special features
They cannot be copied, making them ideal for security applications.
Two qubits can also be in a very special state: namely an entangled state.
An entangled state between two qubits is the essence of the power of a quantum internet.
An overview of quantum computing, with its features, capabilities and types of problems it can solve. Also covers some current and future implementations of quantum computing, and a view of the patent landscape.
Quantum Computing with respect to Quantum Mechanics, i.e. Quantum Superposition and Quantum Entanglement. Qubits. Why Quantum Computing? Quantum Computing vs Conventional Computing. Latest Trends and Progress in Quantum Computing and Applications of Quantum Computing.
-It is a good ppt for a beginner to learn about Quantum
Computer.
-Quantum computer a solution for every present day computing
problems.
-Quantum computer a best solution for AI making
This is a seminar on Quantum Computing given on 9th march 2017 at CIME, Bhubaneswar by me(2nd year MCA).
Video at - https://youtu.be/vguxg0RYg7M
PDF at - http://www.slideshare.net/deepankarsandhibigraha/quantum-computing-73031375
This slide starts from a basic explanation between Bit and Qubit. It then follows with a brief history behind Quantum Computer, current trends, and update with concerns to make the quantum computer practically useful.
A file on Quantum Computing for people with least knowledge about physics, electronics, computers and programming. Perfect for people with management backgrounds. Covers understandable details about the topic.
Quantum Computers are the future and this manual explains the topic in the best possible way.
The new emerging technology which is under research but when will come into practice, it will change the era of computing.
Its is based on changing the concept of inputs received by the machine.
till now the machine works with 0 and 1,however it will implement an input b/w 0 and 1 i.e 1/2.
The speed of processing will raise up-to 8 times and things will be beyond our expectations.
Quantum computing is the computing which uses the laws of quantum mechanics to process information. Quantum computer works on qubits, which stands for "Quantum Bits".
With quantum computers, factoring of prime numbers are possible.
Quantum Computing and Blockchain: Facts and Myths Ahmed Banafa
The biggest danger to Blockchain networks from quantum computing is its ability to break traditional encryption . Google sent shock waves around the internet when it was claimed, had built a quantum computer able to solve formerly impossible mathematical calculations–with some fearing crypto industry could be at risk . Google states that its experiment is the first experimental challenge against the extended Church-Turing thesis — also known as computability thesis — which claims that traditional computers can effectively carry out any “reasonable” model of computation
The convergence of IoT and Quantum ComputingAhmed Banafa
One of the top candidates to help in securing IoT is Quantum Computing, while the idea of convergence of IoT and Quantum Computing is not a new topic, it was discussed in many works of literature and covered by various researchers, but nothing is close to practical applications so far.
Quantum Computing is not ready yet, it is years away from deployment on a commercial scale.
-It is a good ppt for a beginner to learn about Quantum
Computer.
-Quantum computer a solution for every present day computing
problems.
-Quantum computer a best solution for AI making
This is a seminar on Quantum Computing given on 9th march 2017 at CIME, Bhubaneswar by me(2nd year MCA).
Video at - https://youtu.be/vguxg0RYg7M
PDF at - http://www.slideshare.net/deepankarsandhibigraha/quantum-computing-73031375
This slide starts from a basic explanation between Bit and Qubit. It then follows with a brief history behind Quantum Computer, current trends, and update with concerns to make the quantum computer practically useful.
A file on Quantum Computing for people with least knowledge about physics, electronics, computers and programming. Perfect for people with management backgrounds. Covers understandable details about the topic.
Quantum Computers are the future and this manual explains the topic in the best possible way.
The new emerging technology which is under research but when will come into practice, it will change the era of computing.
Its is based on changing the concept of inputs received by the machine.
till now the machine works with 0 and 1,however it will implement an input b/w 0 and 1 i.e 1/2.
The speed of processing will raise up-to 8 times and things will be beyond our expectations.
Quantum computing is the computing which uses the laws of quantum mechanics to process information. Quantum computer works on qubits, which stands for "Quantum Bits".
With quantum computers, factoring of prime numbers are possible.
Quantum Computing and Blockchain: Facts and Myths Ahmed Banafa
The biggest danger to Blockchain networks from quantum computing is its ability to break traditional encryption . Google sent shock waves around the internet when it was claimed, had built a quantum computer able to solve formerly impossible mathematical calculations–with some fearing crypto industry could be at risk . Google states that its experiment is the first experimental challenge against the extended Church-Turing thesis — also known as computability thesis — which claims that traditional computers can effectively carry out any “reasonable” model of computation
The convergence of IoT and Quantum ComputingAhmed Banafa
One of the top candidates to help in securing IoT is Quantum Computing, while the idea of convergence of IoT and Quantum Computing is not a new topic, it was discussed in many works of literature and covered by various researchers, but nothing is close to practical applications so far.
Quantum Computing is not ready yet, it is years away from deployment on a commercial scale.
Quantum communication and quantum computingIOSR Journals
Abstract: The subject of quantum computing brings together ideas from classical information theory, computer
science, and quantum physics. This review aims to summarize not just quantum computing, but the whole
subject of quantum information theory. Information can be identified as the most general thing which must
propagate from a cause to an effect. It therefore has a fundamentally important role in the science of physics.
However, the mathematical treatment of information, especially information processing, is quite recent, dating
from the mid-20th century. This has meant that the full significance of information as a basic concept in physics
is only now being discovered. This is especially true in quantum mechanics. The theory of quantum information
and computing puts this significance on a firm footing, and has led to some profound and exciting new insights
into the natural world. Among these are the use of quantum states to permit the secure transmission of classical
information (quantum cryptography), the use of quantum entanglement to permit reliable transmission of
quantum states (teleportation), the possibility of preserving quantum coherence in the presence of irreversible
noise processes (quantum error correction), and the use of controlled quantum evolution for efficient
computation (quantum computation). The common theme of all these insights is the use of quantum
entanglement as a computational resource.
Keywords: quantum bits, quantum registers, quantum gates and quantum networks
Running head: QUANTUM COMPUTING
QUANTUM COMPUTING 9
Research Paper: Quantum Computing
(Student’s Name)
(Professor’s Name)
(Course Title)
(Date of Submission)
Abstract
Quantum computers are a new era of invention, and its innovation is still to come. The revolution of the quantum computers produced a lot of challenges for ethical decision-making and predictions at different levels of life; therefore, it raised new concerns such as invasion of privacy and national security. In fact, it can be used easily to access and steal private information and data, while on the other hand, quantum computers can help to eliminate these unethical intrusions and secure the information.
Quantum computers will be the most powerful computer in the world that would open the door to encrypt the information in much less time. On the contrary, the supercomputers sometimes take so many hours to encrypt, whereas quantum computers can be used for the same purpose in a shorter time period making it harder to decrypt the data and information.
Many years from now, quantum computers will become mainstays throughout the world of computing. It will serve the individual and the community, but there is a significant concern that quantum computers could be used to invade people’s privacy (Hirvensalo, 2012).
Literature Review
The study area that is aimed on the implementation of quantum theory principles to develop computer technology is called Quantum computing. The field of quantum mechanics arose from German physicist Max Planck’s attempts to describe the spectrum emitted by hot bodies and specifically he wondered the reason behind the shift in color from red to yellow to blue as the temperature of a flame increased.
https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/approaching-quantum-leap-computing
There has been tremendous development in quantum computing since then and more research is been done to realize its full potential. Generally, quantum computing depends on quantum laws of physics. Rather than store information as 0s or 1s as conventional computers do, a quantum computer uses qubits which can be a 1 or a 0 or both at the same time. The quantum superposition along with the quantum effects of entanglement and quantum tunneling enable computers to consider and manipulate all combinations of bits simultaneously. This effect will make quantum computation powerful and fast (Williams, 2014).
http://www.dwavesys.com/quantum-computing
Researchers in quantum computing have enjoyed a greater level of success. The first small 2-qubit quantum computer was developed in 1997 and in 2001 a 5-qubit quantum computer was used to successfully factor the number 15 [85].Since then, experimental progress on a number of different technologies has been steady but slow, although the practical problems facing physical realizations of quantum computers can be addressed. It is believed that a quant.
Quantum computers is a machine that performs calculations based on the laws of quantum mechanics which is the behaviour of particles at the subatomic level.
Quantum Computer is a machine that is used for Quantum Computation with the help of using Quantum Physics properties. Where classical computers encode information in binary “bits” that can either 0s or 1s but quantum computer use Qubits. Like the classical computer, the Quantum computer also uses 0 and 1, but qubits have a third state that allows them to represent one or zero at the same time and it’s called “Superposition”. This research paper has presented the Basics of Quantum Computer and The Future of Quantum Computer. So why Quantum Computer can be Future Computer, Because Quantum Computer is faster than any other computer, as an example, IBM’s Computer Deep Blue examined 200 million possible chess moves each second. Quantum Computer would be able to examine 1 trillion possible chess moves per second. It can be 100 million times faster than a classical computer. The computer makes human life easier and also focuses on increasing performance to make technology better. One such way is to reduce the size of the transistor and another way is to use Quantum Computer. The main aim of this paper is to know that how Quantum Computers can become the future computer.
Quantum computing is the area of study focused on developing computer technology based on the principles of quantum theory. The quantum computer, following the laws of quantum physics, would gain enormous processing power through the ability to be in multiple states, and to perform tasks using all possible permutations simultaneously.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Quantum Internet: Everything You Need To Know | Enterprise WiredEnterprise Wired
In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the fundamentals, potential applications, challenges, and the transformative impact of the Quantum Internet on the future of communication.
The Convergence of 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) is the next natural move for two advance technologies built to make users lives convenient, easier and more productive. But before talking about how they will unite we need to understand each of the two technologies.
Simply defined; 5G is the next-generation cellular network compared to 4G, the current standard, which offers speeds ranging from 7 Mbps to 17 Mbps for upload and 12 Mbps to 36 Mbps for download, 5G transmission speeds may be as high as 20 Gbps. Latency will also be close to 10% of 4G transmission, and the number of devices that can be connected scales up significantly which warranted the convergence with IoT.
Quantum computers are designed to perform tasks much more accurately and efficiently than conventional computers, providing developers with a new tool for specific applications.
It is clear in the short-term that quantum computers will not replace their traditional counterparts; instead, they will require classical computers to support their specialized abilities, such as systems optimization.
COVID-19 has impacted countries, communities, and individuals in countless ways, from business and school closures to job losses not to undermined loss of lives.
Quantum teleportation is a technique for transferring quantum information from a sender at one location to a receiver some distance away.
While teleportation is portrayed in science fiction as a means to transfer physical objects from one location to the next, quantum teleportation only transfers quantum information.
The Zero Trust Model of information #security simplifies how #information security is conceptualized by assuming there are no longer “trusted” interfaces, applications, traffic, networks, or users. It takes the old model— “trust but verify”—and inverts it, because recent breaches have proven that when an organization trusts, it doesn’t verify
How blockchain is revolutionizing crowdfundingAhmed Banafa
According to experts, there are five key benefits of crowdfunding platforms: efficiency, reach, easier presentation, built-in PR and marketing, and near-immediate validation of concept, which explains why crowdfunding has become an extremely useful alternative to venture capital (VC), and has also allowed non-traditional projects, such as those started by in-need families or hopeful creatives, a new audience to pitch their cause.
Blockchain technology and supply chain managementAhmed Banafa
Managing today’s supply chains is extremely complex. For many products, the supply chain can span over hundreds of stages, multiple geographical (international) locations, a multitude of invoices and payments, have several individuals and entities involved, and extend over months of time.
8 key tech trends in a post covid-19 world editedAhmed Banafa
COVID-19 has demonstrated the importance of digital readiness, which allows business and people’s life to continue as usual during pandemics.
Building the necessary infrastructure to support a digitized world and stay current in the latest technology will be essential for any business or countryto remain competitive in a post-COVID-19 world.
The COVID-19 coronavirus has impacted countries, communities and individuals in countless ways, from school closures to health-care insurance issues not to undermined loss of lives.
As governments scramble to address these problems, different solutions based on blockchain technologies have sprung up to help deal with the worldwide health crisis. Blockchain will surely not prevent the emergence of new viruses itself, but what it can do is create the first line of rapid protection through a network of connected devices whose primary goal is to remain alert about disease outbreaks.
Therefore, the use of blockchain-enabled platforms can help prevent these pandemics by enabling early detection of epidemics, fast-tracking drug trials, and impact management of outbreaks and treatment.
It’s clear that blockchain will revolutionize operations and processes in many industries and governments agencies if adopted, but its adoption requires time and efforts, in addition blockchain technology will stimulate people to acquire new skills, and traditional business will have to completely reconsider their processes to harvest the maximum benefits from using this promising technology. The following 10 trends will dominate blockchain technology in 2020:
In this webinar Prof. Banafa will discuss in details the use of Blockchain in the following businesses: Insurance; Payments; Internet-of-Things (IoT); Supply Chain; Healthcare; Government; Identity; Advertising; Marketing; Banking.
In this seminar you will listen to in depth explanation of the hottest technologies in 2019 and beyond. Prof. Banafa will discuss each technology its applications and challenges with real life cases. The interaction among all the four technology will be explored with focus on future trends in each of technology. As all technologies can be summarized in one word IBAC (IoT, Blockchain, AI, Cybersecurity) they can be explained with the following words: IoT: senses, Blockchain: remembers, AI: thinks, and Cybersecurity: protects.
Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence are two of the hottest technology trends right now. Even though the two technologies have highly different developing parties and applications, researchers have been discussing and exploring their combination. With both these technologies able to effect and enact upon data in different ways, their coming together makes sense, and it can take the exploitation of data to new levels. At the same time, the integration of machine learning and AI into blockchain, and vice versa, can enhance blockchain’s underlying architecture and boost AI’s potential.
The following list of predictions (Figure 1) explores the state of IoT in 2019 and covering IoT impact on many aspects business and technology including Digital Transformation, Blockchain, AI, and 5G.
Secure and Smart IoT using Blockchain and AIAhmed Banafa
The first 29 pages of my book "Secure and Smart IoT Using Blockchain and AI " Including Forward, Preface, Table of Contents , list of Figures, and Chapter 1. https://www.amazon.com/Secure-Smart-Internet-Things-IoT/dp/8770220301/
The Blockchain Wave in 2019 and BeyondAhmed Banafa
We’re still in the early days of Blockchain as a technology, and so we’re yet to see the full impact that it will have on the world that we live in. Still, it’s already showing potential across a range of industries and started to enter the public consciousness, so the real question is what will happen when Blockchain technology starts to mature.
New trends of IoT in 2018 and beyond (SJSU Conference ) Ahmed Banafa
The Internet of things (IoT) is growing rapidly and 2018 will be a fascinating year for the IoT industry. IoT technology continues to evolve at an incredibly rapid pace. Consumers and businesses alike are anticipating the next big innovation. They are all set to embrace the ground-breaking impact of the Internet of Things on our lives like ATMs that report crimes around them, forks that tell you if you are eating fast, or IP address for each organ of your body for doctors to connect and check
Second line of defense for cybersecurity : BlockchainAhmed Banafa
With the fact that cybercrime and cyber security attacks hardly seem to be out of the news these days and the threat is growing globally.
Nobody would appear immune to malicious and offensive acts targeting computer networks, infrastructures and personal computer devices.
Firms clearly must invest to stay resilient.
Gauging the exact size of cybercrime and putting a precise US dollar value on it is nonetheless tricky.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
2. Building a quantum internet is a key ambition for many countries
around the world, such a breakthrough will give them competitive
advantage in a promising disruptive technology, and opens a new
world of innovations and unlimited possibilities.
3. Recently the US Department of Energy (DoE) published the first
blueprint of its kind, laying out a step-by-step strategy to make the
quantum internet dream come true,.
4. The main goal is to make it impervious to any cyber hacking. It will
“metamorphosize our entire way of life,” says the Department of
Energy. Nearly $625 million in federal funding is expected to be
allocated to the project.
5. A quantum internet would be able to transmit large volumes of data
across immense distances at a rate that exceeds the speed of light.
You can imagine all the applications that can benefit from such
speed.
6. Traditional computer data is coded in either zeros or ones. Quantum
information is superimposed in both zeros and ones simultaneously.
Academics, researchers and IT professionals will need to create
devices for the infrastructure of quantum internet including:
quantum routers, repeaters, gateways, hubs, and other
quantum tools
7. A whole new industry will be born based on the idea of quantum
internet exists in parallel to the current ecosystem of companies we
have in regular internet.
8. The “traditional internet “, as the regular internet is sometimes
called, will still exist.
It is expected that large organizations will rely on the quantum
internet to safeguard data, but that individual consumers will
continue to use the classical internet. [1]
9. Experts predict that the financial sector will benefit from the
quantum internet when it comes to securing online transactions.
The healthcare sectors and the public sectors are also expected to
see benefits. In addition to providing a faster, safer internet
experience, quantum computing will better position organizations to
solve complex problems, like supply chain management
10. Furthermore, it will expedite the exchange of vast amounts of data,
and carrying out large-scale sensing experiments in astronomy,
materials discovery and life sciences [1][3]
11. But first let’s explain some of the basic terms of the quantum world:
Quantum computing is the area of study focused on developing
computer technology based on the principles of quantum theory.
12. The quantum computer, following the laws of quantum physics,
would gain enormous processing power through the ability to be in
multiple states, and to perform tasks using all possible
permutations simultaneously. [2]
13. A COMPARISON OF
CLASSICAL AND
QUANTUM COMPUTING
Classical computing relies, at its ultimate level, on principles
expressed by a branch of math called Boolean algebra. Data must
be processed in an exclusive binary state at any point in time or bits.
While the time that each transistor or capacitor need be either in 0
or 1 before switching states is now measurable in billionths of a
second, there is still a limit as to how quickly these devices can be
made to switch state.
14. As we progress to smaller and faster circuits, we begin to reach the
physical limits of materials and the threshold for classical laws of
physics to apply. Beyond this, the quantum world takes over. [2]
15. In a quantum computer, a number of elemental particles such as
electrons or photons can be used with either their charge or
polarization acting as a representation of 0 and/or 1.
Each of these particles is known as a quantum bit, or qubit, the
nature and behavior of these particles form the basis of quantum
computing. [2]
17. Superposition: Think of a qubit as an electron in a magnetic field.
The electron’s spin may be either in alignment with the field, which
is known as a spin-up state, or opposite to the field, which is known
as a spin-down state.
18. According to quantum law, the particle enters a superposition of
states, in which it behaves as if it were in both states
simultaneously. Each qubit utilized could take a superposition of
both 0 and 1.
19. Entanglement: Particles that have interacted at some point retain a
type of connection and can be entangled with each other in pairs, in
a process known as correlation. Knowing the spin state of one
entangled particle – up or down – allows one to know that the spin
of its mate is in the opposite direction.
20. Quantum entanglement allows qubits that are separated by
incredible distances to interact with each other instantaneously (not
limited to the speed of light). No matter how great the distance
between the correlated particles, they will remain entangled as long
as they are isolated.
21. Taken together, quantum superposition and entanglement create an
enormously enhanced computing power.
Where a 2-bit register in an ordinary computer can store only one of
four binary configurations (00, 01, 10, or 11) at any given time, a 2-
qubit register in a quantum computer can store all four numbers
simultaneously, because each qubit represents two values.
If more qubits are added, the increased capacity is expanded
exponentially. [2]
22. WHAT IS QUANTUM
INTERNET
The quantum internet is a network that will let quantum devices
exchange some information within an environment that harnesses
the odd laws of quantum mechanics.
In theory, this would lend the quantum internet unprecedented
capabilities that are impossible to carry out with today's web
applications. [3]
23. In the quantum world, data can be encoded in the state of qubits,
which can be created in quantum devices like a quantum computer
or a quantum processor.
24. And the quantum internet, in simple terms, will involve sending
qubits across a network of multiple quantum devices that are
physically separated. Crucially, all of this would happen thanks to
the wild properties that are unique to quantum states. [3]
25. That might sound similar to the standard internet. But sending
qubits around through a quantum channel, rather than a classical
one, effectively means leveraging the behavior of particles when
taken at their smallest scale – so-called "quantum states".[3]
26. Unsurprisingly, qubits cannot be used to send the kind of data we
are familiar with, like emails and WhatsApp messages.
But the strange behavior of qubits is opening up huge opportunities
in other, more niche applications. [3]
27. QUANTUM
COMMUNICATIONS
One of the most exciting avenues that researchers, armed with
qubits, are exploring, is communications security.[3]
Quantum security leads us to the concept of quantum cryptography
which uses physics to develop a cryptosystem completely secure
against being compromised without knowledge of the sender or the
receiver of the messages.
28. Essentially, quantum cryptography is based on the usage of
individual particles/waves of light (photon) and their intrinsic
quantum properties to develop an unbreakable cryptosystem
(because it is impossible to measure the quantum state of any
system without disturbing that system.) [4]
29. Quantum cryptography uses photons to transmit a key. Once the key
is transmitted, coding and encoding using the normal secret-key
method can take place.
But how does a photon become a key? How do you attach
information to a photon's spin? [4]
30. This is where binary code comes into play. Each type of a photon's
spin represents one piece of information -- usually a 1 or a 0, for
binary code. This code uses strings of 1s and 0s to create a
coherent message. For example, 11100100110 could correspond
with h-e-l-l-o. So a binary code can be assigned to each photon -- for
example, a photon that has a vertical spin ( | ) can be assigned a 1.
31. For example, 11100100110 could correspond with h-e-l-l-o. So a
binary code can be assigned to each photon -- for example, a photon
that has a vertical spin ( | ) can be assigned a 1.
32. Regular, non-quantum encryption can work in a variety of ways but
generally a message is scrambled and can only be unscrambled
using a secret key. The trick is to make sure that whomever you’re
trying to hide your communication from doesn’t get their hands on
your secret key.
33. But such encryption techniques have their vulnerabilities. Certain
products – called weak keys – happen to be easier to factor than
others.
Also, Moore’s Law continually ups the processing power of our
computers. Even more importantly, mathematicians are constantly
developing new algorithms that allow for easier factorization of the
secret key. [4]
34. Quantum cryptography avoids all these issues. Here, the key is
encrypted into a series of photons that get passed between two
parties trying to share secret information.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle dictates that an adversary
can’t look at these photons without changing or destroying them. [4]