A seminar, given to philosophers, on how quantum field theory allows us to delineate known from unknown in fundamental physics, and why the laws of physics underlying everyday phenomena are known.
This is an introduction to modern quantum mechanics – albeit for those already familiar with vector calculus and modern physics – based on my personal understanding of the subject that emphasizes the concepts from first principles. Nothing of this is new or even developed first hand but the content (or maybe its clarity) is original in the fact that it displays an abridged yet concise and straightforward mathematical development that provides for a solid foundation in the tools and techniques to better understand and have a good appreciation for the physics involved in quantum theory and in an atom!
What We (Don't) Know About the Beginning of the UniverseSean Carroll
A plenary talk at the January 2017 meeting of the American Astronomical Society, on whether the universe truly had a beginning, and what might have come before.
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
Einstein’s Theories of Relativity revolutionized how Today’s Scientific world thinks about Space, Time, Mass, Energy and Gravity. This is purely an imaginative Science that worked in the Laboratory of Einstein's Brain..
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
Gifford Lecture One: Cosmos, Time, MemorySean Carroll
Based on my book The Big Picture, this is the first of five lectures exploring how different ways of talking about the world fit together. The other four lectures are on YouTube.
This is an introduction to modern quantum mechanics – albeit for those already familiar with vector calculus and modern physics – based on my personal understanding of the subject that emphasizes the concepts from first principles. Nothing of this is new or even developed first hand but the content (or maybe its clarity) is original in the fact that it displays an abridged yet concise and straightforward mathematical development that provides for a solid foundation in the tools and techniques to better understand and have a good appreciation for the physics involved in quantum theory and in an atom!
What We (Don't) Know About the Beginning of the UniverseSean Carroll
A plenary talk at the January 2017 meeting of the American Astronomical Society, on whether the universe truly had a beginning, and what might have come before.
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
Einstein’s Theories of Relativity revolutionized how Today’s Scientific world thinks about Space, Time, Mass, Energy and Gravity. This is purely an imaginative Science that worked in the Laboratory of Einstein's Brain..
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
Gifford Lecture One: Cosmos, Time, MemorySean Carroll
Based on my book The Big Picture, this is the first of five lectures exploring how different ways of talking about the world fit together. The other four lectures are on YouTube.
This is a slide show presentation I prepared for the Technical Support staff at Topcon Medical Systems to introduce and familiarize the art of refraction.
Space is not fundamental (although time might be). Talk at the 2010 Philosophy of Science Association Meeting, Montreal. By Sean Carroll, http://preposterousuniverse.com/
Gear Cutting Presentation for Polytechnic College Students of Indiakichu
This presentation was made by me to supplement classroom lecture on Gear Cutting technology as part of the Machine Shop technology module for IV Semester of DME and DAE students of K Scheme. Useful for Polytechnic College Students of India.
Anatomy of Brain by MRI
In this presentation we will discuss the cross sectional anatomy of brain. Then we will discuss the Most common diseases to be evaluated by brain imaging.
In my opinion this presentation is a road map for beginars.
This is a real estate listing presentation that drives home our clients’ USP built around our core focus of talking to buyers and sellers immediately.
Agents need to quit chasing prospects, battling voicemail and talk with people. As an agent, if you’re not talking with people you’re failing. The most successful agents are talking with people all day, every day. The key is talking to the right people, at the right time, in the right way.
Proquest Technologies goes beyond lead generation to delivering perfectly-timed live conversations with buyers and sellers. While the rest of the industry focuses on capturing more lead data, our clients are having quality conversations! The best part is their lead conversion rates are skyrocketing!
To learn more go to www.ConversationsFirst.com
Publication at gpcpublishing. Gravity explained by a new theory, ‘Superconducting String Theory (SST)’, completely opposite from current field emission based and inspired on originals string theories. Strengths are decomposed to make strings behave as one-dimensional structure with universe acting as a superconductor where resistance is near 0 and the matter moves inside. Strong nuclear force, with an attraction of 10.000 Newtons is which makes space to curve, generating acceleration, more matter more acceleration. Electromagnetic moves in 8 decimals, gravity is moved to more than 30 decimals to work as a superconductor.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
CYBER LAWS IN INDIA
CYBER CRIMES
OFFENCES AND LAWS IN CYBER SPACE
CYBER LAWS AMENDMENTS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
What is Cyber Law?
Cyber Law is the lawgoverning cyber space.Cyber space is a very wideterm and includescomputers, networks,software, data storagedevices (such as hard disks,USB disks etc), theInternet, websites, emailsand even electronic devicessuch as cell phones, ATMmachines etc.
Cyber lawencompasses lawsrelating to
:
1. Cyber Crimes
2. Electronic and DigitalSignatures
3. Intellectual Property
4. Data Protection andPrivacy
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
TACKLING CYBERCRIMES
INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS ANDCOPYRIGHTSPROTECTION ACT
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
1. Cyberspace is an
intangible
dimension that is impossible togovern and regulate usingconventional law.
2. Cyberspace has complete
disrespect for jurisdictionalboundaries
. A person in Indiacould break into a bank’selectronic vault hosted on acomputer in USA and transfermillions of Rupees to anotherbank in Switzerland, all withinminutes. All he would need is alaptop computer and a cellphone.
3. Cyberspace
handlesgigantic traffic volumesevery second
. Billions ofemails are crisscrossing theglobe even as we read this,millions of websites are beingaccessed every minute andbillions of dollars areelectronically transferredaround the world by banksevery day.
4. Cyberspace is
absolutelyopen to participation by all.
A ten year-old in Bhutan canhave a live chat session with aneight year-old in Bali withoutany regard for the distance orthe anonymity between them
ABOUT AUTHOR
Sumit Verma
Chitkara University
Undergraduate
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
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Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
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IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
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This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
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Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
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2. Two claims:
1. The laws of physics underlying everyday life
are completely known.
2. The structure of quantum field theory provides
a warrant for claim 1.
3. “Laws of physics underlying everyday life”
= The Core Theory
• Quantum field theory in a
4-dimensional spacetime.
• Matter (fermions): quarks,leptons.
• Strong, weak, electromagnetic forces.
• Gravitation = general relativity.
• Higgs field.
4. Long history of embarrassingly premature triumphalism.
“[We are] probably nearing the limit of all we can know
about astronomy.” – Simon Newcomb, 1888
“The more important fundamental laws and facts of
physical science have all been discovered.”
– Albert Michelson, 1894
“Physics as we know it will be over in six months.”
– Max Born, 1928
There is a 50% chance that “we would find a complete
unified theory of everything by the end of the century.”
– Stephen Hawking, 1980
5. Perfectly obvious but necessary caveats
We’re nowhere close to understanding the fundamental
theory of everything.
We don’t understand the non-everyday: dark matter,
quantum gravity, the Big Bang…
We don’t fully understand macroscopic aggregations:
condensed matter, chemistry, biology, economics…
Quantum mechanics or quantum field theory could
always be wrong.
6. Known particles/forces,
general relativity
(Core theory)
Dark matter/energy,
new particles/forces,
hidden sectors
Underlying reality
(theory of everything)
Higher-level
macro-phenomena
of everyday life
Astrophysics,
cosmology
7. The Core Theory in more detail:
Quantum Mechanics
Think of “configurations,”
e.g. the location x of a particle.
Assign a complex number to
every possible configuration.
That describes a quantum state: a “wave function” Ψ(x)
that lives in a very-high-dimensional Hilbert space.
Schrödinger evolution equation:
x
x
Ψ(x)
8. Measurements in Quantum Mechanics
But we don’t “see” the wave function.
Measurements return some specific value of the
configuration (or other observable).
Probability of measurement outcome = |wave function|2
.
After measurement, wave function “collapses” (becomes
suddenly concentrated on observed outcome).
Seems absurd. But – good enough to successfully
predict the outcome of every experiment ever done.
9. (Some) Observables are Quantized
Standard example: Simple Harmonic Oscillator.
Particle moving in a potential ,
where x is the position and ω is the frequency.
Energy is quantized
into discrete levels:
10. Quantum Field Theory
QFT is not a successor/alternative to QM; it’s just
a particular QM model, with a particular Hamiltonian.
Namely: “configurations” are “values of (relativistic)
fields throughout space.” E.g. φ(x).
The quantum state (wave function) is a complex
amplitude for each possible field configuration, Ψ[φ(x)].
Examples: electromagnetic field, electron field,
top quark field, gravitational field (metric), etc.
11. Particles from fields
Each mode acts like a simple harmonic oscillator!
Energy levels = number of particles.
Wavelength = 1/momentum.
Indeed, relativity+QM+particles QFT.
Decompose oscillating field into a sum of “modes”
of different wavelengths (Fourier transform):
= +
+ …+
13. Adding up virtual particles
Every particle has a
momentum, and total
is conserved at
each vertex.
When there are loops,
momentum “flowing
through the loop” (q)
is arbitrary, and gets
summed over.
Result is often infinite.
14. don’t need to worry
about what happens here
Ken Wilson: organize QFT by energy/length scale
Remember: energy & momentum ~ 1/(wavelength).
IR
UV
Λ
(“cutoff”
energy
scale)
long
wavelengths/
low energies
short
wavelengths/
high energies
15. Think of your theory as only describing energies below
the ultraviolet cutoff scale Λ.
I.e., only include wavelengths longer than 1/Λ.
Result is an effective field theory below Λ.
Effective Field Theory
16. All diagrams with N legs contribute to an interaction
term (in Lagrangian) between N particles.
There are an infinite number of terms in
EFT equations of motion…
φ4
φ8
φ6
17. Both the field φ and the cutoff Λ have units of energy,
and the Lagrangian governing interactions is (energy)4
.
So schematically we have:
Higher-order terms are negligible at low energy (<< Λ).
Only a finite number of relevant/marginal interactions.
… but only a finite number of terms matter
“relevant” “marginal” “irrelevant”
18. At energies below Λ, an EFT can be a complete theory.
Above Λ, new phenomena can kick in.
E.g. Fermi theory of weak interactions Standard Model.
Effective field theories tell us their regime of applicability:
below the ultraviolet cutoff Λ.
Fermi coupling
19. “We haven’t quantized gravity,” but I’m treating
gravity like a perfectly ordinary effective field theory.
Because it is – as long as gravity is weak (far from
black holes, Big Bang, etc.).
In terms of curvature parameter R, interactions look like
Here on Earth, 1st
term is 1050
times bigger than 2nd
.
Quantum Gravity?
20. A given effective field theory with cutoff Λ could have
many “ultraviolet completions” at higher energies.
That’s why it’s hard to do experiments relevant to
quantum gravity: we expect Λ ~ Eplanck ~ 1015
ELHC.
Multiple realizability
loop quantum gravity string theory dynamical triangulations
21. Known particles/forces,
general relativity
(Core theory)
Dark matter/energy,
new particles/forces,
hidden sectors
Underlying reality
(theory of everything)
Higher-level
emergent phenomena
of everyday life
Astrophysics,
cosmology
Underlying physics only influences us via Core Theory.
22. What about new particles/forces?
strongly
interacting
light/
long range/
low energy
heavy/
short range/
high energy
weakly
interacting
accessible
inaccessible
known
knowns
known
unknowns
Unknown unknowns = violations of QFT itself.
23. QFT puts very tight
constraints on new phenomena.
time
new particle
new
interaction
If a new particle can
interact with ordinary
particles:
Then that particle
can be created in
high-energy collisions.
“Crossing symmetry.”
24. Constraints on new particles
As-yet-undiscovered
particles must be either:
1. very weakly interacting,
2. too heavy to create, or
3. too short-lived to detect.
In any of those cases, the new particle would
be irrelevant to our everyday lives.
25. To be relevant to everyday physics, any new forces
must interact with protons, neutrons, electrons,
and/or photons.
Experiments are ongoing (torsion balances) to
search for new, weak, long-range forces.
Two ways to hide:
1. weak interactions, or
2. very short ranges.
Constraints on new forces
27. Known particles/forces,
general relativity
(Core theory)
Dark matter/energy,
new particles/forces,
hidden sectors
Underlying reality
(theory of everything)
Higher-level
emergent phenomena
of everyday life
Astrophysics,
cosmology
New particles/forces are too heavy/weak to influence us.
28. gravity
other forces matter Higgs
quantum mechanics spacetime
Punchline:
the laws of physics underlying everyday experience.
Other phenomena are too massive or weakly-coupled to
have any impact on the particles of which we are made.
29. • Astrology is not correct.
Implications of the Core Theory
• You can’t bend spoons with your mind.
• The soul does not survive the body.
30. 3. Accessible deviations from textbook QM.
(Hidden variables, spontaneous/induced collapse.)
Loopholes?
2. Breakdown of QFT itself. E.g. non-local constraints/
interactions from quantum gravity (holography).
1. New forces with environment-dependent couplings.
4. Divine intervention.
31. Known particles/forces,
general relativity
(Core theory)
Dark matter/energy,
new particles/forces,
hidden sectors
Underlying reality
(theory of everything)
Higher-level
emergent phenomena
of everyday life
Astrophysics,
cosmology