1) Quantum entanglement is a property where quantum states of objects cannot be described independently, even if separated spatially. A practical example involves two cups of hot chocolate where tasting one instantly reveals the other's state.
2) Bra-ket notation is used to describe quantum states as vectors or functionals in a Hilbert space. Operators act on these states to model physical quantities.
3) A qubit is the quantum analogue of a classical bit, existing in superposition of states |0> and |1>. Quantum computers use entanglement between qubits to perform computations in parallel.
This is a seminar on Quantum Computing given on 9th march 2017 at CIME, Bhubaneswar by me(2nd year MCA).
Video at - https://youtu.be/vguxg0RYg7M
PDF at - http://www.slideshare.net/deepankarsandhibigraha/quantum-computing-73031375
This presentation was created for a first year physics project at Imperial.
A presentation describing some of the applications of quantum entanglement, for example: quantum clocks, quantum computing, teleportation and quantum cryptography. Refers to specific experiment of teleportation carried out by NIST using time-bin encoding.
Quantum computing is the computing which uses the laws of quantum mechanics to process information. Quantum computer works on qubits, which stands for "Quantum Bits".
With quantum computers, factoring of prime numbers are possible.
Quantum computing is a type of computation that harnesses the collective properties of quantum states, such as superposition, interference, and entanglement, to perform calculations.
This presentation is designed to elucidate about the Quantum Computing - History - Principles - QUBITS - Quantum Computing Models - Applications - Advantages and Disadvantages.
This is a seminar on Quantum Computing given on 9th march 2017 at CIME, Bhubaneswar by me(2nd year MCA).
Video at - https://youtu.be/vguxg0RYg7M
PDF at - http://www.slideshare.net/deepankarsandhibigraha/quantum-computing-73031375
This presentation was created for a first year physics project at Imperial.
A presentation describing some of the applications of quantum entanglement, for example: quantum clocks, quantum computing, teleportation and quantum cryptography. Refers to specific experiment of teleportation carried out by NIST using time-bin encoding.
Quantum computing is the computing which uses the laws of quantum mechanics to process information. Quantum computer works on qubits, which stands for "Quantum Bits".
With quantum computers, factoring of prime numbers are possible.
Quantum computing is a type of computation that harnesses the collective properties of quantum states, such as superposition, interference, and entanglement, to perform calculations.
This presentation is designed to elucidate about the Quantum Computing - History - Principles - QUBITS - Quantum Computing Models - Applications - Advantages and Disadvantages.
This research paper gives an overview of quantum computers – description of their operation, differences between quantum and silicon computers, major construction problems of a quantum computer and many other basic aspects. No special scientific knowledge is necessary for the reader.
In this deck from the Argonne Training Program on Extreme-Scale Computing 2019, Jonathan Baker from the University of Chicago presents: Quantum Computing: The Why and How.
"Jonathan Baker is a second year Ph.D student at The University of Chicago advised by Fred Chong. He is studying quantum architectures, specifically how to map quantum algorithms more efficiently to near term devices. Additionally, he is interested in multivalued logic and taking advantage of quantum computing’s natural access to higher order states and using these states to make computation more efficient. Prior to beginning his Ph.D., he studied at the University of Notre Dame where he obtained a B.S. of Engineering in computer science and a B.S. in Chemistry and Mathematics."
Watch the video: https://wp.me/p3RLHQ-l1i
Learn more: https://extremecomputingtraining.anl.gov/
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
-It is a good ppt for a beginner to learn about Quantum
Computer.
-Quantum computer a solution for every present day computing
problems.
-Quantum computer a best solution for AI making
An overview of quantum computing, with its features, capabilities and types of problems it can solve. Also covers some current and future implementations of quantum computing, and a view of the patent landscape.
Quantum Computing: Welcome to the FutureVernBrownell
Vern Brownell, CEO at D-Wave Systems, shares his thoughts on Quantum Computing in this presentation, which he delivered at Compute Midwest in November 2014. He addresses big questions that include: What is a quantum computer? How do you build one? Why does it matter? What does the future hold for quantum computing?
Multi-particle Entanglement in Quantum States and EvolutionsMatthew Leifer
Slides from my first ever seminar presentation given when I was a first year Ph.D. student. University of Bristol Applied Mathematics Seminar 2001. Brief introduction to entanglement and discussion of local unitary invariants.
This research paper gives an overview of quantum computers – description of their operation, differences between quantum and silicon computers, major construction problems of a quantum computer and many other basic aspects. No special scientific knowledge is necessary for the reader.
In this deck from the Argonne Training Program on Extreme-Scale Computing 2019, Jonathan Baker from the University of Chicago presents: Quantum Computing: The Why and How.
"Jonathan Baker is a second year Ph.D student at The University of Chicago advised by Fred Chong. He is studying quantum architectures, specifically how to map quantum algorithms more efficiently to near term devices. Additionally, he is interested in multivalued logic and taking advantage of quantum computing’s natural access to higher order states and using these states to make computation more efficient. Prior to beginning his Ph.D., he studied at the University of Notre Dame where he obtained a B.S. of Engineering in computer science and a B.S. in Chemistry and Mathematics."
Watch the video: https://wp.me/p3RLHQ-l1i
Learn more: https://extremecomputingtraining.anl.gov/
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
-It is a good ppt for a beginner to learn about Quantum
Computer.
-Quantum computer a solution for every present day computing
problems.
-Quantum computer a best solution for AI making
An overview of quantum computing, with its features, capabilities and types of problems it can solve. Also covers some current and future implementations of quantum computing, and a view of the patent landscape.
Quantum Computing: Welcome to the FutureVernBrownell
Vern Brownell, CEO at D-Wave Systems, shares his thoughts on Quantum Computing in this presentation, which he delivered at Compute Midwest in November 2014. He addresses big questions that include: What is a quantum computer? How do you build one? Why does it matter? What does the future hold for quantum computing?
Multi-particle Entanglement in Quantum States and EvolutionsMatthew Leifer
Slides from my first ever seminar presentation given when I was a first year Ph.D. student. University of Bristol Applied Mathematics Seminar 2001. Brief introduction to entanglement and discussion of local unitary invariants.
Would you bet your job on your A/B test results?Qubit
It is possible that 72% of your successful A/B tests may not be driving any business benefit, or may actually be harming your bottom line. This is because bad methodology is preventing you from detecting the truly successful ideas.
In this webinar, Qubit explains how you can avoid this problem. With special guests from Forrester who explain how A/B testing fits into the digital landscape, and Staples, who give practical advice for how to set up an A/B testing campaign, this webinar will change the way you think about A/B testing forever
This is the presentation used by Dr Charles Bennet ,Fellow IBM during his Video Conferencing Lecture on Quantum Information for students at NIT Warangal
This talk mainly focused on the protocol of quantum secret sharing(QSS). First the (k,n) threshold scheme was discussed here which was introduced by Adi Shamir and then migrated to the idea of quantum secret sharing scheme. The QSS scheme was first introduced by Hillery et al. in 1999.
Quantum Information with Continuous Variable systemskarl3s
This book deals with the study of quantum communication protocols with Continuous Variable (CV) systems. Continuous Variable systems are those described by canonical conjugated coordinates x and p endowed with infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces, thus involving a complex mathematical structure. A special class of CV states, are the so-called Gaussian states. With them, it has been possible to implement certain quantum tasks as quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography and quantum computation with fantastic experimental success. The importance of Gaussian states is two- fold; firstly, its structural mathematical description makes them much more amenable than any other CV system. Secondly, its production, manipulation and detection with current optical technology can be done with a very high degree of accuracy and control. Nevertheless, it is known that in spite of their exceptional role within the space of all Continuous Variable states, in fact, Gaussian states are not always the best candidates to perform quantum information tasks. Thus non-Gaussian states emerge as potentially good candidates for communication and computation purposes.
Optics, Optical systems, further theoretical implementations of the Optical E...Orchidea Maria Lecian
Title: Optics, Optical systems, further theoretical implementations of the
Optical Equivalence Principle and spectral analyses.
September 24, 2020.
Talked delivered at the Optics2020 Webinar- Optics Virtual 2020 Theme: To disseminate
knowledge on Lasers, Photonics and Optics Technologies,
Herndon, VA USA, September 24-25, 2020.
Author: O.M. Lecian
Speaker: O.M. Lecian
Abstract: The corrections to the wavefunction of a particles can therefore be applied to to the energy levels, and to the
phase, respectively:
- constrains for the non-relativistic or geometrical relativistic-particles corrections,
- optical systems contributions, - gravitomagnetic effects,
- semiclassicalization techniques.
Considerations of systems admitting a Haar measure, of which some subgroups are not efficient enough to recover
the complete support of the quantum system(s).
Comparisosn of Birkhoff’s theorem of asymptotic flatness wrt contributions arising from celestial objects at
galactical scales and extragalactical ones at (parametrized) Post-Newtonian orders.
Interferometer methods for detecting the implications of Teukolsky eq.for circular orbit test particles within the
Penrose formalism (and Newmann-Penrose) ( weighted spin harmonics).
Spectrometer techniques for defining the background metric wrt asymptotic fltatness in Earth-based experiments,
Satellite experiments and space-missions optical-interferometer experiments. Within quantum experiments and
optical experiments, the possibility to detect new types of particles and new types of interactions are proposed.
New extensions for the Optical equivalence principle are formulated, and applied to different types of quantum
systems, semiclassical systems and optical systems.
The control of the spectral analysis id proposed, to distinguish quantum contributions and gravitational
contributions.
What is quantum information? Information symmetry and mechanical motionVasil Penchev
The concept of quantum information is introduced as both normed superposition of two orthogonal subspaces of the separable complex Hilbert space and invariance of Hamilton and Lagrange representation of any mechanical system. The base is the isomorphism of the standard introduction and the representation of a qubit to a 3D unit ball, in which two points are chosen.
The separable complex Hilbert space is considered as the free variable of quantum information and any point in it (a wave function describing a state of a quantum system) as its value as the bound variable.
A qubit is equivalent to the generalization of ‘bit’ from the set of two equally probable alternatives to an infinite set of alternatives. Then, that Hilbert space is considered as a generalization of Peano arithmetic where any unit is substituted by a qubit and thus the set of natural number is mappable within any qubit as the complex internal structure of the unit or a different state of it. Thus, any mathematical structure being reducible to set theory is representable as a set of wave functions and a subspace of the separable complex Hilbert space, and it can be identified as the category of all categories for any functor represents an operator transforming a set (or subspace) of the separable complex Hilbert space into another. Thus, category theory is isomorphic to the Hilbert-space representation of set theory & Peano arithmetic as above.
Given any value of quantum information, i.e. a point in the separable complex Hilbert space, it always admits two equally acceptable interpretations: the one is physical, the other is mathematical. The former is a wave function as the exhausted description of a certain state of a certain quantum system. The latter chooses a certain mathematical structure among a certain category. Thus there is no way to be distinguished a mathematical structure from a physical state for both are described exhaustedly as a value of quantum information. This statement in turn can be utilized to be defined quantum information by the identity of any mathematical structure to a physical state, and also vice versa. Further, that definition is equivalent to both standard definition as the normed superposition and invariance of Hamilton and Lagrange interpretation of mechanical motion introduced in the beginning of the paper.
Then, the concept of information symmetry can be involved as the symmetry between three elements or two pairs of elements: Lagrange representation and each counterpart of the pair of Hamilton representation. The sense and meaning of information symmetry may be visualized by a single (quantum) bit and its interpretation as both (privileged) reference frame and the symmetries of the Standard model.
The Einstein field equation in terms of the Schrödinger equationVasil Penchev
The Einstein field equation (EFE) can be directly linked to the Schrödinger equation (SE) by meditation of the quantity of quantum information and its units: qubits
•
One qubit is an “atom” both of Hilbert space and Minkovski space underlying correspondingly quantum mechanics and special relativity
•
Pseudo-Riemannian space of general relativity being “deformed” Minkowski space therefore consists of “deformed” qubits directly referring to the eventual “deformation” of Hilbert space
Matter as Information. Quantum Information as MatterVasil Penchev
The quantities of mass and energy are interpretable as some nonzero amount of quantum information. Thus the demarcation between the concrete and abstract objects can be understood as the boundary between infinity and finiteness in a rigorous and even mathematical sense. This allows of diffusing concepts between philosophy of mathematics and that of quantum mechanics, on the one hand, and of ontology, on the other hand.
A relationship between mass as a geometric concept and motion associated with a closed curve in spacetime (a notion taken from differential geometry) is investigated. We show that the 4-dimensional exterior Schwarzschild solution of the General Theory of Relativity can be mapped to a 4-dimensional Euclidean spacetime manifold. As a consequence of this mapping, the quantity M in the exterior Schwarzschild solution which is usually attributed to a massive central object is shown to correspond to a geometric property of spacetime. An additional outcome of this analysis is the discovery that, because M is a property of spacetime geometry, an anisotropy with respect to its spacetime components measured in a Minkowski tangent space defined with respect to a spacetime event P by an observer O who is stationary with respect to the spacetime event P, may be a sensitive measure of an anisotropic cosmic accelerated expansion. The presence of anisotropy in the cosmic accelerated expansion may contribute to the reason that there are currently two prevailing measured estimates of this quantity
The new emerging technology which is under research but when will come into practice, it will change the era of computing.
Its is based on changing the concept of inputs received by the machine.
till now the machine works with 0 and 1,however it will implement an input b/w 0 and 1 i.e 1/2.
The speed of processing will raise up-to 8 times and things will be beyond our expectations.
MORE THAN IMPOSSIBLE: NEGATIVE AND COMPLEX PROBABILITIES AND THEIR INTERPRETA...Vasil Penchev
What might mean “more than impossible”?
For example, that could be what happens without any cause or that physical change which occurs without any physical force (interaction) to act ⦁
Then, the quantity of the equivalent physical force, which would cause the same effect, can serve as a measure of the complex probability
Furthermore, the same effect is interpretable as re-ordering and thus as a certain quantity of information ⦁
One can write a very intriguing equation:
Physical force = The same effect = Information
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
2. contents Theory of quantum entanglement A practicalexample Mathematicalfundamentals Quantum bit Quantum superposition Quantum teleportation Quantum computers
4. Theory of quantum entanglement Quantum entanglement is a property of the quantum mechanical state of a system containing two or more objects, where the objects that make up the system are linked in such a way that the quantum state of any of them cannot be adequately described without full mention of the others, even if the individual objects are spatially separated.
6. A Practicalexample We madetwocups of hot chocolate. However, Marcin made a stupidmistake and now we havetwonon-identicalcups of chocolate: a strong and a weak one. Thesetwocupsarenowentangled.
7. A Practicalexample However, theyhavethe same colour and, infact, theylookexactlythe same. To determinewhich cup isstrong and whichisweak, we need to taste (measure) only one cup of chocolate. Thatway we measurethequantum state.
8. A Practicalexample Afterthe first measurement, whichiscompletelyunpredictable, we instantlyknowthe quantum states of bothcups of hot chocolate. For example: we tastedthestrongchocolate. We instantlyknowthatthesecond one isweak.
11. Bra-ket notation Bra-ket notation is a standard notation for describing quantum states in the theory of quantum mechanics composed of angle brackets and vertical bars. It can also be used to denote abstract vectors and linear functionals in mathematics. It is so called because the inner product (or dot product) of two states is denoted by a bracket, , consisting of a left part, , called the bra (pronounced /ˈbrɑː/), and a right part, , called the ket (pronounced /ˈkɛt/). The notation was introduced in 1930 by Paul Dirac,[1] and is also known as Dirac notation. Bra-ket notation is widespread in quantum mechanics: almost every phenomenon that is explained using quantum mechanics—including a large proportion of modern physics—is usually explained with the help of bra-ket notation. The expression is typically interpreted as the probability amplitude for the state to collapse into the state
12. Bra-ket – usage in quantum mechanics In quantum mechanics, the state of a physical system is identified with a ray in a complexseparableHilbert space, , or, equivalently, by a point in the projective Hilbert space of the system. Each vector in the ray is called a "ket" and written as , which would be read as "ketpsi". (The can be replaced by any symbols, letters, numbers, or even words—whatever serves as a convenient label for the ket.) The ket can be viewed as a column vector and (given a basis for the Hilbert space) written out in coordinates, when the considered Hilbert space is finite-dimensional. In infinite-dimensional spaces there are infinitely many coordinates and the ket may be written in complex function notation, by prepending it with a bra (see below). For example, Every ket has a dualbra, written as . For example, the bra corresponding to the ket above would be the row vector This is a continuous linear functional from to the complex numbers , defined by: for all kets , where denotes the inner product defined on the Hilbert space. Here the origin of the bra-ket notation becomes clear: when we drop the parentheses (as is common with linear functionals) and meld the bars together we get , which is common notation for an inner product in a Hilbert space. This combination of a bra with a ket to form a complex number is called a bra-ket or bracket. The bra is simply the conjugate transpose (also called the Hermitian conjugate) of the ket and vice versa. The notation is justified by the Riesz representation theorem, which states that a Hilbert space and its dual space are isometrically conjugate isomorphic. Thus, each bra corresponds to exactly one ket, and vice versa. More precisely, if is the Riesz isomorphism between and its dual space, then Note that this only applies to states that are actually vectors in the Hilbert space. Non-normalizable states, such as those whose wavefunctions are Dirac delta functions or infinite plane waves, do not technically belong to the Hilbert space. So if such a state is written as a ket, it will not have a corresponding bra according to the above definition. This problem can be dealt with in either of two ways. First, since all physical quantum states are normalizable, one can carefully avoid non-normalizable states. Alternatively, the underlying theory can be modified and generalized to accommodate such states, as in the Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction or rigged Hilbert spaces. In fact, physicists routinely use bra-ket notation for non-normalizable states, taking the second approach either implicitly or explicitly. In quantum mechanics the expression (mathematically: the coefficient for the projection of onto ) is typically interpreted as the probability amplitude for the state to collapse into the state The advantage of the bra-ket notation over explicit wave function algebra is the possibility of expressing operations on quantum states independent of a basis. For example the Schrödinger equation is simply expressed as The operators can be conveniently expressed in different bases (see next section for the operations used in these formulas : action of a linear operator, outer product of a ket and a bra): (For a rigorous definition of basis with a continuous set of indices and consequently for a rigorous definition of position and momentum basis see [2]) (For a rigorous statement of the expansion of an S-diagonalizable operator - observable - in its eigenbasis or in another basis see [3]) The wave functions in real, momentum or reciprocal space can be retrieved as needed: and all basis conversions can be performed via the relations such as (for a rigorous treatment of the Dirac inner product of non-normalizable states see the definition given by D. Carfì in [4] and [5])
13. Mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are those mathematical formalisms that permit a rigorous description of quantum mechanics. Such are distinguished from mathematical formalisms for theories developed prior to the early 1900s by the use of abstract mathematical structures, such as infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and operators on these spaces. Many of these structures are drawn from functional analysis, a research area within pure mathematics that was influenced in part by the needs of quantum mechanics. In brief, values of physical observables such as energy and momentum were no longer considered as values of functions on phase space, but as eigenvalues; more precisely: as spectral values (point spectrum plus absolute continuous plus singular continuous spectrum) of linear operators in Hilbert space.[1] These formulations of quantum mechanics continue to be used today. At the heart of the description are ideas of quantum state and quantum observable which are radically different from those used in previous models of physical reality. While the mathematics permits calculation of many quantities that can be measured experimentally, there is a definite theoretical limit to values that can be simultaneously measured. This limitation was first elucidated by Heisenberg through a thought experiment, and is represented mathematically in the new formalism by the non-commutativity of quantum observables. Prior to the emergence of quantum mechanics as a separate theory, the mathematics used in physics consisted mainly of differential geometry and partial differential equations; probability theory was used in statistical mechanics. Geometric intuition clearly played a strong role in the first two and, accordingly, theories of relativity were formulated entirely in terms of geometric concepts. The phenomenology of quantum physics arose roughly between 1895 and 1915, and for the 10 to 15 years before the emergence of quantum theory (around 1925) physicists continued to think of quantum theory within the confines of what is now called classical physics, and in particular within the same mathematical structures. The most sophisticated example of this is the Sommerfeld–Wilson–Ishiwara quantization rule, which was formulated entirely on the classical phase space.
15. Quantum bits In quantum computing, a qubit (/ˈkjuːbɪt/) or quantum bit is a unit of quantum information—the quantum analogue of the classical bit—with additional dimensions associated to the quantum properties of a physical atom. The physical construction of a quantum computer is itself an arrangement of entangled[clarification needed] atoms, and the qubit represents[clarification needed] both the state memory and the state of entanglement in a system. A quantum computation is performed by initializing a system of qubits with a quantum algorithm —"initialization" here referring to some advanced physical process that puts the system into an entangled state.[citation needed] The qubit is described by a quantum state in a two-state quantum-mechanical system, which is formally equivalent to a two-dimensional vector space over the complex numbers. One example of a two-state quantum system is the polarization of a single photon: here the two states are vertical polarisation and horizontal polarisation. In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the other, but quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a superposition of both states at the same time, a property which is fundamental to quantum computing.
17. Quantum superposition Quantum superposition refers to the quantum mechanical property of solutions to the Schrödinger equation. Since the Schrödinger equation is linear, any linear combination of solutions to a particular equation will also be a solution of it. This mathematical property of linear equations is known as the superposition principle. In quantum mechanics such solutions are often made to be orthogonal (i.e. the vectors are at right-angles to each other), such as the energy levels of an electron. By doing so the overlap energy of the states is nullified, and the expectation value of an operator (any superposition state) is the expectation value of the operator in the individual states, multiplied by the fraction of the superposition state that is "in" that state. An example of a directly observable effect of superposition is interference peaks from an electronwave in a double-slit experiment.
19. Quantum chocolate A nice example of quantum superpositioncan be the practicalexample of quantum entanglementmentionedat the beginning of ourpresentation, the hot chocolatecase. The twocups of hot chocolateexist in the state of quantum superpositionbeforemeasurement. The situationisverysimilar to the famousSchrödinger's cat.