CONTENTS  INTRODUCTION  NEED FOR CYBER LAWS  CYBER LAWS IN INDIA  CYBER CRIMES  OFFENCES AND LAWS IN CYBER SPACE  CYBER LAWS AMENDMENTS  CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION  What is Cyber Law?  Cyber Law is the lawgoverning cyber space.Cyber space is a very wideterm and includescomputers, networks,software, data storagedevices (such as hard disks,USB disks etc), theInternet, websites, emailsand even electronic devicessuch as cell phones, ATMmachines etc.  Cyber lawencompasses lawsrelating to :  1. Cyber Crimes  2. Electronic and DigitalSignatures  3. Intellectual Property  4. Data Protection andPrivacy NEED FOR CYBER LAWS  TACKLING CYBERCRIMES  INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS ANDCOPYRIGHTSPROTECTION ACT NEED FOR CYBER LAWS  1. Cyberspace is an intangible dimension that is impossible togovern and regulate usingconventional law.  2. Cyberspace has complete disrespect for jurisdictionalboundaries . A person in Indiacould break into a bank’selectronic vault hosted on acomputer in USA and transfermillions of Rupees to anotherbank in Switzerland, all withinminutes. All he would need is alaptop computer and a cellphone.  3. Cyberspace handlesgigantic traffic volumesevery second . Billions ofemails are crisscrossing theglobe even as we read this,millions of websites are beingaccessed every minute andbillions of dollars areelectronically transferredaround the world by banksevery day.  4. Cyberspace is absolutelyopen to participation by all. A ten year-old in Bhutan canhave a live chat session with aneight year-old in Bali withoutany regard for the distance orthe anonymity between them ABOUT AUTHOR Sumit Verma Chitkara University Undergraduate PAPERS 1 FOLLOWERS 575 Follow RELATED PAPERS Important question answers Information Technology Act, 2000 Suvo Chatterjee Download More Options IT ACT 2000 – PENALTIES, OFFENCES WITH CASE STUDIES From aru mugam Download More Options Information Technology trinisha chakroborty Download More Options OVERVIEW OF CYBER LAWS IN INDIA Index aneesh tvm Download More Options Critical analysis of proposed cyber Crime Bill 2015 Shahid Jamal T U B R A Z Y Cyber Lawyer Download More Options Final Cyber Cri Prashant Dabhade Download More Options Cyber Laws in India Vikas Khatkar Download More Options Commentary on THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000 Rohas Nagpal Download More Options INTRODUCTION TO THE ACT 2. NEED AND OBJECTIVES 3 ROLE OF IT IN ECOMMERCE 4 CYBER CRIME 5 ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES 6 E-GOVERNANCE keshav agarwal Download More Options NON BAILABLE OFFENCES( Cyber Crimes) UNDER The IT Act, 2000 (Cyber Law) Adv Prashant Mali, Ph.D. Download More Options P a g e Fundamentals of Cyber Law Rohas Nagpal Asian School of Cyber Laws vijay onlinesangli Download More Options SEMINAR AND WORKSHOP ON DETECTION OF CYBER CRIME AND INVESTIGATION Presented by chayapathi A R Download More Options Cyber Crime Investigation and Trial Procedure in Bangladesh: Comparison with India Thohedul Islam Talukdar Down

1. UCSD Physics 10
Quantum Mechanics

2. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 2
The Quantum Mechanics View
• All matter (particles) has wave-like properties
– so-called particle-wave duality
• Particle-waves are described in a probabilistic manner
– electron doesn’t whiz around the nucleus, it has a probability
distribution describing where it might be found
– allows for seemingly impossible “quantum tunneling”
• Some properties come in dual packages: can’t know both
simultaneously to arbitrary precision
– called the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
– not simply a matter of measurement precision
– position/momentum and energy/time are example pairs
• The act of “measurement” fundamentally alters the system
– called entanglement: information exchange alters a particle’s state

3. UCSD Physics 10
1900: Max Planck discovers that electromagnetic waves
deliver their energy in small "bundles"
• The colored lines in the plot above show how much light intensity is given off in the
glow of an object heated to a given temperature, as a function of its wavelength. The
best "classical" theory of the time predicted the black curve which was clearly wrong!
Planck realized that he could match the observed spectra perfectly if he assumed that the
light energy was being emitted in small bundles, with each bundles carrying energy
proportional to the frequency of the light. Specifically:
E=hf with h=6.6260693(11)×10 J/s
"Planck's constant"
Spring 2008 3

4. UCSD Physics 10
Quanta
Waves are particles, and particle are waves.
They are really all "one type" of object, that we call "quanta".All quanta
have energy E = hf and momentum p-h/2. What makes them differ as
particles is "additional" properties: spin, mass, electric charge, weak
charge, strong charge, parity, etc. (Photons are an example of a mass-less
particle.)
Nature forces us to the conclusion that quanta are real, but offers no
additional "guidance" to help us create a mental picture of how quanta act
as both waves and particles. The best we can do currently is to label this
two-sided behavior as "wave particle duality". Quantum mechanics still
fascinates and mystifies the people who work most closely with it.
(Feynman quotes.)
Spring 2008 4

5. UCSD Physics 10
1905: Albert Einstein shows that electromagnetic waves are composed
of particles, "photons" (y). each of energy E - hf.
• He did this by explaining the photoelectric effect, shown at right. Light
of a single frequency is shined onto a metal plate, ejecting electrons
from the plate. The experiment measures the rate of electrons arriving,
and their maximum energy.
Spring 2008 5
Classical Picture
At t = 0, light is shined on the plate. The E
field of the electromagnetic wave causes
the atomic electrons to oscillate. The
oscillations build up until the electrons
break way from their atoms and leave the
metal.
What is observed
When the light is turned on, even at low
intensity, electrons begin to emerge from
the plate with no time delay. Their rate
depends on the light intensity, but their
maximum energy depends only on the
frequency of the light

6. UCSD Physics 10
Bohr model of Atom
Postulates of Bohr’s Model of an Atom
• In an atom, electrons (negatively charged) revolve around the positively charged nucleus in a definite
circular path called orbits or shells.
• Each orbit or shell has a fixed energy and these circular orbits are known as orbital shells.
• The energy levels are represented by an integer (n=1, 2, 3…) known as the quantum number. This
range of quantum number starts from nucleus side with n=1 having the lowest energy level. The
orbits n=1, 2, 3, 4… are assigned as K, L, M, N…. shells and when an electron attains the lowest
energy level, it is said to be in the ground state.
• The electrons in an atom move from a lower energy level to a higher energy level by gaining the
required energy and an electron moves from a higher energy level to lower energy level by losing
energy.
Limitations of Bohr’s Model of an Atom
• Bohr’s model of an atom failed to explain the Zeeman Effect (effect of magnetic field on the spectra
of atoms).
• It also failed to explain the Stark effect (effect of electric field on the spectra of atoms).
• It violates the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
• It could not explain the spectra obtained from larger atoms.
Spring 2008 6

7. UCSD Physics 10
BLACKBODY RADIATION
• A blackbody is a substance that completely absorbs every emission and don`t
reflect any of it. Radiation is energy that is released by an atom or another
body as it. Transitions from a high to a low energy state in the form of waves
of subatomic particles. An object that absorbs all radiation falling on it, at all
wavelengths, is called a black body. When a black body is at a uniform
temperature, its emission has a characteristic frequency distribution that
depends on the temperature. Its emission is called black-body radiation.
• One of the pioneers in developing an explicit formula to express the spectral
distribution of a blackbody was the English physicist Lord Rayleigh. This
formula, also referred to as the RayleighJeans law, stated that as the
wavelength approaches zero, the blackbody will emit radiation with unlimited
power.
• Wilhelm Wien in 1984 shown that the blackbody's infrared spectrum is defined
as temperature, it is also understood at other temperatures.
• Wien's law appeared to be accurate
Spring 2008 7

8. UCSD Physics 10
X- Rays
• We can define X-Rays or X-radiation as a form of electromagnetic radiation.
They are powerful waves of electromagnetic energy. Most of them have a
wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometres, corresponding to frequencies
in the range 3 × 1019 Hz to 3×1016 Hz and energies in the range 100 eV to
100 keV.
• German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen is typically credited for the discovery of
X-Rays in 1895 because he was the first to comprehensively study them,
though he is not thought to be the first to have seen and perceived their effects.
Properties of X-Rays
• They have a shorter wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Requires high voltage to produce X-Rays.
• They are used to capture the human skeleton defects.
• X Rays are used in Medical Science, Security, Astronomy, Industry,
Restoration
Spring 2008 8

9. UCSD Physics 10
Lasers
• Lasers are light beams that are powerful enough to travel miles into the sky and cut
through lumps of metal. Although they seem like a recent invention, they have been with
us for half a century. The first practical laser was built by Theodore H. Maiman at
Hughes Research Laboratories in 1960
• The output of a laser is a coherent electromagnetic field. In a coherent beam of
electromagnetic energy, all the waves have the same frequency and phase.The output of
it as laser is a continuous beam, or a series of brief, intense pulses.
Characteristics of Lasers
• Superior Monochromatism
• Superior Directivity
• Superior Coherence
• High Outpu
Uses of Laser
When lasers were first invented, they were called “a solution looking for a problem”.
Since then they have become ubiquitous finding utility in various applications of modern
society ranging from consumer electronics to the military.
Spring 2008 9