This document provides an overview of quantitative techniques for psychology. It discusses types of psychological research including nomothetic, quantitative, qualitative and idiographic approaches. It also describes different research designs such as descriptive research, correlation research, experimental research and naturalistic observation. Additionally, it covers topics like measurement, scales, errors in measurement, test construction, questionnaire design, reliability, validity, norms, variables, sampling, and research designs. The goal is to introduce students to key concepts and methods in quantitative psychological research.

1. QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR
PSYCHOLOGY
DR.S.THENMOZHI

2. Lesson -1
Introduction to Quantitative
methods& Measurement
• TYPES OF RESEARCH
Types of
Research
Nomothetic
QuantitativeQualitative
Idiographic

3. Classification of Psychological Research
• Descriptive Research
• Correlation Research
• Experimental Research
• Naturalistic observation
• Self Report

4. Quantitative Techniques
• Need
• Ad vantages
• Limitations
• Classification
• Tests

5. MEASUREMENT
Nominal
Scale
Ordinal
Scale
Interval
Scale
Ratio
scale

6. scales
• Nominal – Mere No s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
• Ordinal – Ist Rank, II Rank ………
• Interval - Equal Intervel - temperature
• Ratio – Absolute Zero , IQ levelss

7. ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
Respondents Factors
Situation
Measurer Effect
Instrument Tools

8. LESSON – 2
• CONCEPT OF OBJECTIVITY and Types of Tests

9. LESSON -3 TEST CONSTRUCTION
• QUESTIONNAIRES
• Questionaire as per Goode (1981) refers to a
device for securing answers to questions by
using a form which the Respondents fills in
himself.

10. Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages – Low cost. Free from the bias of
the interviewer, Adequate time, Large samples
• Disadvantages – Low rate of return, only
educated, no control once it is sent, slowest
method, possibility of ambiguous, untrue,
incomplete answers

11. Types of Qs
• Standardized / structured Questionnaire
• Nonstandard zed / unstructured
Questionnaire
• Closed end/ open ended Questionnaire

12. Types of Responses
• True /False items
• Multiple Choice items
• open ended items
Likert's Attitude Scale
This is multiple agree – disagree 5
point scale

13. ADMINSTRATION OF Qs
• Face to Face
• Written administration
• Computerized administration
• Telephone administration

14. Psychological Test
• Test in Psychology are a formal technique of
measuring feelings, abilities, traits, beliefs and
behavior in a particular situation.
TYPES OF TESTS
• Performance / Verbal Tests
• Paper Pencil Test
• Personality Tests
• Situational Tests
• Projective Tests

15. • Individual test /group test
• Speed test and power test
• Researcher made/ standardized test
• Oral/ written/ performance test

16. Lesson -4 TEST STANDARDIZATION
• The characteristics of Good test it should be
standardized test
• Reliability
• Validity
• Objectivity
• Norms

17. Test construction
• 1. Planning the Test
• 2.Preparing the preliminary draft of the test
• 3.Trying out preliminary draft of the test
• 4.Evaluating the test
• 5.Construction of the final Draft of the test

18. Item writing
• 1.Address single issue per item
• Avoid bais
• Make alternatives clear
• Beware of social desirability
• Determine the format of item
• Sequence the item

19. Item analysis
Item analysis is a process which examines student
responses to individual test items (questions) in order
to assess the quality of those items and of the test as a
whole. Item analysis is especially valuable in improving
items which will be used again in later tests, but it can
also be used to eliminate ambiguous or misleading
items in a single test administration. In addition, item
analysis is valuable for increasing instructors' skills in
test construction, and identifying specific areas of
course content which need greater emphasis or clarity.
2 Characteristics of Item analysis - Difficulty value and
Discriminative power

20. Reliability & Validity
• Reliability refers to the consistency of scores
obtained by the same persons when they are
reexamined with the same test on different
occasions. (consistency )
• Validity refers to the concern what the test
measures and how well it does so.The degree
to which the test measures what it purports to
measure.

21. Types of Reliability
• i . Test Retest Reliability
• ii. Alternate form Reliability
• iii. Split Half Reliability
• Iv. Inter rater Reliability ( scorer Reliability)
The standard Error of measurement
Analysis of variance

22. Types of Validity
• Types of Valitidity
• Content Validity
• Face validity
• Criterion related validity – Predictive &
concurrent validity
• Construct validity
• Factorial validity
The error of Estimate - Correlation coeficient

23. Norms
• Freeman defines a norm as norm in
measurement as the ‘average or standard
score on a particular test made by a specified
population.
• It is a device of transforming raw scores into
standard scores in a group.

24. VARIABLES
• What is a Variable?
• Types of variables
• IV & DV
• Confounding variable
• Quantitative & Categorical variable
• Continuous & Discrete Variable

25. Sampling Design
• What is a sample ?
• Universe – Population – Samples
• Systematic Sampling
• Simple Random Sampling
• Stratified Random Sampling
• Purposive Sampling
• Cluster Sampling
• Convienence Sampling

26. LESSON- 5 RESEARCH DESIGNS
• RESEARCH – knowing – ‘what’ of a study
• Research Problem – The variables to be
studied
• Formulate the Hypothesis to be tested
• To test the Hypothesis research Design is
required.

27. RD
• Green etal (2008)defines Research Design as
‘the specification of methods and procedures
for acquiring the information needed’.
• Purpose of RD
• 1.Maximise the variance
• 2.control extraneous variance
• 3.minimize error varience

28. Important Elements of RD
• Introduction – Reserch Plan/Problem
• Statement of Problem
• Review of Literature
• Scope of the studyObjectives of the
studyConceptual model
• Hypotheses
• Operational Def of Variables
• Significance of the study
• Sampling design/plan

29. • Tools
• Analysis
• Time budjet
• Financial budjet

30. Classification of RD
Research Design
Exploraory RD conclusive RD
Descriptive Research Casual Research
cross sectional Design Longitudinal Design
Single cross sectional Design &
Multiple cross sectional Design

31. Informal Research Design
• Exploratory Research Design
• Secondary resource analyses
• Comprehensive case method
• Expert opinion survey
• Focus group Discussions.