This document is a project report on the perceptions of inhabitants regarding health and sanitation in Cooch Behar Municipality, India. It includes an acknowledgement, research methodology section explaining different research approaches and processes. It then discusses the author's research problem focusing on degraded health and sanitation in Cooch Behar district. The objectives are to examine hygiene conditions, health issues, civic amenities, public reactions, water supply, and prevalent diseases. The literature review covers definitions of urban areas and facilities provided by municipalities. It also gives background details on Cooch Behar Municipality.

1. SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSE
PROJECT REPORT ON
PERCEPTION OF INHABITANTS ON HEALTH AND SANITATION
SCENARIOIN COOCH BEHAR MUNICIPALITY
SUMAN BARMAN
ROLLNO:1740011100317
REG. NO: 1700105010784
SESSION :2018-2019
4TH
SAMESTER

2. CONTENTS:
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4. MY RESEARCH PROBLEM
5. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
6. OBJECTIVES
7. LITERATURE REVIEW
8. PREPARATION OF QUESTIONARE
9. TABULATION OF DATA FROM PRIMARY SURVEY
10. REFERENCES

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Acknowledgement: This research work would not be a successful one if we could not get the
cooperation of few people. The respected professors of our department are mainly amongst
them. Specially Mrs. Writuparna Chackraborty, Assistant Professor of Acharya Brojendra
Nath Seal College and Mr. Partha Das, assistant professor of Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal
College helped us through out the whole research work. We are heartily thankful to both of
them. Last but not the least, we are equally thankful to the residents of the 20 words of Cooch
Behar municipality as they gave us their valuable time and patiently answered to the
questions, we asked them. Without their cooperation the research work would not be
successful.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
MEANING OF RESEARCH: Research in common parlance refers to a search for
knowledge. The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English lays down the meaning
of research as “a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any
branch of knowledge”. As such the term ‘research’ refers to the systematic method consisting
of enunciating the problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting of data or facts, analysing
the facts and reaching certain conclusions either in the form of solutions towards the
concerned problem or in certain generalisations for some theoretical formulation.
According to Clifford woody research comprises defining and
redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organising,
and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing
the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH: The purpose of research is to discover answers to
questions through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find
out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research
study has its own specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a
number of following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this
object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group
(studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated
with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research
studies);
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known as
hypothesis-testing research studies).
TYPES OF RESEARCH
The basic types of research are as follows:
(i) Descriptive vs. Analytical: Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding
enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the
state of affairs as it exists at present. The main characteristic of this method is that the
researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is
happening.

5. 5
In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information
already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
(ii) Applied vs. Fundamental: Research can either be applied (or action) research or
fundamental (to basic or pure) research. Applied research aims at finding a solution for an
immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business organisation, whereas
fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a
theory.
(iii) Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Quantitative research is based on the measurement of
quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.
Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e.,
phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind. Qualitative research is specially
important in the behavioural sciences where the aim is to discover the underlying motives of
human behaviour.
(iv) Conceptual vs. Empirical: Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s)
or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to
reinterpret existing ones. On the other hand, empirical research relies on experience or
observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory.
(v) Some Other Types of Research: All other types of research are variations of one or
more of the above stated approaches, based on either the purpose of research, or the time
required to accomplish research, on the environment in which research is done, or on the
basis of some other similar factor.
RESEARCH PROCESS:
The following order concerning various steps provides a useful procedural guideline
regarding the research process: (1) formulating the research problem; (2) extensive literature
survey; (3) developing the hypothesis; (4) preparing the research design; (5) determining
sample design; (6) collecting the data; (7) execution of the project; (8) analysis of data; (9)
hypothesis testing; (10) generalisations and interpretation, and (11) preparation of the report
or presentation of the results.
1. FORMULATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM: There are two types of research
problems, viz., those which relate to states of nature and those which relate to relationships
between variables. At the very outset the researcher must single out the problem he wants to
study, i.e., he must decide the general area of interest or aspect of a subject-matter that he
would like to inquire into. Essentially two steps are involved in formulating the research
problem, viz., understanding the problem thoroughly, and rephrasing the same into
meaningful terms from an analytical point of view.
2. EXTENSIVE LITERATURE SURVEY: Once the problem is formulated, a brief
summary of it should be written down. It is compulsory for a research worker writing a thesis

6. 6
for a Ph.D. degree to write a synopsis of the topic and submit it to the necessary Committee
or the Research Board for approval.
3. DEVELOPMENT OF WORKING HYPOTHESES: After extensive literature survey,
researcher should state in clear terms the working hypothesis or hypotheses. Working
hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical
consequences.
How does one go about developing working hypotheses? The answer is by using the
following approach:
(a) Discussions with colleagues and experts about the problem, its origin and the objectives in
seeking a solution;
(b) Examination of data and records, if available, concerning the problem for possible trends,
peculiarities and other clues;
(c) Review of similar studies in the area or of the studies on similar problems; and
(d) Exploratory personal investigation which involves original field interviews on a limited
scale with interested parties and individuals with a view to secure greater insight into the
practical aspects of the problem.
4. PREPARING THE RESEARCH DESIGN: The research problem having been
formulated in clear cut terms, the researcher will be required to prepare a research design, i.e.,
he will have to state the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted. The
preparation of such a design facilitates research to be as efficient as possible yielding
maximal information. Research purposes may be grouped into four categories, viz., (i)
Exploration, (ii) Description, (iii) Diagnosis, and (iv) Experimentation.
5. DETERMINING SAMPLE DESIGN: A brief mention of the important sample designs
is as follows:
(I) DELIBERATE SAMPLING: Deliberate sampling is also known as purposive or non-
probability sampling. This sampling method involves purposive or deliberate selection of
particular units of the universe for constituting a sample which represents the universe.
(II) SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING: This type of sampling is also known as chance
sampling or probability sampling where each and every item in the population has an equal
chance of inclusion in the sample and each one of the possible samples, in case of finite
universe, has the same probability of being selected.
(III) SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING: In some instances the most practical way of sampling is
to select every 15th name on a list, every 10th house on one side of a street and so on.
Sampling of this type is known as systematic sampling.
(IV) STRATIFIED SAMPLING: If the population from which a sample is to be drawn
does not constitute a homogeneous group, then stratified sampling technique is applied so as
to obtain a representative sample. In this technique, the population is stratified into a number
of non- overlapping subpopulations or strata and sample items are selected from each
stratum.

7. 7
(V) QUOTA SAMPLING: In stratified sampling the cost of taking random samples from
individual strata is often so expensive that interviewers are simply given quota to be filled
from different strata, the actual selection of items for sample being left to the interviewer’s
judgement. This is called quota sampling.
(VI) CLUSTER SAMPLING AND AREA SAMPLING: Cluster sampling involves
grouping the population and then selecting the groups or the clusters rather than individual
elements for inclusion in the sample.
(VII) MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING: This is a further development of the idea of cluster
sampling. This technique is meant for big inquiries extending to a considerably large
geographical area like an entire country. Under multi-stage sampling the first stage may be to
select large primary sampling units such as states, then districts, then towns and finally
certain families within towns. If the technique of random-sampling is applied at all stages, the
sampling procedure is described as multi-stage random sampling.
(VIII) SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING: This is somewhat a complex sample design where the
ultimate size of the sample is not fixed in advance but is determined according to
mathematical decisions on the basis of information yielded as survey progresses. This design
is usually adopted under acceptance sampling plan in the context of statistical quality control
6. COLLECTING THE DATA: Data can be collected by any one or more of the following
ways:
(i) By observation: This method implies the collection of information by way of
investigator’s own observation, without interviewing the respondents.
(ii) Through personal interview: The investigator follows a rigid procedure and seeks
answers to a set of pre-conceived questions through personal interviews. This method of
collecting data is usually carried out in a structured way where output depends upon the
ability of the interviewer to a large extent.
(iii) Through telephone interviews: This method of collecting information involves
contacting the respondents on telephone itself.
(iv) By mailing of questionnaires: The researcher and the respondents do come in contact
with each other if this method of survey is adopted. Questionnaires are mailed to the
respondents with a request to return after completing the same. It is the most extensivelyused
method in various economic and business surveys.
(v) Through schedules: Under this method the enumerators are appointed and given
training. They are provided with schedules containing relevant questions. These enumerators
go to respondents with these schedules. Data are collected by filling up the schedules by
enumerators on the basis of replies given by respondents.
The researcher should select one of these methods of collecting the data taking into
consideration the nature of investigation, objective and scope of the inquiry, finanical
resources, available time and the desired degree of accuracy. Though he should pay attention
to all these factors but much depends upon the ability and experience of the

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7. EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT: Execution of the project is a very important step in
the research process. If the execution of the project proceeds on correct lines, the data to be
collected would be adequate and dependable. The researcher should see that the project is
executed in a systematic manner and in time
8. ANALYSIS OF DATA: After the data have been collected, the researcher turns to the
task of analysing them.
9. HYPOTHESIS-TESTING: After analysing the data, the researcher is in a position to test
the hypotheses, if any, he had formulated earlier. Various tests, such as Chi square test, t-test,
F-test, have been developed by statisticians for the purpose. The hypotheses may be tested
through the use of one or more of such tests, depending upon the nature and object of
research inquiry. Hypothesis-testing will result in either accepting the hypothesis or in
rejecting it. If the researcher had no hypotheses to start with, generalisations established on
the basis of data may be stated as hypotheses to be tested by subsequent researches in times
to come.
10.GENERALISATION AND INTERPRETATION: If a hypothesis is tested and upheld
several times,it may be possible for the researcher to arrive at generalisation, i.e. to build a
theory.
11. PREPARATION OF THE REPORT OR THE THESIS: Finally, the researcher has to
prepare the report of what has been done by him. Writing of report must be done with great
care keeping in view the following:
1. The layout of the report should be as follows: (i) the preliminary pages; (ii) the main text,
and (iii) the end matter.
The main text of the report should have the following parts:
(a) Introduction: It should contain a clear statement of the objective of the research and an
explanation of the methodology adopted in accomplishing the research.
(b) Summary of findings: After introduction there would appear a statement of findings and
recommendations in non-technical language.
(c) Main report: The main body of the report should be presented in logical sequence and
broken-down into readily identifiable sections.
(d) Conclusion: Towards the end of the main text, researcher should again put down the
results of his research clearly and precisely. In fact, it is the final summing up.
At the end of the report, appendices should be enlisted in respect of all technical data.
Bibliography, i.e., list of books, journals, reports, etc., consulted, should also be given in the
end. Index should also be given specially in a published research report.
Report should be written in a concise and objective style in simple language
avoiding vague expressions such as ‘it seems,’ ‘there may be’, and the like.

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MY RESEARCH PROBLEM Degraded health and sanitation of COOCH BEHAR district.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Urban areas are not problem free. There are different problems in different cities like:
➢ Environmental problems.
➢ Social problem.
➢ Economic problems.
Every day we have to come to Cooch Behar town for our study purposes. While moving here
and there in the city for our own need. We have discovered something that the city needs too.
We have realized that the city is mostly affected by health and sanitation problem. So, we
have decided to work on this problem.
OBJECTIVES
1. To find out the role of Cooch Behar Municipality regarding the health hygiene
sanitation and water facilities of different wards.
2. To examine the hygiene condition of the households of different wards in Cooch
Behar municipality area.
3. To check out the health issues due to unhygienic state of sanitation and impure water.
4. To find out the reasons behind the discrepancies among different wards in terms of
civic amenities.
5. To find out the public reaction in these regards.
6. To find out the water supply conditions in Cooch Behar municipality.
7. To find out the diseases suffered by the residents of this municipality area.
8. To prepare a suggestion to a problem related to urban limits
9. To delineate the area affected by problem of water logging in Cooch Behar
municipality.

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Literature review:
TOWN: For the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area is as follows:
• All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area
etc.
• A minimum population of 5000.
• At least 75% of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits
• A density of population at least 400 persons per sq. km.
FACILITIES PROVIDED BY MUNICIPALITY CORPORATION:
• Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes.
• Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid, waste management.
• Fire services.
• Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects
Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and
mentally retarded.
• Slum improvement and upgradation Urban poverty alleviation.
• Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds.
Our study area: COOCH BEHAR MUNIPALITY
Population of Cooch behar municipality 77935 according to 2011 census and the area
of the municipality 8.29 sq. km. population density of the municipality
9401persons/km. Number of wards in Cooch Behar municipality is 20.
1. According to Ganesh S. Kumar, Stish Sekhar Kar, Animesh Jain environmental
sanitation is a major public health issue in India. Recent interventional studies on
environmental sanitation in India highlighted the importance of prioritizing control strategies.
Research related to the appropriate cost-effective intervention strategies and their
implementation in Indian context is big challenge. Their paper discusses various intervention
strategies related to environmental sanitation in India and emphasize to prioritize it according
to the need of the country.
2.Poor sanitation facilities in school also effect attendance, especially for girls. Healthy
people are more auditive, which brings economic benefits to them and to the widen
community.
3.according to emro.who.int, Throughout this people are define sanitative as the safe disposed
implies not only that people must excrete hygienically but also that their excreta must be
contained on treateal to avoid adversely affecting their health on that of other people. 2.6
billion people in the world lack adequate sanitation the safe disposal of human excreta lack of
sanitation contributes to about 10% of the global diseases burden, causing mainly diarrheal
diseases.

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4. According to nct.nlm, Lack of safe water supply poor environmental sanitation, improper
disposed of human excreate poor personal hygiene help to perpetuate and spread diseases in
india since diarrheal diseases are caused by 20-25 pathogens, diarrheal vaccination though an
attractive diseases prevention strategy, is not feasible. However, as the majority of childhood
diarrheal are caused by vibrio cholera, shigella dysenteries type 1, rotavirus antioxygenic
Escherichia Cal 2 mortality. Vaccines against these organize epidemies are essential for the
control of epidemics. A strong political will with appropriate banditry allocation is essential
for the control of childhood diarrheal diseases in India.
5. According to health. gigacities and national authorities have to work with limited financial
and material resources are enable to provide adequate servicesand health and environment
safe guard cities and villages. A new approach is needed. People must collaborate age in both
urban and rural settings. By rising people awareness and by mobilizing community activity,
thus providing on excellent opportunity for people and local authorities to came closer
together. The health selection also has an important role play in advocacy and leadership
politics and the general public listen to doctors. That puts on announce on the medical
profession to speak out on all important health issues including sanitation.
6. According to s. kamal korn and h. Harada, Management of solid waste is one of the major
health and sanitations issues in various town mainly Indian cites. The environmentally
acceptable disposal of solid waste of an area is inessentially complex because it is difficult to
evaluate the various alternatives in managing it .the study investigation the sources ,type
,factiors,characterstices,of solids waste management operations and its evs and heath issues in
town .the exiting solid waste management of different town is influence by institutional
constraints which are also discussed in the paper particular care is given to the case of faithful
recommendations which may be helpful for others improvements of operation . The reason
for the present study is that solid waste management is now basic obligation faction of urban
local bodies. Thus, if an available waste management service can be carried out in a
sustainable manner in town will active significant success in improving other basis functions.
7. According to Debarkation Chowdhury,
•Almost half the people in the developing world have one or more of the main diseases or
infections associated with inadequate water supply and sanitation. Diarrhea, intestinal helenin
infections, dracunculiasis, schistosomiasis and trachoma.
•Six million people worldwide are blind because of Trachoma-the leading cause of
preventable blindness and more than 150 million people need treatment.
•More than half of the hospital beds in the world are occupied by people who have their
diseases.
•More than 160 million people are infected with Schistosomes, causing tens of thousands of
deaths every year, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa.
8. Environmental Sanitation is a major public health issue in India. It envisages. Promotion of
health of the community by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease.
A number of innovative approaches to improve water supply and sanitation have been tested
in India. Many govt. And private organizations give strong emphasis on Information
Education, and communication capacity building and hygiene education for effective
behavior change. Implementation of low-cost sanitation system with lower subsidies, greater

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household involvement, range of technology choices, options for sanitary complexes for
women, rural drainage systems, IEC and awareness building, involvement of NGOs and local
groups and emphasis on school sanitation are the important are to be considered. Also,
appropriate forms of private participation and public private partnerships evolution of a sound
sector policy in Indian context and political commitment are prerequisites to bring the
change.
9. A field survey was conducted on four slum, squatter and pavement dweller communities of
Mumbai city, India with a total sample size of 1070 households. Study revealed extremely
low water consumption pattern averaging merely 30 I/ed, no sewerage and safe excreta
disposal facilities manifested by high occurrence of waterborne diseases. The annual
diarrheal, typhoid and malaria cases were estimated to 614, 68 and 126 per thousand
population respectively. At point prevalence scale at least 30% of all morbidity can be
accounted by water-related infection. In addition to the impacts of neighborhood water
pollution and sanitation, such diseases were also found positively correlated with low water
consumption and poverty related factors as poor housing and family income. Analysis of
variance also revealed intrapore gradient both in living standards and health conditions on
which the pavement dwellers were observed to be the greatest sufferers of all.
10 according to world bank, Water supply, sanitation and health are closely related. Poor
hygiene inadequate quality and quantity of drinking water and lack of sanitation facilities
causes millions of the world’s poorest people died from preventable disease per year.
Contaminated water that is consumed may result in water-borne disease like typhoid, cholera
etc. and other disease cause diarrhea. Without adequate quantities of water for personal
hygiene, skin, eye infection spread easily. Inadequate water, sanitation, hygiene account for a
large part of illness and death in developing countries. Improved hygiene and sanitation are
more impact than drinking water quality on health outcomes, specifically reductions in
diarrhea, parasitic, mortality and increase in child growth.
12. According to preserverarticles, The National Council of Educational Research & Training
[NCERT] developed supplementary reading materials on sanitation and health based on the
outline provided by ministry of drinking water and sanitation. Sanitation is the hygienic
means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with hazards of waste.
Sanitation is the safe disposal as the hygienic containment or treatment of the excreta to avoid
adversely affecting human health. UNICEF target of water and sanitation for all by
2025.these target underscores the importance of sanitation of human population. Sanitation
has may benefits but one of the most important is its contribution to the healthy leaving of a
community. So, the health status of a community or family has a great role to play in their
livelihood. But now, by using the technology three-way benefits can be derived from
sanitation. Environmental sustainability, increase of crop yield leading to better economic
benefit while at the same time satisfying the health benefits that comes with sanitation.
13.According to Ganesh S Kumar, Animesh Jain:Environmental sanitation is a major public
health issue in India. Recent interventional studies on environmental sanitation in India
highlighted the importance of prioritizing control strategies. Research related to the
appropriate cost-effective intervention strategies and their implementation on Indian. Context

13. 13
is a big challenge. Environmental sanitation envisages promotion of health of the community
by providing clean environment and breaking the cycle of diseases. India is still lagging
behind many countries in the field of environmental sanitation.
14.According to Arkaprabhu Sau:Due to rapid urbanization to India more and more people
are trying to live in urban areas than rural areas and this trend is expected to continue in
future.This study will help us to know the present continuity of accesses to safe drinking
water and availability of adequate sanitation of slum in Kolkata .In this study the researcher
took an observational descriptive study was conducted at Bagbazar slum ,Kolkata ,
Westbengal ..Among these household ,200 household were selected by simple random
sampling .One adut number was interviewed from each household .Among these household
94%(188) of the selected households were using piped water supplied by Kolkata municipal
corporation and 6%(12) were using bottled water for drinking purpose .But all selected 200
households were use piped water for bathing .Washing and cooking purpose .Among the
selected households,88%(176) households had to use shared sanitary latrine i.e. community
latrine and 8%(16) households had to use personal sanitary latrine and remaining 4%(8)
households did not have any latrine facility which compelled them to go for open defecation
.All the household had access to safe drinking water. There to a need for improvement in
sanitation facility at that slum.
15.According to Barnett White: Sanitation refer to public health conditions to clean drinking
water and adequate treatment and disposal human wastes and sewage .Sanitation system aim
to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop transmission and
disease .A range of sanitation ,container based sanitation, ecological sanitation ,
environmental sanitation , onsite sanitation sustainable sanitation .A sanitation system
includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and
wastewater . The human right to water and sanitation was recognized by the united nations
(US) General Assembly in 2010.The estimate in 2017 by 7 MP states that 4.5 billion people
currently do not have safely managed sanitation lack of access to sanitation has impact not
only on public health but also on human digity and personal safety
16.According to Ducan Mara, Jon Lane, David Trouba: 2.6 billion people in the world lack
adequate sanitation the safe disposal of human excreta. Lack of sanitation contributes to
about 10% of the global disease burden, causing mainly diarrhoeal diseases. In the past ,
government agencies have typically built sanitation infrastructure ,but sanitation
professionals are now concentrating on helping people to improve their own sanitation and to
change their behavior. Improved sanitation has significant impacts not only on health , but on
social and economic development ,particularly in developing countries .The health sector has
a strong role to play in improving sanitation in developing countries through policy
development and the implementation of sanitation programmes .
17.According to Kavita Wankhede: Urban sanitation in India faces many challenges .Nearly
60 million people in urban areas lack access to improved sanitation arrangements, and more
than two-thirds of wastewater in let out untreated into the environment, polluting land and
water bodies .To respond to these environment and public health challenges ,urban India will
need to address the full cycle sanitation ,i.e. Universal access to toilets , with safe collection ,

14. 14
conveyance and treatment of human excreta . This paper outlines these concerns and
highlights the need for focusing on access to water and the full cycle of sanitation for the
urban poor , as fundamental to addressing the sanitation challenges .Priorities for policy and
financing for urban sanitation in India are discussed , and the paper concludes with an
examination of key policy initiatives in the last decade , assessing the extent to which these
priorities are gaining attention.

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Questionnaire:
A questionnaire is defined as a research instrument that consists a set of questions or other
types of prompts that aims to collect information from a respondent. These typically are a
mix of close-ended questions and open-ended questions; long form questions offer the ability
for the respondent to elaborate on their thoughts. Questionnaires were developed in 1838 by
the statistical society of London.
A questionnaire is a set of questions typically used for research purposes which can be
both qualitative as well as quantitative in nature. A questionnaire may or may not be
delivered in the form of a survey, but a survey always consists of questionnaire.
Types of questionnaire
• Structured questionnaires: structured questionnaires collect quantitative data. The
questionnaire is planned and designed to collect very specific information. It also initiates a
formal enquiry, supplements data and checks previously accumulated data and helps
validate any prior hypothesis.
• Unstructured questionnaires: unstructured questionnaires collect qualitative data. The
questionnaire in this case has a basic structure and some branching questions but nothing
that limits the responses of a respondent. The questions are more open-ended.

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INHABITATIONS OF C.B.M
1.What type of water is used for drinking in your home: Tab water/ Household Purifiers
(Aqua guard etc.)/ Water from municipality installed reservoirs/ Buy purified water jars/
Others.
2.Do you have proper toilet facilities in your home; Y/N
3.Have you received two separate containers to store garbage from the municipality: Y/N
4.Do you use them accordingly: Y/N
5.Where do you dump your garbage daily?
A. Municipal staffs collect it
B. Dump on the streets or in the drains
C. Carry it to the nearby vats.
6.How frequently municipal staffs come to collect waste? A. On a daily basis, b. In every
two or three days, c. Once in a week, d irregularly
7.How frequently the sewerage lines(drains) are cleaned? A. In less than a week, boon a
weekly basis, irregularly.
8. How frequently the nearby vats are cleaned? A. Once a week, b. Once in every 15 days, c.
Once in a month.
9.What’s your view to the cleaning operations run by municipality in your locality? A. Its ok,
b. It’s should improve.
10. Dose the municipality spread insecticides or pesticides in your locality regularly? Y/N
11. Is there anyone in your household or locality who has been suffering from the following
diseases? A. Mosquito borne diseases,
B. Water borne diseases (Diarrheal, Cholera, Jaundice etc),
Different type of infection,
D. Respiratory Problem,
Exotherm diseases due to pollution, malnutrition and Stunting.
12.Is open Defecation practiced in your locality? Y/N
13. Is there any water logging problem in your ward? Y/N
14. What is your opinion about roadside pay and use toilets put up by the municipality?
A. They are neat and clean,
average, should be better,
c. Dirty, infectious.

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Tabulation of Data:
Type of water used for drinking at home (in %)
Ward
no.
Tap
water
Household
purifier
Municipality
installed
reservoirs
Buy purified
jars Others Total
1 56 12 0 32 0 100
2 60 20 0 20 0 100
3 92 0 0 8 0 100
4 36 24 4 28 8 100
5 68 20 0 4 8 100
6 0 4 0 96 0 100
7 24 40 0 36 0 100
8 44 28 0 28 0 100
9 36 24 4 8 28 100
10 52 20 16 12 0 100
11 40 32 0 28 0 100
12 4 20 0 76 0 100
13 56 16 0 28 0 100
14 72 4 12 12 0 100
15 24 56 0 20 0 100
16 36 24 0 40 0 100
17 68 32 0 0 0 100
18 36 40 0 24 0 100
19 28 32 0 40 0 100
20 24 20 4 48 4 100

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Proper toilet facilities at home (in %)
Ward no. Yes No
1 84 16
2 88 12
3 96 4
4 100 0
5 96 4
6 92 8
7 100 0
8 100 0
9 88 12
10 100 0
11 100 0
12 100 0
13 100 0
14 100 0
15 100 0
16 100 0
17 100 0
18 100 0
19 100 0
20 84 16

19. 19
Received separate containers from municipality to store garbage (in%)
ward no. Yes No Total
1 0 100 100
2 4 96 100
3 0 100 100
4 0 100 100
5 4 96 100
6 0 100 100
7 0 100 100
8 0 100 100
9 0 100 100
10 0 100 100
11 28 72 100
12 20 80 100
13 0 100 100
14 8 92 100
15 0 100 100
16 0 100 100
17 36 64 100
18 0 100 100
19 0 100 100
20 0 100 100

20. 20
Using containers accordingly (in%)
Ward no. Yes No Total
1 0 100 100
2 4 96 100
3 0 100 100
4 0 100 100
5 4 96 100
6 0 100 100
7 0 100 100
8 0 100 100
9 0 100 100
10 0 100 100
11 0 100 100
12 0 100 100
13 0 100 100
14 0 100 100
15 0 100 100
16 0 100 100
17 0 100 100
18 0 100 100
19 0 100 100
20 0 100 100

21. 21
Places for dumping garbage daily (in%)
Ward No.
Staff collect it
daily
dump on the
streets or in the
drains
carry it to the
nearby vats Total
1 60 16 24 100
2 52 24 24 100
3 72 28 0 100
4 88 0 12 100
5 96 4 0 100
6 88 12 0 100
7 96 4 0 100
8 64 36 0 100
9 84 16 0 100
10 52 40 8 100
11 64 16 20 100
12 84 8 8 100
13 88 0 12 100
14 100 0 0 100
15 92 8 0 100
16 60 40 0 100
17 68 32 0 100
18 92 8 0 100
19 72 28 0 100
20 48 4 48 100

22. 22
Frequency of collecting waste by the staffs (in%)
Ward no. On a daily basis In every 2-3 days Once in a week Irregularly
1 76 12 0 12
2 60 12 12 16
3 60 24 16 0
4 88 0 0 12
5 76 16 0 8
6 80 20 0 0
7 88 12 0 0
8 28 56 16 0
9 60 16 0 24
10 84 4 0 12
11 8 44 24 24
12 8 76 8 8
13 88 0 0 12
14 40 16 40 4
15 8 72 20 0
16 32 40 8 20
17 28 48 24 0
18 80 12 0 8
19 4 72 8 16
20 48 20 4 28

23. 23
Frequency of sewerage cleaning (in %)
Ward no.
Less than a
week Weekly basis
once in every 15
days Irregularly
1 0 0 0 100
2 8 4 0 88
3 0 0 16 84
4 0 0 0 100
5 0 0 8 92
6 0 0 12 88
7 4 8 28 60
8 0 0 8 92
9 0 0 0 100
10 0 8 28 64
11 4 0 4 92
12 0 0 16 84
13 0 8 32 60
14 0 0 12 88
15 28 44 0 28
16 0 24 12 64
17 8 12 16 64
18 0 0 24 76
19 0 12 4 84
20 0 8 4 88

24. 24
Frequency of cleaning the vats (in%)
Ward no. Once a week
Once in every 15
days
Once in a
month Total
1 88 12 100
2 84 16 100
3 100 0 100
4 88 12 100
5 92 8 100
6 100 0 100
7 100 0 100
8 100 0 100
9 76 24 100
10 88 12 100
11 76 24 100
12 92 8 100
13 88 12 100
14 96 4 100
15 100 0 100
16 80 20 100
17 100 0 100
18 92 8 100
19 68 32 100
20 72 28 100

25. 25
Opinion on the cleaning operation run by municipality (in%)
Ward no. It is ok It should improve
1 0 100
2 0 100
3 0 100
4 0 100
5 0 100
6 0 100
7 36 64
8 0 100
9 0 100
10 8 92
11 16 84
12 20 80
13 20 80
14 16 84
15 0 100
16 0 100
17 28 72
18 0 100
19 0 100
20 12 88

26. 26
Spreading of Insecticides and Pesticides (in%)
Ward no. Yes No
1 0 100
2 4 96
3 0 100
4 24 76
5 0 100
6 0 100
7 48 52
8 0 100
9 4 96
10 20 80
11 12 88
12 8 92
13 12 88
14 16 84
15 0 100
16 0 100
17 12 88
18 0 100
19 0 100
20 40 60

27. 27
Household or in locality suffering from following diseases (in%)
Ward
no.
Mosquito
borne
disease
Water
borne
disease
Different
types of
Infection
Respiratory
problems
Other
disease due
to pollution
Malnutrition
and Stunting
1 30 60 10 0 0
2 37.5 62.5 0 0 0 0
3 0 20 0 0 80 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 46.15 7.69 46.16 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 21 0 21 17 0 41
8 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 25 25 50 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 100 0 0 0 0 0
12 40 0 0 40 20 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0
14 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 20 40 0 40 0 0

28. 28
Open Defecation practiced in localities (in%)
Ward no. Yes No
1 0 100
2 0 100
3 0 100
4 44 56
5 0 100
6 0 100
7 0 100
8 0 100
9 24 76
10 0 100
11 0 100
12 0 100
13 0 100
14 0 100
15 0 100
16 0 100
17 0 100
18 0 100
19 0 100
20 20 80

29. 29
Water logging problems in wards (in %)
Ward No. Yes No
1 92 8
2 88 12
3 88 12
4 40 60
5 16 84
6 96 4
7 80 20
8 84 16
9 62 32
10 44 56
11 48 52
12 68 32
13 28 72
14 52 48
15 84 16
16 40 60
17 68 32
18 92 8
19 20 80
20 20 80

30. 30
Opinion about road side pay & use toilet (in%)
Ward no.
They are neat and
clean Average, should be better Dirty, infectious
1 8 44 48
2 0 35.71 64.29
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 73.33 26.67
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
8 20 52 29
9 0 66.67 33.33
10 5.56 77.72 16.67
11 0 10 90
12 0 0 0
13 48 40 12
14 33 44 24
15 44 40 16
16 0 44 56
17 0 0 0
18 4 56 40
19 20 28 52
20 16.67 66.67 16.67

31. 31
Reference:
1.chowdhury, d (2015). An overview of solid waste management in Siliguri municipality,
west bangle. Retrieved from http://www.ijrar.com
2.kamal lorn, s. And harada, h (2016).” Field survey on water supply and sanitation, associate
health in urban poor communities” a case from Mumbai city, India. Retrieved from
http://www.waponline.com
3. Singh M (2010). Opening address to the third South Asian conference on sanitation, New
Delhi, 18 November 2008. 2008. Retrieved from
http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?Relid=44884
4. Merchant AT, Jones C, Kure A, Kepka R, Fitzmaurice G, et al. “Water and sanitation
associated with improved child growth.” Eur J Clin Nutra. 2003; 57:1562–1568