This document contains guide questions for a biology exam covering several topics: 1. Cell division, the cell cycle, mitosis, cytokinesis, cell cycle checkpoints, meiosis, gamete formation, Mendelian genetics including his laws, genotype and phenotype, dominance, inheritance patterns. 2. Non-Mendelian inheritance including co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple allele inheritance like ABO blood types. Polygenic inheritance is also discussed. 3. Sex-related traits like sex-limited, sex-influenced, sex-linked traits and how they are inherited. 4. Pedigrees, chromosomes, chromosomal abnormalities, karyotyping to examine abnormalities.

1. BIOLOGY 3 2009-2010 12.1. What is the difference between “chance of
Guide Questions for the 1st Periodical Exam getting a son with X” v. “chance that the son
will get X”
1. What are the two types of cell division? 13. What is non-Mendelian inheritance? How is it
2. What are the different stages of the cell cycle? different from Mendelian inheritance?
2.1. Cite a key event that identifies each stage. 13.1. Differentiate co-dominance from incomplete
3. What happens during the M phase? dominance.
3.1. What is mitotic cell division? 13.2. What is multiple allele inheritance?
3.2. What are sister chromatids? 13.3. The ABO blood group is inherited through
3.3. What are the phases that make up the M multiple alleles. Be familiar with genetics and
phase? even blood compatibility for transfusions.
3.4. Cite a key chromosomal event that identifies 13.4. What is polygenic inheritance?
each phase in the mitotic phase. 13.5. Compare and contrast multiple allele v.
4. What happens during cytokinesis? polygenic inheritance.
4.1. How is cytokinesis similar/different in plant 13.6. How are polygenic inheritance crosses and
and animal cells? patterns studied?
5. What are cell cycle checkpoints? 13.6.1. How do the binomial expansion and
5.1. Where are these checkpoints located? Pascal’s triangle help in computing
5.2. What does each checkpoint look for? polygenic patterns?
6. What is meiosis? 14. What are sex-related traits? How are these
6.1. Identify similarities and differences between different from autosomal Mendelian and non-
mitotic and meiotic cell division. Mendelian inheritances?
6.2. What are the phases that make up meiotic cell 14.1. How are sex-limited traits inherited? What is
division? the main consideration when crossing
6.3. What are homologous chromosomes? individuals?
6.4. Identify the number of chromosomes and 14.2. How are sex-influenced traits inherited? What
ploidy for each stage in meiosis from meiosis I is the main consideration when crossing
to meiosis II. individuals?
6.5. What is homologous recombination? 14.3. How are sex-linked traits inherited? What is
6.6. What is “crossing over”? the main consideration when crossing
7. How do gametes form from somatic precursors? individuals?
7.1. Trace the path of development of each 14.3.1. Are sex-linked traits autosomal or not?
gametogenetic phenomenon. Can it be found in X, Y or both?
7.2. How many sperm cells are formed after 14.3.2. How does dominance/recessiveness
spermatogenesis and what is their ploidy? affect the inheritance pattern of X-linked
7.3. How many egg cells are formed after oogenesis traits?
and what is their ploidy? 15. What is a pedigree and how is it used to reveal
7.4. What other cells are produced during inheritance patterns?
spermatogenesis/oogenesis? 15.1. What are the symbols and line patterns used
8. Who is Gregor Mendel, what did he do, and what to construct a pedigree?
did he find out? 15.2. Identify the key patterns to look out for to
9. Explain succinctly each of Mendel’s two conclude whether it is sex-limited, sex-
laws/principles relating to genetics. influenced or sex-linked.
10. What is a genotype? Phenotype? 16. What is a chromosome?
10.1. What is an allele? 16.1. How is a chromosome organized (from least
10.2. Describe the genetic meaning of dominance condensed to most condensed)?
and recessiveness. 16.2. Name the types of chromosomal aberrations.
10.3. What does it mean to be homozygous for an 16.2.1. What is the difference between
allele? Heterozygous for an allele? aneuploidy and abnormal euploidy?
11. What is Mendelian inheritance? 16.2.2. How does an aneuploid count develop?
11.1. What happens when homozygotes for the Abnormal euploid count?
same allele mate? 16.2.3. What structural aberrations add to the
11.2. What happens when homozygotes for the overall genetic material? Reduce the
different alleles mate? overall genetic material? No change in
11.3. What happens when a homozygote and a genetic material?
heterozygote mate? 16.2.4. How do structural aberrations develop?
11.4. What happens when heterozygotes mate? 17. How does karyotyping work?
11.5. How do you perform a cross when there are 17.1. What is a karyotype/karyogram?
two or more characters being studied at the 17.2. How is it used to examine chromosomal
same time? aberrations?
12. When do you multiply probabilities? 17.3. Be familiar the common trisomies and
monosomies observed?