Meiosis creates sex cells such as eggs and sperm. It results in 4 haploid cells that each have a single set of chromosomes. Meiosis involves two divisions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II, which separates the homologous chromosomes and then the sister chromatids. This leads to genetic variation between the resulting gametes and allows for genetic recombination during crossing over. Nondisjunction during meiosis can result in conditions like Down syndrome if an extra chromosome is present (trisomy 21) or Turner syndrome if a female is missing an X chromosome (monosomy X).
It is the presentation on the MEIOSIS phase of the Cell division.
It includes all the details and definitions that are related to the topic of meiosis with the labelled diagrams.
If you have any query or a question, you may ask in the comment box.
thanks.
The slides contain all about meiosis. in this slides i collected all information about meiosis. which is useful for everyone.
so watch these slides and comment for any problems.
thanks
Abstract
This paper has presented our interest in wireless human graphical interfacial system along with proper tools for learning. Considering the present scenario in learning system, in our proposed project, we aim at developing a system mainly focusing on two main aspects: 1. a way in which e-slate would provide an effective learning tool for such rural and government aided schools at a primary teaching level and 2. Also prove helpful in cases where it is difficult for a teacher to teach a particular subject or make understanding easier along with giving the teacher a freedom of remotely teaching as well as communicating with a larger group of students in rural places where there is shortage of able teachers.
Keywords – e-slate, wireless RF communication- RF transmitter/receiver, ATMEGA controller, touchscreen, Smart algorithm recognition.
Optimization of workload prediction based on map reduce frame work in a cloud...eSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays cloud computing is emerging Technology. It is used to access anytime and anywhere through the internet. Hadoop is an open-source Cloud computing environment that implements the Googletm MapReduce framework. Hadoop is a framework for distributed processing of large datasets across large clusters of computers. This paper proposes the workload of jobs in clusters mode using Hadoop. MapReduce is a programming model in hadoop used for maintaining the workload of the jobs. Depend on the job analysis statistics the future workload of the cluster is predicted for potential performance optimization by using genetic algorithm. Key Words: Cloud computing, Hadoop Framework, MapReduce Analysis, Workload
It is the presentation on the MEIOSIS phase of the Cell division.
It includes all the details and definitions that are related to the topic of meiosis with the labelled diagrams.
If you have any query or a question, you may ask in the comment box.
thanks.
The slides contain all about meiosis. in this slides i collected all information about meiosis. which is useful for everyone.
so watch these slides and comment for any problems.
thanks
Abstract
This paper has presented our interest in wireless human graphical interfacial system along with proper tools for learning. Considering the present scenario in learning system, in our proposed project, we aim at developing a system mainly focusing on two main aspects: 1. a way in which e-slate would provide an effective learning tool for such rural and government aided schools at a primary teaching level and 2. Also prove helpful in cases where it is difficult for a teacher to teach a particular subject or make understanding easier along with giving the teacher a freedom of remotely teaching as well as communicating with a larger group of students in rural places where there is shortage of able teachers.
Keywords – e-slate, wireless RF communication- RF transmitter/receiver, ATMEGA controller, touchscreen, Smart algorithm recognition.
Optimization of workload prediction based on map reduce frame work in a cloud...eSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays cloud computing is emerging Technology. It is used to access anytime and anywhere through the internet. Hadoop is an open-source Cloud computing environment that implements the Googletm MapReduce framework. Hadoop is a framework for distributed processing of large datasets across large clusters of computers. This paper proposes the workload of jobs in clusters mode using Hadoop. MapReduce is a programming model in hadoop used for maintaining the workload of the jobs. Depend on the job analysis statistics the future workload of the cluster is predicted for potential performance optimization by using genetic algorithm. Key Words: Cloud computing, Hadoop Framework, MapReduce Analysis, Workload
Real time energy data acquisition and alarming system for monitoring power co...eSAT Journals
Abstract Manufacturing and the processes involved consume substantial amounts of energy. There can be requirement of energy management technique in the power tool manufacturing industry. The maintenance department in power tool manufacturing industry may have different load centers like machine shop, winding shop, utility and assembly shop etc. Readings on these meters are taken manually. This process is time consuming and has inefficient accuracy. So, there can be need of computerized energy data acquisition system. By providing an alarming system the energy losses will be monitored. Through this system design, there will be automatic elimination of man-made errors, reading energy consumption report through Microsoft excel as well as firing through email. Keywords: Energy losses, Microcontroller, RS 232 and PC
4 course 3.2 Monumental Trees in Lakes District of TurkiyeMusa Genç
The course supported by Mevlana Exchange Programme was presented at the Tourism Department of Economy Faculty of Tetova State Unıversity, Macedonia in May 11-15, 2015
https://telecombcn-dl.github.io/2017-dlsl/
Winter School on Deep Learning for Speech and Language. UPC BarcelonaTech ETSETB TelecomBCN.
The aim of this course is to train students in methods of deep learning for speech and language. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) will be presented and analyzed in detail to understand the potential of these state of the art tools for time series processing. Engineering tips and scalability issues will be addressed to solve tasks such as machine translation, speech recognition, speech synthesis or question answering. Hands-on sessions will provide development skills so that attendees can become competent in contemporary data analytics tools.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Review of MitosisReview of Mitosis
Why do cells go through mitosis?Why do cells go through mitosis?
To make new cells for growth and repairTo make new cells for growth and repair
Remember the cells are identical to the parent (cloned)Remember the cells are identical to the parent (cloned)
They areThey are diploiddiploid- have two sets of- have two sets of homologoushomologous
(matching) chromosomes (46)(matching) chromosomes (46)
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, TelophaseProphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
3. What is Meiosis?What is Meiosis?
Meiosis creates sex cellsMeiosis creates sex cells
((gametesgametes))
Each resulting cells isEach resulting cells is
genetically different from thegenetically different from the
parent.parent.
Why would this beWhy would this be
necessary?necessary?
Meiosis results in 4Meiosis results in 4 haploidhaploid
cells- only 1 set ofcells- only 1 set of
chromosomes or 23chromosomes or 23
4.
5. Meiosis leads to genetic variationMeiosis leads to genetic variation
Meiosis creates 4 cells that are a different mix of yourMeiosis creates 4 cells that are a different mix of your
parents’parents’ genes.genes.
Why would this be beneficial?Why would this be beneficial?
6. Can we seeCan we see
Genes?Genes?
KaryotypeKaryotype--
Picture of organismPicture of organism’s’s
ChromosomesChromosomes
Human Has 23 pairsHuman Has 23 pairs
2323RDRD
Pair is thePair is the
sex chromosomesex chromosome
What is the sex of thisWhat is the sex of this
Individual??Individual??
7. Process of MeiosisProcess of Meiosis
Meiosis results in a egg or spermMeiosis results in a egg or sperm
There are 2 parts:There are 2 parts:
Meiosis IMeiosis I
Meiosis IIMeiosis II
8. Meiosis IMeiosis I
• Prophase IProphase I
– Proteins causeProteins cause homologoushomologous chromosomes to stick togetherchromosomes to stick together
• 4 chromatids (tetrads)4 chromatids (tetrads)
– Tetrads attach to spindleTetrads attach to spindle
– Genetic info is exchanged (Genetic info is exchanged (crossing overcrossing over))
9.
10. • Metaphase IMetaphase I
– Tetrads move to middle of cell and line upTetrads move to middle of cell and line up
• Anaphase IAnaphase I
– Homologous chromosomes separateHomologous chromosomes separate
– 2 chromosomes move toward opposite poles2 chromosomes move toward opposite poles
11. Telophase ITelophase I
Chromosomes arrive at polesChromosomes arrive at poles
Cytokinesis occurs resulting in two haploid daughter cellsCytokinesis occurs resulting in two haploid daughter cells
But it doesnBut it doesn’t end here. . .’t end here. . .
12.
13. Meiosis IIMeiosis II
Prophase IIProphase II
Spindle forms in haploid daughter cellSpindle forms in haploid daughter cell
Moves chromosomes to middle of cellMoves chromosomes to middle of cell
Metaphase IIMetaphase II
Chromosomes line up in middle of cellChromosomes line up in middle of cell
14. • Anaphase IIAnaphase II
– Sister chromatids separateSister chromatids separate
– Move to opposite polesMove to opposite poles
• Telophase IITelophase II
– Chromatids (individualChromatids (individual
chromosomes) arrive at poleschromosomes) arrive at poles
– Cytokinesis splits cellsCytokinesis splits cells
End Result. .End Result. . .. 4 HAPLOID DAUGHTER CELLS4 HAPLOID DAUGHTER CELLS
15.
16. ReviewReview
1. Define1. Define ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
– is the production of Offspring from ONE PARENT.is the production of Offspring from ONE PARENT.
2. What is the result of Asexual Reproduction?2. What is the result of Asexual Reproduction?
-Two genetically identical daughter cells-Two genetically identical daughter cells
3. Are the results of Mitosis3. Are the results of Mitosis HaploidHaploid oror diploid?diploid?
- Diploid- Diploid
4. What does4. What does diploiddiploid mean?mean?
-cell with two homologous sets of chromosomes-cell with two homologous sets of chromosomes
5. What is5. What is homologoushomologous??
-matching set of chromosomes in a diploid cell.-matching set of chromosomes in a diploid cell.
6. What does Asexual reproduction involve? Mitosis or Meiosis.6. What does Asexual reproduction involve? Mitosis or Meiosis.
-Mitosis-Mitosis
17. 7. In unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, how are new7. In unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, how are new
organisms created?organisms created?
-MITOSIS-MITOSIS..
8.8. SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION is the production of offspringis the production of offspring
through which method mitosis or meiosis?through which method mitosis or meiosis?
-Meiosis-Meiosis
9. What cells are involved in sexual reproduction?9. What cells are involved in sexual reproduction?
-sex cells (-sex cells (egg and sperm)egg and sperm)
10. MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION RESULTS IN How10. MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION RESULTS IN How
many cells?many cells?
--44 Haploid daughter cellsHaploid daughter cells
11. What is meant by11. What is meant by haploidhaploid??
- Cell with a single set of chromosomes- Cell with a single set of chromosomes
18.
19. Law of IndependentLaw of Independent
AssortmentAssortment All genes are inheritedAll genes are inherited independentlyindependently
Having one gene does not mean you willHaving one gene does not mean you will
automatically inherit another.automatically inherit another.
Ex: If you have blond hair, what color will yourEx: If you have blond hair, what color will your
eyes be?eyes be?
They could be brown, blue or green.They could be brown, blue or green.
Hair color and eye color are inheritedHair color and eye color are inherited
independently of each other.independently of each other.
20. Meiosis IncreasesMeiosis Increases
VariationVariationRandom AssortmentRandom Assortment - different- different
chromosome combinations inchromosome combinations in
gametes contributes to geneticgametes contributes to genetic
variationvariation
Crossing OverCrossing Over – exchange of genetic– exchange of genetic
material between homologousmaterial between homologous
chromosomeschromosomes
Segments of chromatids can beSegments of chromatids can be
exchanged at many sitesexchanged at many sites
Single chromosome contains new comboSingle chromosome contains new combo
of genetic info from each parentof genetic info from each parent
Result. .Result. . . Genetic Recombination. Genetic Recombination
21. But what happens when thisBut what happens when this
messes up?messes up?
Sometimes homologous chromosomes fail to separateSometimes homologous chromosomes fail to separate
properly – RESULT…properly – RESULT…
NondisjunctionNondisjunction
What does this look like?What does this look like?
Trisomy 21 – Down syndromeTrisomy 21 – Down syndrome
Monosomy 23 – female with only one X chromosome =Monosomy 23 – female with only one X chromosome =
Turner syndrome= X0Turner syndrome= X0
22.
23.
24. TrisomyTrisomy 2121
Down SyndromeDown Syndrome
Affects 1 out of every 700 children in USAffects 1 out of every 700 children in US
Abnormal facial featuresAbnormal facial features
ShortnessShortness
Heart defectsHeart defects
Impaired immune systemImpaired immune system
Mental disabilityMental disability
25.
26. Monosomy 23Monosomy 23
Turner syndromeTurner syndrome
Affects 1 in 2500 girlsAffects 1 in 2500 girls
Swollen hands and feetSwollen hands and feet
Wide and webbed neckWide and webbed neck
Broad, flat chest shaped like a shieldBroad, flat chest shaped like a shield
Drooping eyelidsDrooping eyelids
Dry eyesDry eyes
InfertilityInfertility
Short heightShort height
