This document summarizes a paper that proposes a smart street lighting system using sensors, a programmable logic controller (PLC), and a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. The system would use motion and brightness sensors to automatically adjust street light brightness based on detecting vehicles or pedestrians. When movement is detected, lights brighten, and lights gradually dim when no movement is detected. This would save energy compared to traditional always-on street lights while maintaining safety through automated brightness adjustment. The system is proposed to use a PLC to control lighting operation through input from sensors and a SCADA system for remote monitoring and management of the street light network.
The document discusses hybrid inverters, which are a new generation of uninterrupted power supply (UPS) that uses renewable energy sources like solar panels and batteries to provide home electricity and store excess energy for later use. Hybrid inverters intelligently manage energy storage and consumption from fluctuating renewable sources to meet household demand. They convert the direct current from solar panels and batteries to alternating current for home use, and only store additional energy when needed to bridge gaps between production and consumption.
Seminar on AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMRAKSHSAH
this is the seminar presentation of automatic solar tracking system ,here i have present how it work and advantages and other things related to this.this presentation is our third year{pre finial year } presentation
so guys i hope you like this presentation
The document discusses the economic justification and benefits of installing capacitor banks in electric utility systems. It describes several types of benefits: (1) released generation, transmission, and distribution capacity by reducing reactive power demand; (2) reduced energy losses; (3) improved voltage regulation and reduced voltage drops; (4) increased feeder capacity; and (5) increased revenue from higher energy consumption due to improved voltages. Mathematical equations are provided for calculating the annual financial benefits associated with each type. The total annual benefits are compared to the total annual costs of the installed capacitor banks to determine if the investment is economically justified.
Smart Grid: Definition
• Need of smart grid
• Smart grid functions
• How Smart Grid Works
• Smart Grid: Benefits
• Smart grid components and its Benefits
• Issues and Challenges
• Opportunities in future
• Smart Grid Projects in India and Gujarat
• Question-Answer
• References
The document describes a solar powered smart street light system project. It includes the construction of a prototype solar tracking system to maximize solar energy collection and conversion. The solar energy is then stored in batteries and used to power an automatic street light control system. The street lights are automatically turned on and off in response to detected vehicle movement to conserve energy. The overall goal is to develop a system using solar energy to automatically control street lights as needed.
The document provides an introduction to smart grids. It discusses how smart grids enable two-way communication between utilities and customers as well as integration of renewable energy sources. Key components of smart grids include smart meters, phasor measurement units, distributed generation, and information transfers. Smart grids provide benefits like improved efficiency, reliability, and support for renewable energy while also posing challenges around security and complex rate systems. India has several smart grid pilot projects underway to modernize its electrical infrastructure.
The document discusses hybrid inverters, which are a new generation of uninterrupted power supply (UPS) that uses renewable energy sources like solar panels and batteries to provide home electricity and store excess energy for later use. Hybrid inverters intelligently manage energy storage and consumption from fluctuating renewable sources to meet household demand. They convert the direct current from solar panels and batteries to alternating current for home use, and only store additional energy when needed to bridge gaps between production and consumption.
Seminar on AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMRAKSHSAH
this is the seminar presentation of automatic solar tracking system ,here i have present how it work and advantages and other things related to this.this presentation is our third year{pre finial year } presentation
so guys i hope you like this presentation
The document discusses the economic justification and benefits of installing capacitor banks in electric utility systems. It describes several types of benefits: (1) released generation, transmission, and distribution capacity by reducing reactive power demand; (2) reduced energy losses; (3) improved voltage regulation and reduced voltage drops; (4) increased feeder capacity; and (5) increased revenue from higher energy consumption due to improved voltages. Mathematical equations are provided for calculating the annual financial benefits associated with each type. The total annual benefits are compared to the total annual costs of the installed capacitor banks to determine if the investment is economically justified.
Smart Grid: Definition
• Need of smart grid
• Smart grid functions
• How Smart Grid Works
• Smart Grid: Benefits
• Smart grid components and its Benefits
• Issues and Challenges
• Opportunities in future
• Smart Grid Projects in India and Gujarat
• Question-Answer
• References
The document describes a solar powered smart street light system project. It includes the construction of a prototype solar tracking system to maximize solar energy collection and conversion. The solar energy is then stored in batteries and used to power an automatic street light control system. The street lights are automatically turned on and off in response to detected vehicle movement to conserve energy. The overall goal is to develop a system using solar energy to automatically control street lights as needed.
The document provides an introduction to smart grids. It discusses how smart grids enable two-way communication between utilities and customers as well as integration of renewable energy sources. Key components of smart grids include smart meters, phasor measurement units, distributed generation, and information transfers. Smart grids provide benefits like improved efficiency, reliability, and support for renewable energy while also posing challenges around security and complex rate systems. India has several smart grid pilot projects underway to modernize its electrical infrastructure.
Solar trackers orient solar panels towards the sun using light sensors and motors. There are two main types: single-axis trackers rotate around one axis, while dual-axis trackers rotate around two axes for maximum sun exposure. Trackers increase solar panel output by approximately 40% compared to fixed panels. They work by measuring light intensity with sensors to determine the sun's position and adjusting the panel orientation accordingly through active control systems. Open loop trackers use computer algorithms and timing systems rather than sensors. Solar trackers improve efficiency and power generation from solar installations.
The document provides an overview of smart grids and their development. It discusses:
1) How today's power grids originated in the late 19th/early 20th century as local grids that grew over time and interconnected for reliability. By the 1960s, grids in developed nations were large, mature networks delivering power from thousands of central power plants.
2) The definition of a smart grid as a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and acts on information from all participants to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity services.
3) Some key components of smart grids including intelligent appliances, smart meters, smart substations, super conducting cables, integrated communications networks, and phasor measurement units
A mini-grid, micro-grid, and nano-grid are small-scale power grids that can operate independently or connect to larger grids. A mini-grid supplies electricity to a localized group, a micro-grid can be as small as a single building, and a nano-grid is typically under 100 kW and serves a single load. They use solar energy and storage to provide power in rural areas without access to main grids. These distributed energy systems improve reliability, lower costs, and have environmental benefits over traditional centralized grids.
This document discusses a solar home lighting system. It begins by explaining the benefits of solar energy over non-renewable sources, as solar energy is renewable and does not pollute the atmosphere. It then describes how solar home lighting systems work, using solar panels to absorb sunlight, convert it to DC current, charge a battery, and power lights through an inverter. The document outlines the system's advantages, including reliability, reduced power outages, and lack of wiring infrastructure required. It concludes by recommending the Medors Renewable Energy company as a manufacturer of high-quality, affordable solar power products.
Review Grid Connected Wind Photovoltaic Cogeneration Using Back to Back Volta...IJSRED
This document reviews a proposed system for grid-connected wind and photovoltaic cogeneration using back-to-back voltage source converters. The system uses a permanent magnet synchronous generator for wind power generation and a boost converter for maximum solar power generation through maximum power point tracking. Simulation results are provided to validate the proposed system, which is designed to maximize energy capture from the wind turbine and solar array and deliver it to the utility grid. Control systems are designed for maximum power point tracking of the solar array and synchronization of the inverters with the grid voltage.
The main aim of this project is to develop LED based street lights with auto intensity control system by using Arduino board and solar power from photovoltaic cells.
MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
The document provides an introduction and overview of a project that aims to enable remote monitoring and control of domestic energy meters using a microcontroller and GSM modem. This allows electricity departments to remotely obtain meter readings without needing to visit each house, reducing costs and human errors. The system works by having the microcontroller continuously monitor and record energy meter readings in its memory. Upon request, the live reading can be sent via the GSM modem to the electricity department. This provides benefits like improved monitoring of energy consumption patterns.
Wireless charging (also known as " Inductive charging ") uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects.
This is usually done with a charging station.
Energy is sent through an inductive coupling to an electrical device, which can then use that energy to charge batteries or run the device.
APEPDCL is the electricity distribution company that serves five districts in Andhra Pradesh, with its headquarters in Visakhapatnam. It distributes power at 33kV and 11kV levels. The document discusses the types of substations based on their nature, service, operating voltage, and design. It specifically describes the 33/11kV substation in Jaggampeta, which receives power at 33kV from two sources and distributes it at 11kV to industrial, agricultural and domestic customers in the area. Key equipment in the substation include lightning arresters, capacitive voltage transformers, and current transformers.
This PPT provides the contents related to the Smart Grid Introduction. It is created for catering the Unit I contents of the AU course EE8019 - Smart Grid
Energy efficient smart street light for smart city using sensors and controllerjournalBEEI
Smart street light is an intelligent control of street lights to optimize the problem of power consumption of the street, late in night. Conventional street lights are being replaced by Light Emitting Diode (LED) street lighting system, which reduces the power consumption. The focus of this project is to design a system of street lights controller to provide a reduction in power consumption. The prototype was designed by using Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), Infrared sensor (IR), battery and LED. The brightness of the lamps is being controlled in this project to reduce the power consumption. The dimming of the lamps depends on the speed of object motion detected such as pedestrians, cyclists and cars. The higher speed of moving object, the greater the level of intensity. For this idea, the innovation of street lights is not quite the same as conventional street lights that are controlled by timer switch or light sensor which automatically turns light on during sunset and off during sunrise. According to the study, motion detection devices may help to save up to 40% of energy per month.
Process of converting solar thermal energy (heat) into conditioned air.
Eco-friendly as well as Energy-efficient.
Can be operated with green resources of heat as backup resources when solar radiation is unavailable
This document provides an overview of energy efficient motors. It defines an energy efficient motor as one that uses less power to produce the same output as a standard motor. It notes that energy efficient motors have higher efficiencies of 2-6% compared to standard motors due to features like more copper in the windings and reduced fan losses. The document discusses the need for and advantages of energy efficient motors, including energy and cost savings. It also notes some potential disadvantages like higher initial cost and issues with speed control. Applications mentioned include various industrial uses.
seminar on SMART GRID is the best seminar of my branch
technology based on smart to integration of information technology on traditional power system
It may be best to understood Smart Grid as the overlaying of a unified communications and control system on the existing power delivery infrastructure to provide the right information to the right entity (e.g. end-use devices, transmission and distribution, system controls, customers, etc.) at the right time to take the right action. It is a system that optimizes power supply and delivery, minimizes losses, is self-healing, and enables next-generation energy efficiency and demand response applications.
To have connections between suppliers, distributors and consumers.
In definition, Smart Grid is a form of electricity network utilizing digital technology.
Its delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital communications to control appliances at consumers' homes; which in deed will saving the energy, reduce costs and increase reliability.
A key feature of the smart grid is automation technology that lets the utility adjust and control each individual device or millions of devices from a central location.
A Smart Grid must functions as followings
1. Be able to heal itself
Smart Grid is designed with a control system that self-analyzes its performance using intelligent autonomous reinforcement learning controllers that are able to learn new strategies and successfully implementing such strategies to govern the behavior of the grid in the face of an ever changing environment such as equipment failures.
2. Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations of the grid
If consumers have freedom to control own usage of energy, they will be motivated to participate and be part of the system. They can monitor their usage and manipulate by the assistance of “smart appliances” and “intelligent equipment” in homes or businesses. Advanced communications capabilities equip customers with tools to exploit real-time electricity pricing, incentive-based load reduction signals, or emergency load reduction signals.
3. Resist attack
Most important issues of resist attack is the smart monitoring of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of smart grids to avoid or mitigate the system-wide disruptions like blackouts.
4. Accommodate all energy generation and storage options
Smart Grid integrates two power generation source; traditional power generation likes fossil fuel powered power plant with renewable power generations either generates from residential, commercial, and industrial customers that will improves reliability and power quality, reduces electricity costs, and offers more customer choice.
5. High quality power
Outages and power quality issues is common for any country especially for major industrial-based countries. Smart Grid provides more stable power provided that will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses because of
The document discusses energy from the sun. It begins by defining energy and describing the different types. It then discusses the sun, noting its surface temperature of around 6,000 degrees Celsius. This high temperature causes it to emit heat and light. The document explains how sunlight can be converted into electricity through silicon photovoltaic cells. It also discusses the extraterrestrial solar radiation spectrum and the equation of time which is used to calculate the extraterrestrial radiation at any point in the year.
This document provides an introduction to solar energy, including its basic principles and uses. It discusses how solar energy works, the components of a solar energy system (collectors and storage), and current applications such as heating, cooling, transportation, and electricity generation. Solar energy can be used directly for heating applications and converted to electricity via photovoltaic cells. Inverters are required to convert the DC electricity from solar panels to the AC electricity used in homes and buildings. There are different types of solar inverters depending on the application. The document also discusses solar energy as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels that does not pollute and can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The document describes an automatic railway gate control system that uses sensors and a microcontroller to operate railway crossing gates. When a train is detected by infrared sensors, an alarm is triggered and the microcontroller then controls stepper motors to close the gates. The system uses an AT89C51 microcontroller, infrared sensors for train detection, stepper motors to move the gates, and a power supply to power the electrical components. Keil Microvision IDE is used for programming the microcontroller.
1. Power theft is a major problem in India, costing billions of rupees annually. Common methods of theft include tampering with meters, bypassing meters, and illegal taps of distribution lines.
2. Technical solutions proposed to detect power theft include electronic tamper detection meters, pre-payment meters, plastic meter enclosures, and using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and GSM networks to automatically read meters and detect anomalies.
3. A PLC-based system would install meters with PLC modules high on power poles to transmit usage data through power lines to displays in homes, while a second meter verifies usage to detect theft. GSM networks could also enable automatic remote meter reading to
SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM FOR MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUTSamar Gul
This document describes a solar tracking system project that aims to maximize solar panel power output. The system uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight and arduino to control DC gear motors that rotate the solar panel to continuously face the sun. It captures the objective to have a low-cost tracking system. The methodology explains the main components like solar panel, LDRs, motors, relay module, battery, inverter, LCD display, power supply and divider circuits. The conclusion restates benefits like using clean energy and increasing efficiency with a one-time investment.
Command based street light controlling through pc (2)Ravinder Katla
This document describes a street light controlling system that uses a microcontroller to turn lights on and off based on commands sent from a PC. The system includes a microcontroller, power supply, MAX232 for serial communication, relays to control the lights, and an LED lighting system. The microcontroller receives commands from the PC via the serial connection and uses relays to toggle the street lights. This allows remote control of street lights to save power and reduce maintenance needs.
Wulian has own brand, and more than 70 kinds of patents, all of wulian's products are applied wireless ZigBee tech, now wulian is the the participant of ZigBee Alliance , and we are also the ZigBee China regional headquater ,wulian is the only supplier who can supply the whole set of home automation system and solutions in the world. we have more than 70 kinds of series of wireless products. Including
the fire alarm system
home security sytem,
lighting control system,
home theater sytem,
HVAC,
save energy system
environment control system,
home care system
CCTV
wireless window blinds system
wireless irrigation system
smart parking system etc.
No other company has so complete products lines like us. And all of our products can be applied residence, commercial building, hotel, hospital , modern agriculture , government projects, and different area all over the world,
Now we are mainly looking for distributor, if interested in, you can visit www.wulian.cc/english or email xixy@wulian.cc or add skype :qiyuerlynn1987
Solar trackers orient solar panels towards the sun using light sensors and motors. There are two main types: single-axis trackers rotate around one axis, while dual-axis trackers rotate around two axes for maximum sun exposure. Trackers increase solar panel output by approximately 40% compared to fixed panels. They work by measuring light intensity with sensors to determine the sun's position and adjusting the panel orientation accordingly through active control systems. Open loop trackers use computer algorithms and timing systems rather than sensors. Solar trackers improve efficiency and power generation from solar installations.
The document provides an overview of smart grids and their development. It discusses:
1) How today's power grids originated in the late 19th/early 20th century as local grids that grew over time and interconnected for reliability. By the 1960s, grids in developed nations were large, mature networks delivering power from thousands of central power plants.
2) The definition of a smart grid as a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and acts on information from all participants to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity services.
3) Some key components of smart grids including intelligent appliances, smart meters, smart substations, super conducting cables, integrated communications networks, and phasor measurement units
A mini-grid, micro-grid, and nano-grid are small-scale power grids that can operate independently or connect to larger grids. A mini-grid supplies electricity to a localized group, a micro-grid can be as small as a single building, and a nano-grid is typically under 100 kW and serves a single load. They use solar energy and storage to provide power in rural areas without access to main grids. These distributed energy systems improve reliability, lower costs, and have environmental benefits over traditional centralized grids.
This document discusses a solar home lighting system. It begins by explaining the benefits of solar energy over non-renewable sources, as solar energy is renewable and does not pollute the atmosphere. It then describes how solar home lighting systems work, using solar panels to absorb sunlight, convert it to DC current, charge a battery, and power lights through an inverter. The document outlines the system's advantages, including reliability, reduced power outages, and lack of wiring infrastructure required. It concludes by recommending the Medors Renewable Energy company as a manufacturer of high-quality, affordable solar power products.
Review Grid Connected Wind Photovoltaic Cogeneration Using Back to Back Volta...IJSRED
This document reviews a proposed system for grid-connected wind and photovoltaic cogeneration using back-to-back voltage source converters. The system uses a permanent magnet synchronous generator for wind power generation and a boost converter for maximum solar power generation through maximum power point tracking. Simulation results are provided to validate the proposed system, which is designed to maximize energy capture from the wind turbine and solar array and deliver it to the utility grid. Control systems are designed for maximum power point tracking of the solar array and synchronization of the inverters with the grid voltage.
The main aim of this project is to develop LED based street lights with auto intensity control system by using Arduino board and solar power from photovoltaic cells.
MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
The document provides an introduction and overview of a project that aims to enable remote monitoring and control of domestic energy meters using a microcontroller and GSM modem. This allows electricity departments to remotely obtain meter readings without needing to visit each house, reducing costs and human errors. The system works by having the microcontroller continuously monitor and record energy meter readings in its memory. Upon request, the live reading can be sent via the GSM modem to the electricity department. This provides benefits like improved monitoring of energy consumption patterns.
Wireless charging (also known as " Inductive charging ") uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects.
This is usually done with a charging station.
Energy is sent through an inductive coupling to an electrical device, which can then use that energy to charge batteries or run the device.
APEPDCL is the electricity distribution company that serves five districts in Andhra Pradesh, with its headquarters in Visakhapatnam. It distributes power at 33kV and 11kV levels. The document discusses the types of substations based on their nature, service, operating voltage, and design. It specifically describes the 33/11kV substation in Jaggampeta, which receives power at 33kV from two sources and distributes it at 11kV to industrial, agricultural and domestic customers in the area. Key equipment in the substation include lightning arresters, capacitive voltage transformers, and current transformers.
This PPT provides the contents related to the Smart Grid Introduction. It is created for catering the Unit I contents of the AU course EE8019 - Smart Grid
Energy efficient smart street light for smart city using sensors and controllerjournalBEEI
Smart street light is an intelligent control of street lights to optimize the problem of power consumption of the street, late in night. Conventional street lights are being replaced by Light Emitting Diode (LED) street lighting system, which reduces the power consumption. The focus of this project is to design a system of street lights controller to provide a reduction in power consumption. The prototype was designed by using Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), Infrared sensor (IR), battery and LED. The brightness of the lamps is being controlled in this project to reduce the power consumption. The dimming of the lamps depends on the speed of object motion detected such as pedestrians, cyclists and cars. The higher speed of moving object, the greater the level of intensity. For this idea, the innovation of street lights is not quite the same as conventional street lights that are controlled by timer switch or light sensor which automatically turns light on during sunset and off during sunrise. According to the study, motion detection devices may help to save up to 40% of energy per month.
Process of converting solar thermal energy (heat) into conditioned air.
Eco-friendly as well as Energy-efficient.
Can be operated with green resources of heat as backup resources when solar radiation is unavailable
This document provides an overview of energy efficient motors. It defines an energy efficient motor as one that uses less power to produce the same output as a standard motor. It notes that energy efficient motors have higher efficiencies of 2-6% compared to standard motors due to features like more copper in the windings and reduced fan losses. The document discusses the need for and advantages of energy efficient motors, including energy and cost savings. It also notes some potential disadvantages like higher initial cost and issues with speed control. Applications mentioned include various industrial uses.
seminar on SMART GRID is the best seminar of my branch
technology based on smart to integration of information technology on traditional power system
It may be best to understood Smart Grid as the overlaying of a unified communications and control system on the existing power delivery infrastructure to provide the right information to the right entity (e.g. end-use devices, transmission and distribution, system controls, customers, etc.) at the right time to take the right action. It is a system that optimizes power supply and delivery, minimizes losses, is self-healing, and enables next-generation energy efficiency and demand response applications.
To have connections between suppliers, distributors and consumers.
In definition, Smart Grid is a form of electricity network utilizing digital technology.
Its delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital communications to control appliances at consumers' homes; which in deed will saving the energy, reduce costs and increase reliability.
A key feature of the smart grid is automation technology that lets the utility adjust and control each individual device or millions of devices from a central location.
A Smart Grid must functions as followings
1. Be able to heal itself
Smart Grid is designed with a control system that self-analyzes its performance using intelligent autonomous reinforcement learning controllers that are able to learn new strategies and successfully implementing such strategies to govern the behavior of the grid in the face of an ever changing environment such as equipment failures.
2. Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations of the grid
If consumers have freedom to control own usage of energy, they will be motivated to participate and be part of the system. They can monitor their usage and manipulate by the assistance of “smart appliances” and “intelligent equipment” in homes or businesses. Advanced communications capabilities equip customers with tools to exploit real-time electricity pricing, incentive-based load reduction signals, or emergency load reduction signals.
3. Resist attack
Most important issues of resist attack is the smart monitoring of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of smart grids to avoid or mitigate the system-wide disruptions like blackouts.
4. Accommodate all energy generation and storage options
Smart Grid integrates two power generation source; traditional power generation likes fossil fuel powered power plant with renewable power generations either generates from residential, commercial, and industrial customers that will improves reliability and power quality, reduces electricity costs, and offers more customer choice.
5. High quality power
Outages and power quality issues is common for any country especially for major industrial-based countries. Smart Grid provides more stable power provided that will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses because of
The document discusses energy from the sun. It begins by defining energy and describing the different types. It then discusses the sun, noting its surface temperature of around 6,000 degrees Celsius. This high temperature causes it to emit heat and light. The document explains how sunlight can be converted into electricity through silicon photovoltaic cells. It also discusses the extraterrestrial solar radiation spectrum and the equation of time which is used to calculate the extraterrestrial radiation at any point in the year.
This document provides an introduction to solar energy, including its basic principles and uses. It discusses how solar energy works, the components of a solar energy system (collectors and storage), and current applications such as heating, cooling, transportation, and electricity generation. Solar energy can be used directly for heating applications and converted to electricity via photovoltaic cells. Inverters are required to convert the DC electricity from solar panels to the AC electricity used in homes and buildings. There are different types of solar inverters depending on the application. The document also discusses solar energy as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels that does not pollute and can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The document describes an automatic railway gate control system that uses sensors and a microcontroller to operate railway crossing gates. When a train is detected by infrared sensors, an alarm is triggered and the microcontroller then controls stepper motors to close the gates. The system uses an AT89C51 microcontroller, infrared sensors for train detection, stepper motors to move the gates, and a power supply to power the electrical components. Keil Microvision IDE is used for programming the microcontroller.
1. Power theft is a major problem in India, costing billions of rupees annually. Common methods of theft include tampering with meters, bypassing meters, and illegal taps of distribution lines.
2. Technical solutions proposed to detect power theft include electronic tamper detection meters, pre-payment meters, plastic meter enclosures, and using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and GSM networks to automatically read meters and detect anomalies.
3. A PLC-based system would install meters with PLC modules high on power poles to transmit usage data through power lines to displays in homes, while a second meter verifies usage to detect theft. GSM networks could also enable automatic remote meter reading to
SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM FOR MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUTSamar Gul
This document describes a solar tracking system project that aims to maximize solar panel power output. The system uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight and arduino to control DC gear motors that rotate the solar panel to continuously face the sun. It captures the objective to have a low-cost tracking system. The methodology explains the main components like solar panel, LDRs, motors, relay module, battery, inverter, LCD display, power supply and divider circuits. The conclusion restates benefits like using clean energy and increasing efficiency with a one-time investment.
Command based street light controlling through pc (2)Ravinder Katla
This document describes a street light controlling system that uses a microcontroller to turn lights on and off based on commands sent from a PC. The system includes a microcontroller, power supply, MAX232 for serial communication, relays to control the lights, and an LED lighting system. The microcontroller receives commands from the PC via the serial connection and uses relays to toggle the street lights. This allows remote control of street lights to save power and reduce maintenance needs.
Wulian has own brand, and more than 70 kinds of patents, all of wulian's products are applied wireless ZigBee tech, now wulian is the the participant of ZigBee Alliance , and we are also the ZigBee China regional headquater ,wulian is the only supplier who can supply the whole set of home automation system and solutions in the world. we have more than 70 kinds of series of wireless products. Including
the fire alarm system
home security sytem,
lighting control system,
home theater sytem,
HVAC,
save energy system
environment control system,
home care system
CCTV
wireless window blinds system
wireless irrigation system
smart parking system etc.
No other company has so complete products lines like us. And all of our products can be applied residence, commercial building, hotel, hospital , modern agriculture , government projects, and different area all over the world,
Now we are mainly looking for distributor, if interested in, you can visit www.wulian.cc/english or email xixy@wulian.cc or add skype :qiyuerlynn1987
This document describes an automatic street light circuit designed by students Abhishek and Ajith Kumar at Kalasalingam University. The circuit uses a light dependent resistor and transistors to sense when it is nighttime and turn on a street light. It includes a block diagram and circuit diagram. The components used are a relay, voltage regulator, fuse, light dependent resistor, resistors, transistors, battery, and lamp. When it is dark, the resistance of the light dependent resistor increases, which turns on the transistor and energizes the relay to power the street light. This circuit automatically switches the light on at night and off during the day to prevent wasting electricity.
This document describes a student project to create a traffic light controller using an AT89C51 microcontroller. It provides background on the history of traffic lights, descriptions of red, yellow, and green light meanings. The project components include an AT89C51 microcontroller, LED lights, resistors, capacitors, and a crystal oscillator. The microcontroller is programmed to automatically change the LED light signals after a time interval by setting the corresponding port pins high and low. The motivation is that it is a basic microcontroller application. There is opportunity to enhance it to control signals automatically based on sensor detection of traffic density.
The document describes two innovative bike and pedestrian sensor products for smart LED street lighting called the Innovative Bike Sensor and Innovative City Switch. The sensors can save up to 75% of energy usage by detecting movement and adjusting lighting levels. The bike sensor costs 499€ and includes a wireless sensor, receiver, and adjustable timer/dimming capabilities. The city switch costs 849€ and is self-powered with a microgenerator. Both products use wireless RF communication and require little to no maintenance. Installation and configuration options for the systems with existing street lighting are also provided.
gridComm in Jakarta Smart Street Light System-White PaperTuck Long Nge
The document discusses Indonesia's Smart Street Light Initiative (SSLI) which aims to make street lighting more energy efficient and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Key objectives of the SSLI include replacing conventional lighting with LEDs, implementing smart control systems, and installing metering to incentivize energy efficiency. gridComm was selected as the technology partner for Jakarta's smart street lighting project, providing an end-to-end power line communication system to remotely manage 250,000 street lights. The system utilizes a robust PLC technology that is well-suited to noisy environments and more reliable than alternatives like wireless RF.
De-Inking Plant Final Tower Control using SIEMENS PLC(reportabdullah s
This document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The project involved controlling the final tower of a de-inking plant using a Siemens PLC. The report provides background on PLCs and their advantages over traditional relay logic. It also describes the de-inking plant process and instrumentation involved. The project aimed to increase productivity by automating the final tower control with a PLC.
The document describes a traffic light control system using Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). The system uses three PLCs - a master PLC that controls two slave PLCs. The master PLC sends commands to control the light patterns at an intersection. The slave PLCs control the lights for cars and pedestrians. The system was prototyped using a PCB, 3D printed traffic lights, and packaging to test the logic implemented on the PLCs.
The document discusses the history and use of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in industrial automation. It notes that PLCs were first specified in 1968 by General Motors to provide a solid-state, reusable system for controlling industrial processes more flexibly than relay-based systems. A PLC consists of a central processing unit, power supply, programming unit, memory, and input/output interfacing circuitry. It scans inputs, executes user-programmed logic instructions, and updates outputs on a continuous cycle. Common programming methods for PLCs include ladder logic, functional block diagrams, and structured text. PLCs communicate with field devices and one another using various interfaces and protocols.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled Biz Models for Hi-Tech Products to analyze the business model for Philips Lighting as a Service. Philips provides lighting services for cities and buildings in return for the cost savings from using LED lights. LED lights are more efficient than are incandescent and fluorescent lights and intelligent sensors enable further gains in efficiency through dimming when vehicles or people are not present. These slides describe the specific value proposition for cities, building owners, and other specific customers and other aspects of the business model such as the method of value capture, scope of activities, and method of strategic control.
The document summarizes the design and implementation of a solar integrated smart street lighting system. It includes:
1. An introduction to smart street lighting systems and their benefits over traditional systems like energy savings.
2. Details of the primary electrical components required like solar panels, batteries, LED lights, and circuits for light detection and power control.
3. Explanations and diagrams of the implementation of the control circuits for charging, light detection, alternative power supply, and voltage regulation.
4. A conclusion that such smart solar street lighting systems are more efficient and environmentally friendly than traditional systems and have promising applications for the future.
This is density based traffic light control system using Programmable logic controller(PLC). Then side which have more vehicles(density) will be getting on first. This process will take place according to number of vehicles.
This document provides an overview of basic PLC programming. Chapter 1 introduces PLCs, discussing their origins, areas of application, and basic design. PLCs were developed as an alternative to relay-based control systems and are now used widely in industrial automation. A PLC's design includes a processor, memory, and input/output modules. Subsequent chapters cover PLC programming languages, specific PLC systems from manufacturers like Omron, Mitsubishi, and Siemens, and programming examples.
Intelligent Street light monitoring systemvikas mantri
INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING
Home/INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING
Every evening, an intelligent street lighting control system has to light up at the right time and function seamlessly. A city’s street lights provide safer traffic conditions, safer pedestrian environment and can represent a great improvement to the city’s architectural, touristic and commercial output. These benefits are not exactly cheap though, with an average of 40% of the public budgets’ energy bill being spent for street lighting alone. The increasing energy price, plus the significant maintenance costs and always increasing expectations manifested by the public put a continuous pressure on the lighting budgets.
inteliLIGHT® is a remote street lighting control solution that offers you detailed, lamp-level management capabilities of every street light in your city and ensures that the right amount of light is provided where and when needed. Equally important, in-depth grid management gives an accurate real-time feedback of any change occurring along the grid, reduces both energy loss and energy surges and offers advanced maintenance optimization tools. Using the existing infrastructure, you can have live detailed information over the grid and transform the existing distribution level network into an intelligent infrastructure of the future
PLC Industrial Application -- Continuous Bottling Filling SystemZunAib Ali
This document summarizes a lab report on implementing a continuous bottle filling system using a programmable logic controller (PLC). The system uses a PLC to automatically detect bottles on a conveyor belt, fill each bottle with liquid for 0.5 seconds, sound a buzzer when full, and wait 0.7 seconds before filling the next bottle. A ladder logic program was created and tested in simulation software to control motors, valves, lights and more to automate the bottle filling process. The PLC provides a simple way to automate an industrial process that would be difficult to do manually at scale.
Final year Plc and SCADA project topics listMayil Samy
The document lists 141 topics related to control and automation projects involving programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The topics include applications such as automated temperature control systems, motor control systems, conveyor control systems, water supply control systems, street light control systems, and industrial monitoring and automation systems. Many topics involve using PLCs, sensors, and wireless communication for remote monitoring and control in various industrial automation and process control applications.
Remote street light monitoring and control system for energy conservation in ...Instruments Universal
Instruments Universal manufactured Remote street light monitoring and control system, and other street light controllers helps saving energy, reducing carbon foot print and also reduce light pollution.
GSM/GPRS Based street light monitoring and control system also reports each operation to central console for instant precaution and evidence.
SMART STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM BASED ON SENSORS USING PLC AND SCADAIAEME Publication
Nowadays energy crisis in India is a critical issue. Enormous electric energy is consumed by the street lights. At present, street lights a r e controlled manually and it leads to energy loss. In the present study smart street lighting system manages the street lights automatically turn on in the evening, lighting the road for few hours. It gradually reduces the brightness when no one is detected in that area. When vehicles or pedestrians are detected, the street lights
automatically turn on. Design of smart Street lighting system does not only achieve energy-saving but also extend the
service life of street light equipment.
The document describes a proposed smart street light system that uses LED lights and sensors to automatically control street lighting based on vehicle and pedestrian presence. The system uses IR sensors and photodiodes to detect movement on the road. When a vehicle is sensed, the microcontroller switches on LED street lights ahead of the vehicle. As the vehicle passes, the trailing lights switch off. This allows energy to be saved by keeping lights off when no one is present. The system is intended to reduce power consumption from street lighting compared to existing systems using less efficient HID lamps.
The document describes the design of an intelligent streetlight energy-saving system based on power line communication technology and a real-time operating system. The system uses a microcontroller in each streetlight that can be controlled via power line communication from a PC to remotely turn the streetlights on and off based on light levels and time of day to reduce energy consumption. The goal of the system is to optimize streetlight management and efficiency through remote control capabilities.
The project "STREET LIGHT MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM" is developed for automatic
street lights maintenance and to reduce power consumption. The application is designed in such a way that we
place light sensors in all street light circuits, which is responsible to switch on and off automatically. once the
lights are switched on current sensors placed at every street light circuits are responsible to report problem status
to the centralized system with help of GSM module attached with the circuit. The status is available in the
centralized system, the work man now can easily locate the particular light to take care which minimizes the time
to search it and repair. The system also maintains database to store useful information from each street light like
power consumption, total number of burning hours, total number of interruptions, tally the actual power
consumption with the power supplied and details of fault detection. Hence maintaining the system with optimal
power consumption giving commercial benefits to business and the prosperity of the city as a whole.
.Keywords: current sensor, GSM, Light Dependant Resistor [LDR], microcontroller
This research provides new effective and cheap designed system for save electrical energy dissipation in all urban area roads and highways. The aim of this system is to minimizing the waste electrical power on highways and urban area roads. The designed system depends on two Arduino circuit types, master and slave. The master Arduino has an ability to detect the day light by light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor and cars movements by pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensor, according to these conditions, the master will send a signal by XBee module works as transmitter to the following five slaves Arduino which are waiting for a signal and receive it by XBee module works as receiver to turn ON the lights for 5 minutes then OFF it if there is no car movement on the street. The system can mount directly to the highway lights. The system has been tested and applied on the street lights, the system works perfectly and slaves respond fastly and effectively to the master Arduino signal.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Street Light Monitoring and Control SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed automatic street light monitoring and control system using a microcontroller. The system is designed to detect vehicle movement and switch on street lights ahead of vehicles while switching off lights behind to save energy. Current sensors at each light report any faults to a centralized system using GSM. This allows workers to easily locate issues to repair lights faster. The system aims to reduce wasted energy from lights remaining on when not needed and improve maintenance of street lights.
Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light Control Using Sensors and...IJERA Editor
Solar Photovoltaic panel based street lighting systems are becoming more common these days. But the limitation with these ordinary street light systems is that it lacks intelligent performance. It is very essential to automate the system so that we can conserve energy as well as to maximize the efficiency of the system. In this paper a new method is suggested so as to maximize the efficiency of the street lighting system and to conserve the energy usage the LED lights sensors. Here automation of street lights is done by LDR sensor. Intensity of led street lights can be controlled by IR sensor and pulse width modulation.
Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light Control Using Sensors and...IJERA Editor
Solar Photovoltaic panel based street lighting systems are becoming more common these days. But the limitation with these ordinary street light systems is that it lacks intelligent performance. It is very essential to automate the system so that we can conserve energy as well as to maximize the efficiency of the system. In this paper a new method is suggested so as to maximize the efficiency of the street lighting system and to conserve the energy usage the LED lights sensors. Here automation of street lights is done by LDR sensor. Intensity of led street lights can be controlled by IR sensor and pulse width modulation.
Energy-efficient Intelligent Street Lighting SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on an energy-efficient intelligent street lighting system. The proposed system combines motion sensing, light sensing, and automatic dimming control features. It uses sensors like a light dependent resistor and motion sensor along with a microcontroller and WiFi module to automatically adjust the brightness of LED street lights based on ambient light levels and detected movement. This is intended to reduce energy consumption by preventing lights from remaining on during daylight hours or when no traffic is present. The system architecture and algorithm are described and it is suggested this approach could lower costs by using less energy and extending the lifetime of the lights.
This document describes an intelligent LED street lighting system that automatically adjusts brightness based on climatic conditions and vehicle movements. The system uses LED lights, wireless sensors, and a microcontroller to monitor street lighting needs remotely. Lights can operate in automatic mode, adjusting brightness according to seasonal changes and traffic detected by infrared sensors. Or the system can operate in manual control mode through a monitoring terminal. The design aims to conserve energy by only illuminating lights as needed. It can detect faulty lights and traffic flow statistics without extra hardware. The system integrates temperature and humidity sensors as well and can control large street lighting networks remotely through a wireless network.
Design of intelligent traffic light controller using gsm & embedded systemYakkali Kiran
This document describes the design of an intelligent traffic light controller using an embedded system. The proposed system aims to make traffic light control more efficient by using sensor networks and embedded technology to dynamically determine light timings based on real-time traffic conditions. This allows the system to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion compared to traditional fixed-time controllers. Key features include emergency vehicle detection and providing traffic information to drivers via GSM. The performance of the intelligent controller is evaluated against a conventional fixed-time controller based on metrics like waiting time, vehicle travel distance, and efficient emergency response.
The document describes an intelligent street lighting system using GSM that was developed by researchers in India. The system uses sensors and microcontrollers installed on streetlights along with GSM modules for wireless data transmission. It aims to reduce energy consumption and maintenance costs by remotely controlling the lights based on factors like light intensity, noise levels, and carbon monoxide. When fully implemented, the system is expected to reduce energy use by up to 40%, maintenance costs by up to 50%, and increase bulb life by up to 25%. It collects data from the sensors and allows remote monitoring and control of the streetlights from a central server.
Modern LED Street Lighting System with Intensity Control Based on Vehicle Mov...AM Publications
Street lighting accounts for 53% of outdoor lighting use, and the market is continuously increasing. In the context of rising energy prices and growing environmental awareness, energy efficiency is becoming one of the most important criteria for street lighting systems design. Monitoring of street lights and controlling is of utmost importance in developing country like India to reduce the power consumption. The world is converging towards wireless as a communication channel and at the same time facing energy and environmental problems .The paper presents a remote streetlight monitoring and controlling system based on LED and wireless sensor network. The system can be set to run in automatic mode, which control streetlight. This control can make a reasonable adjustment according to the seasonal variation. Also this system can run in controlled mode. In this mode, we can take the initiative to control streetlights through PC monitor terminal. This street light system also includes a time cut-out function, and an automatic control pattern for even more electricity conserving, namely when vehicles pass by, the light will turn on automatically, later turn off. This design can save a great amount of electricity compared to streetlamps that keep a light during nights. The design implements traffic flow magnitude statistics without adding any hardware, facilitating transportation condition information collecting. Furthermore, this system has auto-alarm function which will set off if any light is damaged and will show the serial number of the damaged light, thus it is easy to be found and repaired the damaged light. The system can be widely applied in all places which need timely control such as streets, stations, mining, schools, and electricity sectors and so on. In addition, the system integrates a digital temperature and humidity sensor, not only monitoring the streetlight but also temperature and humidity
Modern LED Street Lighting System with Intensity Control Based on Vehicle Mov...AM Publications
This document describes a modern LED street lighting system that uses a wireless sensor network to control light intensity based on vehicle movements and atmospheric conditions. The system uses LED lights which are more energy efficient than traditional street lights. Sensors detect vehicle presence and traffic flow to automatically adjust light levels as needed. The lights can be dimmed or brightened depending on conditions to save energy. A base station monitors and controls the system remotely. The goal is to reduce energy consumption and costs for street lighting through this automatic, wireless control system.
This document is a project report submitted by three students - K. Ganesan, P. Marutharaj, and G. Selvasekar - for their P.T.B.E. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anna University. The project is about developing an intelligent street light management system and is guided by Dr. N. Kamaraj of Thiagarajar College of Engineering. The report includes certificates, acknowledgements, an abstract, introduction, literature survey on existing systems, description of the proposed system, circuit diagram, software description, test results, and conclusion.
Review Progress in Betterment of Smart Street Lighting to Save Energy.IRJET Journal
This document reviews progress in improving smart street lighting systems to save energy. It begins by discussing how smart street lighting utilizes LED technology and sensors to optimize energy efficiency. Motion sensors and remote monitoring via IoT allow for dynamic light adjustments based on presence detection and centralized control. This reduces energy waste from unnecessary lighting during low traffic periods. Data analytics of usage patterns further enables informed resource deployment decisions. Integration of solar panels also contributes to sustainable solutions. The document outlines various benefits of smart street lighting like energy savings, cost savings from reduced maintenance, and reduced environmental impact. It discusses technological advancements in energy usage optimization, predictive maintenance, and adaptive lighting strategies using data analytics. Challenges and future research directions are also reviewed such as initial deployment
Design of Street Light System with Vehicular SensingIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed design for an automated street light system using vehicular sensing. The current street light systems are inefficient due to being manually operated and prone to human error. The proposed system uses LDR sensors to detect day and night, and IR sensors to detect vehicles passing by and trigger the lights to turn on and off accordingly. This would save a significant amount of energy compared to traditional systems. The system provides both automatic operation using the sensors as well as manual operation using a Zigbee wireless module. It is presented as an energy-efficient alternative to existing street light infrastructure.
IRJET - Smart Street Light based on ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart street light system based on Arduino that can automatically control street lights. The system uses infrared sensors and a light dependent resistor to detect movement of vehicles or pedestrians and the level of ambient light. When motion is detected by the infrared sensors or it becomes dark, the Arduino microcontroller powers the LED street lights. This automatic control can save power by only illumining the lights when needed rather than keeping them on all the time. The system aims to provide energy efficient and adaptive street lighting using new technologies like sensors and microcontrollers.
IRJET- Design, Deploy, Test the Performance Evaluation of Intelligent Str...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design, deployment, and performance evaluation of an intelligent street light system for smart cities. Street lights currently account for 20-40% of energy consumption in cities, but an IoT-based intelligent street light system could save energy by automatically adjusting light levels based on presence detection. The system would use sensors to detect movement and communicate between lights to increase brightness in surrounding areas. This could reduce energy usage by 40% while also lowering maintenance costs and extending light lifespan. The document proposes a methodology to calculate traffic intensity over time to determine optimal light intensity timings and automatically adjust street lamp brightness levels accordingly using IR sensors and WiFi modules.
Similar to Smart street lighting system based on sensors using plc and scada (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
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The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
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A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
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2. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
lighting control. But it also exposed a problem that it cannot meet the needs of the growing street light information and
intelligent management. The time of lighting is not only lack of precision, many street lights are controlled by using the
mid-night lights strategy, energy-saving effect is poor. In short the current street lighting strategy is simple and crude,
lack of humane care of the car and human, cannot achieve the sleep and wake-up call of the lamps in time. An urgent
need to develop a high degree of information, to facilitate the realization of network-based, highly intelligent automatic
control system of street lighting, which is the third generation of intelligent street light control systems.
45
There are some attempts in which the energy wastes of the street lights are reduced. A sensor light, which is
controlled by a brightness sensor and a motion sensor, is sometimes used to reduce loss of energy [6]. It only turns on for
while when the motion is detected in front of the sensor and when it is dark. Ideally, it is desirable that smart street lights
look like usual street lights; no one notices that smart streetlights are usual street lights. Smart street lights have turned on
whenever anyone notices them. Smart street lights have been researched by many researchers. In [5], smart street lights
that cooperate with each other to shine a light on pedestrians are proposed. This kind of smart streetlights exchange
information of detecting moving objects and turn on so that neighbourhood of the moving objects lightens. In [7], the
method of pedestrian tracking is proposed for smart street light systems. Detection of existence of pedestrians or vehicles
is important for smart street light systems. In [8], image processing is used to decrease electric power of street lights; the
method proposed in [8] obtains the pictures of street lights at night by security cameras and adjusts brightness of street
lights by the pictures. In [4], photovoltaic panels are attached to smart street lights to save energy. This research revises
street lights themselves but does not focus on smart street light systems. There are many researches of smart streetlights
but few researches focus on smart street light system that behaves looking like usual street lights based on sensor
networks. Centralization process control combined with increased mechanization has resulted in improved productivity
[4]. Nowadays advanced control systems like PLCs are extensively used in industries.
2. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The features of the smart street lights are as follows
2.1 Low Cost
The aim of smart street lights is to save energy and to save cost. Smart street lights whose cost is more than the
cost of energy that is saved by the smart street lights do not become widely used. Thus, the smart street lights in [9] use
only the parts of mass production to keep the cost of smart street lights as low as possible.
2.2 No Difference from Usual Lights
Whenever pedestrians or a driver of vehicles sees lights, the lights have already turned on. Pedestrians or drivers
do not notice that lights turn off or that the lights that they see are smart street lights.
2.3 Safety
Usual smart street lights do not always turn on and therefore public safety may get worse. The aim of the smart
street lights in [9] is to keep public safety and to save energy. Therefore, street lights whose areas are within the views of
the pedestrians or vehicles must turn on and street lights that are related with safety of the pedestrians or vehicles must
also turn on.
Smart street lighting includes a total system with dimmable luminaries, advanced lighting control solutions, and
communication systems. The solution focuses on low energy consumption and high functional standard. It also in most
contexts automatically declines the maintenance costs for the operator in combination with increased safety for the street
user.
Over the last years new technology has been developed and implemented in multiple systems that can help to
save even more energy.
Networking and automation technology allows for the adjustment of light levels to the exact need to keep the
roads safe based on weather conditions, traffic density and other external factors. LED lighting also has great potential to
save energy in outdoor lighting. In this paper taking the entire above mentioned criterion into account, a PLC is proposed
for the automatic street lighting control system.
3. COMPONENTS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.1 Programmable Logic Controller
It is usually located in the field close to the processing unit. PLCs are small and operator interface may be
simple as button switch. The block diagram of PLC system is as shown in the Fig.1.
3. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
46
Fig. 1: Block Diagram of PLC System
The basic components in a PLC system are sensing section, Input module, Controller, Programmer, Output
module and Field hardware devices. Most PLCs have the ability to communicate with other devices. These devices
include computers running programming software or collecting data about the manufacturing process, a terminal that lets
an operator enter commands into the PLC, or I/O that is located in a remote location from the PLC. The PLC will
communicate to the other devices through a network interface.
The controller offers two programming languages such as:
3.1.1 Ladder language (LD)
The most popular language used to program a PLC is ladder logic. Ladder Language is a graphic Language. It
can be used to transcribe relay diagrams, and is suited to combinational processing. It provides basic graphic symbols
such as contacts, coils, and blocks. Specific calculations can be executed within the operation blocks.
3.1.2 Function block diagram language (FBD)
FBD mode allows graphic programming based on the use of predefined function blocks. It offers a large range
of basic functions such as timer, counter, logic, etc.
In the present work, a Delta PLC is used to control the street lighting system. The software used is WPL soft
version 2.33 and it has 8 digital inputs and 6 digital outputs. Every PLC has associated programming software that allows
the user to enter a program into the PLC. The Delta PLC is as shown in the Fig. 2.
Fig. 2: Delta PLC
3.2 Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SCADA is an acronym that denotes Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. SCADA is a control system
with applications in managing large scale, automated industrial operations. In industries to control any distributed
machine or process, there is a requirement to see and control from a central place. This can be solved using SCADA
system. Thus we can get all the readings of process parameters which are in distributed condition on the screen. We can
give control commands to process through PLC or through some other controlling device if it is available. SCADA is
known as Man Machine Interface (MMI). The block diagram of SCADA system is as shown in the Fig.3.
4. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
47
Fig. 3: Block Diagram of SCADA System
In the present work Proficy iFIX SCADA is used to control and monitor the smart street lighting system. Proficy
iFIX instantly collects and delivers critical information to the desktops of operators, supervisors and managers
throughout the organization, and presents the data in the graphical format that are easy to understand.
3.3 Lamp Unit
The LED Street light is an integrated light-emitting diode (LED) light fixture that is used for street light. An
LED street light is an integrated light that uses light emitting diodes as its light source. These are considered integrated
lights because in most cases, the luminaries and the fixture are not separate parts. New in manufacturing, the LED light
cluster is sealed on a panel and then assembled to the LED panel with a heat sink to become an integrated lighting
fixture.
The lifespan of an LED street light is determined by its light output compared to its original design
specification. Once its brightness decreases by 30 percent, an LED street light is considered to be at the end of its life.
3.3.1 Advantages of LED Street Lights
• Low energy consumption: The much lower energy usage of LED lighting can dramatically reduce
operating costs.
• Long and predictable lifetime: The lifetime of LED street lights is usually 10 to 15 years.
• Quick turn on and off: Unlike fluorescent lamps, which take time to heat up once switched on, LEDs come
on with full brightness instantly.
3.4 Sensor Unit
It consists of the infrared sensor. It sends out the message to other units under the condition that motion is
detected. This unit is placed at many locations like electric poles, house gates and inside or outside of the door, to ensure
that every street light turns on before pedestrians or a driver of vehicles notice the lights. An infrared sensor is an
electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting or detecting
infrared radiation. It is also capable of measuring heat of an object and detecting motion. Key benefits of infrared sensors
include low power requirements, simple circuitry, and their portable feature.
Here we use a Passive Infrared (PIR) motion detector used to control an outdoor, automatic light. A PIR-based
motion detector is used to sense movement of people, animals, or other objects.
3.4.1 Operating principles
All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of radiation. Usually this
radiation is invisible to the human eye because it radiates at infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected by electronic
devices designed for such a purpose.
The term passive in this instance refers to the fact that PIR devices do not generate or radiate any energy for
detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting the energy given off by other objects. It is important to note that PIR
sensors do not detect or measure heat; instead they detect the Infrared radiation emitted from an object which is
different from but often associated/correlated with the objects temperature.
5. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
The block diagram for the smart street lighting system is as shown in the Fig.4.
48
4. METHODOLOGY
Fig. 4: Block Diagram for the Smart Street Lighting System
The smart street lights require sensor networks. In this paper infrared sensors are used for sensor networks.
These sensors will sense the presence of vehicle or pedestrians, so this will be the input to the sensors. The output of the
sensors will be interfaced to the PLC through the relay circuit i.e. the sensor output will be given to the base of the
transistor and the emitter of transistor to the relay, the relay is connected with a freewheeling diode. It is used to
discharge the current in the loop itself without affecting the circuit when supply is off. The output of the relay circuit is
given as input to the PLC. A PLC executes an initialization step when placed in run mode, and then repeatedly executes a
scan cycle sequence.
The basic PLC scan cycle consists of three steps an input scan, a user program scan, an output scan. The total
time for one complete program scan is a function of processor speed, I/O modules used, and length of user program.
Typically, hundreds of complete scans can take place in 1 second. The PLC is interfaced to the lamp unit through the
relay circuit i.e. the relay and freewheeling diode. Based on the signal from sensor the PLC gives the signal to relay
circuit and the relay which is normally closed will get energized and become close contact and makes the circuit which in
turns gives the signal to lamp units, the street lights will ON after some seconds the lights will go OFF. Depending on the
speed of the vehicle or pedestrians the number of street lights will ON and goes OFF after some seconds.
The lightings of roads are approximately 12 hours from about 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM. The maximum load demand
occurs during 7:00 PM to 11:00 PM, so after 11:00 PM to 6:00 AM the street light will work as smart street lights. The
monitoring and control of the smart street light can be achieved by using SCADA, it can be placed in the substation and
they can visually see the working of smart street light, whether its working condition is good or not sitting at the control
place. The combination of an infrared sensor and a PLC will act as an intelligent mechanism for ON-OFF switch.
Switching the light ON and OFF is automatic and will require no human intervention; it is based on the intensity of
ambient light. This will ease of tension of switching ON the lights as the intensity of natural light falls in the evenings
and switching OFF the same in the mornings. This automation not only obviates the need of manpower for its operation
but also nullifies the risk of wastage of stored power which otherwise may occur due to early switching ON or late
switching OFF by manual operation.
5. PRIMARY FEASIBILITY STUDY
A case study of replacing 1000 High Pressure Sodium (HPS) street lights by LED lights with smart street light:
Let us assume 1000 HPS lamps of 400w, working from 6p.m to 6a.m.
Losses in the choke coil = 20w (average/1hps bulb).
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17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
49
Let us assume for 1 unit it cost 5 Rs.
5.1 Replacement by LED
Total power consumed by 1 LED = 200w.
(Here we are going to consider 6 hours because we are using Smart Street light. From 7p.m to 11p.m it will
work like Normal Street light i.e., continuously operate for 4hour and for the remaining time it works as Smart Street
light depending on vehicle movement it will be on so let us assume that as 2 hours so total 6 hours).
5.2 Investment Cost
Cost of 1 LED system = 10,800 Rs.
Cost of PLC = 1,00,000 Rs.
Cost of SCADA = 1,00,000 Rs.
Cost of 1 PIR sensor = 600 Rs.
7. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
50
Investment = 1,16,00,000 Rs
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper an approach for controlling street light system using PLC and SCADA is proposed. The proposed
controller gives fast, reliable and power efficient street light switching. It also helps to reduce power consumption. The
smart street lights look like a normal street lights, and the street lights will turn on before anyone sees them so that no
one notices this street lights as Smart Street Lights. This paper confirms that the proposed Smart Street Lighting system
based on sensors using PLC and SCADA has great potential to revolutionize street lighting system and in turn saves large
amount of energy.
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