The document discusses psychological disorders and their classification. It describes criteria used to identify abnormal behavior, including unusualness, social deviance, emotional distress, maladaptive behavior, dangerousness, and faulty perceptions. Disorders are classified using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), which includes five axes or dimensions for diagnosis. Common disorders like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and personality disorders are explained in terms of symptoms, types, and potential causes.

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Criteria to Identify Abnormal
Behavior
• Unusualness
• Social deviance
• Emotional distress
• Maladaptive behavior
• Dangerousness
• Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
– Hallucinations
– Delusions

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Psychological Models of
Abnormal Behavior
• Psychodynamic model (Freud)
– Unconscious conflicts
• Behaviorist model (Pavlov)
– Role of learning
• Humanistic model (Rogers, Maslow)
– Conscious choices and self-actualization
• Cognitive theories (Ellis, Beck)
– Distorted thinking and maladaptive behavior

3. How do we diagnose
psychological disorders?
• American Psychiatric Association
– Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders – 4th ed. (DSM - IV)
• Multi-axial system
– 5 axes or dimensions
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4. Psychodiagnosis: The
Classification of Disorders
• Axis I – Clinical Syndromes
• Axis II – Personality Disorders or Mental
Retardation
• Axis III – General Medical Conditions
• Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental
Problems
• Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning

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Psychological Disorders
• Distinctive patterns of abnormal behavior
– Mental disorders or illnesses
• Rates of disorders
– Rather common
– About 50% in lifetime
• Classification
– Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)

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Types of Anxiety Disorders
• Phobias
– Social phobias
– Specific phobias (acrophobia, claustrophobia)
– Agoraphobia
• Panic disorder
• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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Causes of Anxiety Disorders
• Biological factors
– Disturbances in neurotransmitter functioning
– Genetic influences
• Psychological factors
– Classical and operant conditioning
– Cognitive factors

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Mood Disorders
• Severe or persistent disturbances of mood
– Limit ability to function
• Include
– Depressive disorders
– Bipolar disorders

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Depressive Disorders
• Major depressive disorder
– Depressed mood for at least two weeks
• Sadness
• Worthlessness
• Changes in sleep, appetite
• Lethargy
• Loss of interest, concentration
• Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
• Dysthymic disorder

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Bipolar Disorders
• Bipolar disorder
– Alternate between
• Depression
• Manic episodes
– Euphoria
– Restlessness, excitement
– Reckless behavior
• Cyclothymic disorder

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Causes of Mood Disorders:
Psychological Factors
• Cognitive view
– Negative way of interpreting events
– Distorted or biased way of thinking
– Cognitive distortions, such as
• All-or-nothing thinking
• Misplaced blame
• Jumping to conclusions
• Catastrophizing
• Shouldisms

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Causes of Mood Disorders:
Biological Factors
• Chemical imbalances in brain
(neurotransmitters)
– Norepinephrine
– Serotonin
• Treatment with antidepressants
– Prozac
• Hereditary influences

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Schizophrenia
• About one of one hundred people
• Psychotic disorder
• Symptoms
– Hallucinations
– Delusions
– Thought disorder, loose associations
– Positive versus negative symptoms

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Types of Schizophrenia
• Disorganized type
– Confused behavior, incoherent speech
– Vivid, frequent hallucinations
• Catatonic type
– Bizarre movements, postures, grimaces
– Waxy flexibility
• Paranoid type
– Delusions of grandeur, persecution, jealousy

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Causes of Schizophrenia
• Genetic factors- concordance rate for identical twins.
(A quantitative statistical measurement for the
presence of a given genetic trait in both members of
a pair of twins. )
• Biochemical imbalances
– Neurotransmitter dopamine -Effects of antipsychotic drugs
• Brain abnormalities- Prefrontal cortex, limbic system
• Psychosocial influences
– Diathesis-stress model

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Personality Disorders
• Rigid patterns of behavior, personality
– Self-defeating
– Deeply ingrained maladaptive personality traits
• Various disorders (10 in DSM) including
– Narcissistic personality disorder
– Paranoid personality disorder
– Schizoid personality disorder
– Borderline personality disorder
– Antisocial personality disorder