The document discusses Chapter 14 from the 9th edition of the psychology textbook "Psychology" by David Myers. It covers perspectives and classifications of psychological disorders. It defines psychological disorders as deviant, distressing and dysfunctional behaviors. Disorders are classified in the DSM-IV using a multi-axial system. The chapter then examines specific disorders like anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia and personality disorders. It explores perspectives like biological, learning and social factors influencing these conditions.
Week 5 nursing 350 board discussion
Week 5 Discussion Prompt
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Visit the Center for Disease Control website, and go to the Diseases and Conditions pages .
Choose a topic of interest and review any data or statistics provided under that topic. Discuss how evidence-based practice and epidemiology is used to improve prevention and health promotion in your chosen topic.
Bottom of Form
III. Theories of ForgettingEncoding Failure
Fail to encode the information; information is never transferred to LTM (p. 317)Storage Decay:
Forgetting curve: initially rapid, then levels off with time (pp 317-318)Retrieval Failure:
We cannot retrieve the information. (pp 318 - 319)
Absence of cues.
Importance of cues (context effects, mood-congruent memory, & déjà vu) pp 312 - 314
*
III. Theories of ForgettingMotivated Forgetting theory: pp 320 - 326
Remembering our past is often revising it.
We forget things that run counter to our self-view.
We remember things that correspond to how we view ourselves or that enhance us.
Blocking (repressing) painful, unpleasant memories is extremely rare.
Can we recover these memories?
Beware! It is very easy to create false memories.
*
III. Theories of ForgettingCreation of false memories:
“mousetrap on finger study (Ceci & Bruck, 1993, 1995) pp 325 - 326
58% of preschoolers produced false memories
Professional psychologists could not distinguish the real from the false memories
*
III. Theories of ForgettingRepressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?Conclusions: p 325
Incest and sexual abuse happens. (all too often!)
There are false convictions.
Some people do forget traumatic events although it is much more likely that a person can’t forget them.
The recovery of some memories is possible, but recovery of repressed memories is questionable.
Use of hypnosis or drugs to recover memories is questionable.
Memories of events before age 3 and a half are highly questionable. (Remember infantile amnesia.)
Even false memories are emotionally traumatic.
*
Outline for Psychological Disorders
Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders: characterized by . . .
distressing persistent anxiety (a feeling and a cognition)
maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
5 types:
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobias
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Generalized anxiety disorder: characterized by .
Continuous feelings of tension or unease
worried thoughts about bad things happening
autonomic nervous system arousal
the inability to identify or explain its cause (free-floating)
Persists for 6 months or more
Women are more likely to suffer from this disorder. Two-thirds of the sufferers are women.
(Why the gender difference? Be a good critical thinker! It doesn’t have to be biology! (Wo ...
lecture 12 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes DSM-IV TR psychiatric disorders including Post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, anterior cingulate
Need to be at least 250 words; APA format; see chapter 11 textbooTatianaMajor22
Need to be at least 250 words; APA format; see chapter 11 textbook content attachment
Use textbook and 2 other scholarly sources. Assignment will be submitted for plagiarism
Videos:
Kimberly Huber, Ph.D., on Understanding Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Autism:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6cUARufs80
Counseling Diagnostic Assessment Vignette #33 - Symptoms of Brief Psychotic Disorder:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q58A-IM8iUs
Living With Schizophrenia:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48YJMOcykvc&t=3s
Include each of the following items in your discussion post. don't forget to cite and source!
Please put the answer under each one
a. Describe the symptoms, causes, and prognosis for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
b. Discuss how other psychotic disorders differ from schizophrenia.
c. Comment on the importance of cultural awareness in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Textbook:
Sue, D., Sue, D. W., Sue, D., & Sue, S. (2014). Essentials of understanding abnormal behavior (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Chapter 1111-1Symptoms of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
The symptoms associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders fall into four categories: positive symptoms, psychomotor abnormalities, cognitive symptoms, and negative symptoms.11-1aPositive Symptoms
Case Study
Over a month before he committed the Navy yard shooting, Aaron Alexis called police to report that three people—two males and a female—were following him. He explained that he was unable to sleep because these people talked to him through the walls, ceiling, and floors of his hotel room. He also reported that they were using a microwave to send vibrations into his body (Winter, 2013).
Positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders involve delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking, incoherent communication, and bizarre behavior. The term “positive symptoms” refers to behaviors or experiences associated with schizophrenia that are new to the person. These symptoms can range in severity, and can persist or fluctuate. In the case above, Alexis experienced two positive symptoms: auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) and a delusion that three people were following him, keeping him awake and sending vibrations into his body. Many people with positive symptoms do not understand that their symptoms are the result of mental illness (Islam, Scarone, & Gambini, 2011).
Delusions
Many individuals with psychotic disorders experience delusions. Delusions are false beliefs that are firmly and consistently held despite disconfirming evidence or logic. Individuals experiencing delusions are not able to distinguish between their private thoughts and external reality. Lack of insight is particularly common among individuals experiencing delusions; in other words, they do not recognize that their thoughts or beliefs are extremely illogical. In the following case study, therapists confront a graduate student’s delusion that rats were inside his head ...
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
6. 6
Schizophrenia
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Onset and Development of Schizophrenia
Understanding Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Understanding Antisocial Personality
Disorder
Rates of Psychological Disorders
7. 7
Psychological Disorders
I felt the need to clean my room … would spend four to
five hours at it… At the time I loved doing it. Then I
didn't want to do it any more, but I couldn’t stop… The
clothes hung… two fingers apart… I touched my
bedroom wall before leaving the house… I had constant
anxiety… I thought I might be nuts.
Marc, diagnosed with
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(from Summers, 1996)
8. 8
Psychological Disorders
People are fascinated by the exceptional, the
unusual, and the abnormal. This fascination
may be caused by two reasons:
1. During various moments we feel, think, and act like
an abnormal individual.
2. Psychological disorders may bring unexplained
physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicidal
thoughts.
9. 9
Psychological Disorders
To study the abnormal is the best way of
understanding the normal.
1. There are 450 million people suffering from
psychological disorders (WHO, 2004).
2. Depression and schizophrenia exist in all cultures
of the world.
William James (1842-1910)
10. 10
Defining Psychological Disorders
Mental health workers view psychological
disorders as persistently harmful thoughts,
feelings, and actions.
When behavior is deviant, distressful, and
dysfunctional psychiatrists and psychologists
label it as disordered (Comer, 2004).
11. 11
Deviant, Distressful & Dysfunctional
1. Deviant behavior
(going naked) in one
culture may be
considered normal,
while in others it may
lead to arrest.
2. Deviant behavior must
accompany distress.
3. If a behavior is
dysfunctional it is
clearly a disorder.
In the Wodaabe tribe men
wear costumes to attract
women. In Western society
this would be considered
abnormal.
CarolBeckwith
12. 12
Understanding Psychological
Disorders
Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders
include trephination, exorcism, being caged like
animals, being beaten, burned, castrated,
mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood.
Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)
JohnW.Verano
14. 14
Medical Model
When physicians discovered that syphilis led to
mental disorders, they started using medical models
to review the physical causes of these disorders.
1. Etiology: Cause and development of the
disorder.
2. Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and
distinguishing one disease from another.
3. Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric
hospital.
4. Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder.
16. 16
Classifying Psychological Disorders
The American Psychiatric Association rendered
a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological
disorders.
The most recent edition, DSM-IV-TR (Text
Revision, 2000), describes 400 psychological
disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s.
17. 17
Multiaxial Classification
Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems
(school or housing issues) also present?
Axis IV
What is the Global Assessment of the person’s
functioning?Axis V
Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes,
hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?
Axis III
Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation
present?
Axis II
Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety,
mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?
Axis I
20. 20
Goals of DSM
1. Describe (400) disorders.
2. Determine how prevalent the
disorder is.
Disorders outlined by DSM-IV are reliable.
Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are
similar.
Others criticize DSM-IV for “putting any kind
of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.”
21. 21
Labeling Psychological Disorders
1. Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels may
stigmatize individuals.
Asylum baseball team (labeling)
ElizabethEckert,Middletown,NY.FromL.Gamwelland
N.Tomes,MadnessinAmerica,1995.CornellUniversityPress.
23. 23
Labeling Psychological Disorders
3. “Insanity” labels
raise moral and
ethical questions
about how society
should treat people
who have
disorders and have
committed crimes.
Theodore Kaczynski
(Unabomber)
ElaineThompson/APPhoto
25. 25
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and
apprehension.
2. Autonomic arousal.
3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of
certain feelings.
Symptoms
26. 26
Panic Disorder
Minutes-long episodes of intense dread which
may include feelings of terror, chest pains,
choking, or other frightening sensations.
Anxiety is a component of both disorders. It
occurs more in the panic disorder, making
people avoid situations that cause it.
Symptoms
27. 27
Phobias
Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an
object or situation that disrupts behavior.
28. 28
Kinds of Phobias
Phobia of blood.Hemophobia
Phobia of closed spaces.Claustrophobia
Phobia of heights.Acrophobia
Phobia of open places.Agoraphobia
30. 30
A PET scan of the brain
of a person with
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder (OCD). High
metabolic activity (red)
in the frontal lobe areas
are involved with
directing attention.
Brain Imaging
Brain image of an OCD
31. 31
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Four or more weeks of the following symptoms
constitute post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD):
1. Haunting memories
2. Nightmares
3. Social withdrawal
4. Jumpy anxiety
5. Sleep problems
Bettmann/Corbis
32. 32
Resilience to PTSD
Only about 10% of women and 20% of men
react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD.
Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience
against traumatic situations.
All major religions of the world suggest that
surviving a trauma leads to the growth of an
individual.
34. 34
The Learning Perspective
Learning theorists
suggest that fear
conditioning leads to
anxiety. This anxiety
then becomes associated
with other objects or
events (stimulus
generalization) and is
reinforced.
JohnColetti/Stock,Boston
35. 35
The Learning Perspective
Investigators believe that fear responses are
inculcated through observational learning.
Young monkeys develop fear when they watch
other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.
36. 36
The Biological Perspective
Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn
to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals.
Therefore, fear preserves the species.
Twin studies suggest that our genes may be
partly responsible for developing fears and
anxiety. Twins are more likely to share
phobias.
37. 37
The Biological Perspective
Generalized anxiety,
panic attacks, and even
OCD are linked with
brain circuits like the
anterior cingulate cortex.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
of an OCD patient.
S.Ursu,V.A.Stenger,M.K.Shear,M.R.Jones,&C.S.Carter(2003).Overactiveaction
monitoringinobsessive-compulsivedisorder.PsychologicalScience,14,347-353.
38. 38
Dissociative Disorders
Conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories,
thoughts, and feelings.
Symptoms
1. Having a sense of being unreal.
2. Being separated from the body.
3. Watching yourself as if in a movie.
39. 39
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
A disorder in which a person exhibits two or
more distinct and alternating personalities,
formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Chris Sizemore (DID)
LoisBernstein/GammaLiason
40. 40
DID Critics
Critics argue that the diagnosis of DID
increased in the late 20th
century. DID has
not been found in other countries.
Critics’ Arguments
1. Role-playing by people open to a
therapist’s suggestion.
2. Learned response that reinforces
reductions in anxiety.
42. 42
Major Depressive Disorder
Depression is the “common cold” of
psychological disorders. In a year, 5.8% of men
and 9.5% of women report depression
worldwide (WHO, 2002).
Chronic shortness of
breath
Gasping for air after a
hard run
Major Depressive DisorderBlue mood
43. 43
Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of
depression last two weeks or more and are not
caused by drugs or medical conditions.
1. Lethargy and fatigue
2. Feelings of worthlessness
3. Loss of interest in family & friends
4. Loss of interest in activities
Signs include:
44. 44
Bipolar Disorder
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An
alternation between depression and mania
signals bipolar disorder.
Multiple ideas
Hyperactive
Desire for action
Euphoria
Elation
Manic Symptoms
Slowness of thought
Tired
Inability to make decisions
Withdrawn
Gloomy
Depressive Symptoms
45. 45
Bipolar Disorder
Many great writers, poets, and composers
suffered from bipolar disorder. During their
manic phase creativity surged, but not during
their depressed phase.
Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway
Bettmann/Corbis
GeorgeC.Beresford/HultonGettyPicturesLibrary
TheGrangerCollection
EarlTheissen/HultonGettyPicturesLibrary
46. 46
Explaining Mood Disorders
Since depression is so prevalent worldwide,
investigators want to develop a theory of
depression that will suggest ways to treat it.
Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1998) note that a theory
of depression should explain the following:
1. Behavioral and cognitive changes
2. Common causes of depression
48. 48
Theory of Depression
4. Depressive episodes self-terminate.
5. Stressful events often precede depression.
6. Depression is increasing, especially in the teens.
Post-partum depression
DesireeNavarro/GettyImages
49. 49
Suicide
The most severe form of behavioral response to
depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million
people commit suicide worldwide.
1. National differences
2. Racial differences
3. Gender differences
4. Age differences
5. Other differences
Suicide Statistics
50. 50
Biological Perspective
Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in
families. The rate of depression is higher in
identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).
Linkage analysis and
association studies link
possible genes and
dispositions for depression.
JerryIrwinPhotography
51. 51
The Depressed Brain
PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with manic and depressive
episodes.
CourtesyofLewisBaxteranMichaelE.
Phelps,UCLASchoolofMedicine
54. 54
Depression Cycle
1. Negative stressful events.
2. Pessimistic explanatory
style.
3. Hopeless depressed state.
4. These hamper the way the
individual thinks and acts,
fueling personal rejection.
55. 55
Schizophrenia
The literal translation is “split mind” which
refers to a split from reality. A group of severe
disorders characterized by the following:
1. Disorganized and delusional
thinking.
2. Disturbed perceptions.
3. Inappropriate emotions and
actions.
56. 56
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms: the presence of inappropriate
behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or
delusional talking)
Negative symptoms: the absence of appropriate
behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
57. 57
Other forms of delusions include, delusions of
persecution (“someone is following me”) or
grandeur (“I am a king”).
Disorganized & Delusional Thinking
This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was
making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars …
I’m Mary Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me
upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my
eighteenth birthday.”
(Sheehan, 1982)
This monologue illustrates fragmented, bizarre
thinking with distorted beliefs called delusions
(“I’m Mary Poppins”).
58. 58
Disorganized & Delusional Thinking
Many psychologists believe disorganized
thoughts occur because of selective attention
failure (fragmented and bizarre thoughts).
59. 59
Disturbed Perceptions
A schizophrenic person may perceive things
that are not there (hallucinations). Frequently
such hallucinations are auditory and lesser
visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory.
L.Berthold,Untitled.ThePrinzhornCollection,UniversityofHeidelberg
AugustNatter,WitchesHead.ThePrinzhornCollection,UniversityofHeidelberg
PhotosofpaintingsbyKrannertMuseum,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign
60. 60
Inappropriate Emotions & Actions
A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news
of someone dying or show no emotion at all
(flat affect).
Patients with schizophrenia may continually
rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless
for hours (catatonia).
61. 61
Onset and Development of
Schizophrenia
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and
throughout the world over 24 million people
suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002).
Schizophrenia strikes young people as they
mature into adults. It affects men and women
equally, but men suffer from it more severely
than women.
62. 62
Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia
When schizophrenia is slow to develop
(chronic/process) recovery is doubtful. Such
schizophrenics usually display negative
symptoms.
When schizophrenia rapidly develops
(acute/reactive) recovery is better. Such
schizophrenics usually show positive
symptoms.
63. 63
Understanding Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited
by the symptoms of the mind.
Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers found that
schizophrenic patients express higher levels of
dopamine D4 receptors in the brain.
Brain Abnormalities
64. 64
Abnormal Brain Activity
Brain scans show abnormal activity in the
frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of
schizophrenic patients.
PaulThompsonandArthurW.Toga,UCLALaboratoryofNeuro
ImagingandJudithL.Rapport,NationalInstituteofMentalHealth
65. 65
Abnormal Brain Morphology
Schizophrenia patients may exhibit
morphological changes in the brain like
enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles.
BothPhotos:CourtesyofDanielR.Weinberger,M.D.,NIH-NIMH/NSC
66. 66
Viral Infection
Schizophrenia has also been observed in
individuals who contracted a viral infection
(flu) during the middle of their fetal
development.
67. 67
Genetic Factors
The likelihood of an individual suffering from
schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has
the disease (Gottesman, 2001).
0 10 20 30 40 50
Identical
Both parents
Fraternal
One parent
Sibling
Nephew or niece
Unrelated
69. 69
Psychological Factors
Psychological and environmental factors can
trigger schizophrenia if the individual is
genetically predisposed (Nicol & Gottesman,
1983).
Genain Sisters
The genetically identical
Genain
sisters suffer from
schizophrenia. Two more than
others, thus there are
contributing environmental
factors.
CourtesyofGenainFamily
70. 70
Personality Disorders
Personality disorders
are characterized by
inflexible and
enduring behavior
patterns that impair
social functioning.
They are usually
without anxiety,
depression, or
delusions.
71. 71
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A disorder in which the person (usually men)
exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even
toward friends and family members. Formerly,
this person was called a sociopath or psychopath.
72. 72
Understanding Antisocial
Personality Disorder
Like mood disorders
and schizophrenia,
antisocial personality
disorder has biological
and psychological
reasons. Youngsters,
before committing a
crime, respond with
lower levels of stress
hormones than others
do at their age.
73. 73
Understanding Antisocial
Personality Disorder
PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced
activity in the frontal lobes. In a follow-up study,
repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe activity
(Raine et al., 1999; 2000).
Normal Murderer
CourtesyofAdrianRaine,
UniversityofSouthernCalifornia
75. 75
Rates of Psychological Disorders
The prevalence of psychological disorders during
the previous year is shown below (WHO, 2004).
Editor's Notes
Preview Question 1: How should we draw the line between normality and disorder?
Preview Question 2: What perspectives can help us understand psychological disorders?
Preview Question 3: How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders?
Preview Question 4: Why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels?
Preview Question 5: What are anxiety disorders, and how do they differ from ordinary worries and fears?
Preview Question 6: What produces the thoughts and feelings that mark anxiety disorders?
Preview Question 7: What are somatoform disorders?
Preview Question 8: What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial?
Preview Question 9: What are mood disorders, and what forms do they take?
Preview Question 10: What causes mood disorders, and what might explain the Western world’s rising incidence of depression among youth and young adults?
Preview Question 11: What patterns of thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize schizophrenia?
Preview Question 12: What causes schizophrenia?
Preview Question 13: What characteristics are typical of personality disorders?
Preview Question 14: How many people suffer, or have suffered, from a psychological disorder?