This ppt is useful for students pursuing their graduation with clinical psychology and psychopathology.

1. Psychological Disorders
Chapter 14

2. Conceptualizing Psychological Disorders
The Medical Model
Conceptualizes abnormal behavior as a disease
Advantages
Humane treatment of people with “mental illness”
Use of medical concepts
Etiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Disadvantages (Thomas Szasz)
Stigmatizing
Passivity
Abnormal behavior is not illness

3. Abnormal Behavior
 What is abnormal
behavior?
 Deviant
 Maladaptive
 Causing personal distress
 A continuum of
normal/abnormal

4. Stereotypes of Abnormal Behavior
 Psychological disorders are
incurable
 People with psychological
disorders are often violent
and dangerous
 People with psychological
disorders behave in bizarre
ways and are very different
from “normal” people
Lifetime prevalence of psychological disorders

5. Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders
 American Psychiatric Association
 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders – 4th ed. (DSM - 4)
 Axis I Clinical Syndromes
 Axis II Personality Disorders
 Axis III General Medical Conditions
 Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
 Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning

6. Axis I Clinical Syndromes
 Anxiety Disorders
 Somatoform Disorders
 Dissociative Disorders
 Mood Disorders
 Schizophrenic Disorders

7. Clinical Syndromes: Anxiety Disorders
 Generalized anxiety disorder
 “free-floating anxiety”
 Phobic disorder
 Specific focus of fear
 Panic disorder and agoraphobia
 Obsessive compulsive disorder
 Obsessions
 Compulsions
 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

8. Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
 Biological factors
 Genetic predisposition, anxiety
sensitivity
 GABA circuits in the brain
 Conditioning and learning
 Acquired through classical
conditioning or observational
learning
 Maintained through operant
conditioning
 Cognitive factors
 Judgments of perceived threat
 Personality
 Neuroticism
 Stress—a precipitator

9. Clinical Syndromes: Somatoform
Disorders
 Somatization Disorder
 Conversion Disorder
 Hypochondriasis
 Etiology
 Reactive autonomic
nervous system
 Personality factors
 Cognitive factors
 The sick role

10. Clinical Syndromes: Dissociative
Disorders
 Dissociative amnesia
 Dissociative fugue
 Dissociative identity disorder
 Etiology
 severe emotional trauma during childhood
 Controversy
 Media creation?

11. Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders
 Major depressive disorder
 Dysthymic disorder
 Bipolar disorder
 Cyclothymic disorder
 Etiology
 Genetic vulnerability
 Neurochemical factors
 Cognitive factors
 Interpersonal roots
 Precipitating stress

12. Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders
 Etiology
 Genetic vulnerability
 Neurochemical factors
 Cognitive factors
 Interpersonal roots
 Precipitating stress

13. Clinical Syndromes: Schizophrenia
 General symptoms
 Major Symptoms
 Irrational thought
 Deterioration of adaptive behavior
 Distorted perception
 Disturbed emotion
 Prognostic factors

14. Subtyping of Schizophrenia
 4 subtypes
 Paranoid type
 Catatonic type
 Disorganized type
 Undifferentiated type
 New model for classification
 Positive vs. negative symptoms

15. Etiology of Schizophrenia
 Genetic vulnerability
 Neurochemical factors
 Structural abnormalities of
the brain
 The neurodevelopmental
hypothesis
 Expressed emotion
 Precipitating stress

16. Personality Disorders
 Anxious-fearful cluster
 Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
 Dramatic-impulsive cluster
 Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial
 Odd-eccentric cluster
 Schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid
 Etiology
 Genetic predispositions, inadequate
socialization in dysfunctional families

17. Psychological Disorders and the Law
 Insanity
 M’naghten rule
 Involuntary
commitment
 danger to self
 danger to others
 in need of treatment

18. Culture and Pathology
 Cultural variations
 Culture bound disorders
 Koro
 Windigo
 Anorexia nervosa