This document discusses recent advances in using pulmonary delivery of insulin to treat diabetes. It describes how inhaled insulin is absorbed rapidly through the lungs and can effectively lower blood sugar. Several systems have been developed for delivering insulin via inhalation, including dry powder and liquid formulations. While pulmonary insulin provides benefits over injections, it also carries drawbacks like increased lung lesions and greater expense than conventional insulin sources. Inhaled insulin remains a promising non-injectable option for diabetes treatment if the challenges can be addressed.
Targeted drug delivery to the respiratory system- An article Satyaki Mishra
This is an article (preview) on Pulmonary drug delivery system written for partial submission of Post-graduation assignment.. The study further helps in enhancing knowledge on target specific drug delivery system. If this article is of any help to you, kindly consider downloading it. You can drop your mail id in the comment section.
Targeted drug delivery to the respiratory system- An article Satyaki Mishra
This is an article (preview) on Pulmonary drug delivery system written for partial submission of Post-graduation assignment.. The study further helps in enhancing knowledge on target specific drug delivery system. If this article is of any help to you, kindly consider downloading it. You can drop your mail id in the comment section.
Pharmacokinetics is a part of the general Pharmacology which involves the Absorption, Distribution,Metabolism & elimination of the drugs . this part 1 deals with the Route of administration & mechanism of absorption
Definition and Classification of routes of drug administration. Along with an explanation of it. Advantages and Disadvantages of different routes of administration. Intravenous routes give faster onset of action than any other route. 100% bioavailability is possible in the case of IV. The choice of route depends upon the patient condition.
Pharmacokinetics is a part of the general Pharmacology which involves the Absorption, Distribution,Metabolism & elimination of the drugs . this part 1 deals with the Route of administration & mechanism of absorption
Definition and Classification of routes of drug administration. Along with an explanation of it. Advantages and Disadvantages of different routes of administration. Intravenous routes give faster onset of action than any other route. 100% bioavailability is possible in the case of IV. The choice of route depends upon the patient condition.
Insulin delivery systems that are currently available for the administration of insulin include syringes, insulin infusion pumps, jet injectors and pens but insulin injection is complex to control,require multiple injection per day and can led to local pain, hypoglycemia and weight gain. so many efforts have been made to deliver insulin via other routes like occular, buccal, rectal, pulmonary, nasal, transdermal and oral delivery.
Hydrogel, nanoparticles, microparticles, tablet , capsule & film patch are designed to deliver insulin orally.
Insulin Lispro Revisited
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
The discovery of insulin was one of the most dramatic and important milestones in medicine - a Nobel Prize-winning moment in science.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Pulmonary Delivery of Insulin
1. RECENT ADVANCES IN PHARMACOTHERAPY
OF DIABETES- PULMONAY DELIVERY
OF INSULIN
PREPARED BY:
HARSHIT JOSHI
2. List of contents
1. Introduction
2. Intrapulmonary insulin
3. Fate of pulmonary insulin
4. Systems for pulmonary
delivery of insulin
5. Drawbacks
6. Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
Initial attempts delivered the insulin hormone intramuscularly,
intravenously, and eventually subcutaneously. Other routes of
administration of the drug were explored. These included oral, rectal,
sublingual, buccal, transdermal, vaginal, intramuscular, intrapulmonary,
and intranasal delivery systems.
The purpose of these latter studies was to determine a noninjectable
method to deliver insulin to patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes that
would effectively lower blood sugar, and allow patients a simpler, less
invasive, and more direct control oftheir underlying disease process.
4. In January 2006 the United States Food and Drug
Administration approved Exubera (Pfizer Pharmaceuticals,
New York, NY) as the first pulmonary inhaled insulin. In
actuality attempts to explore various methods to deliver insulin
using intrapulmonary delivery had occurred since 1925.
5. INTRAPULMONARY INSULIN
The lung has been considered a route for systemic delivery of many
therapeutic proteins and peptides.
This system includes two major anatomical parts. The first includes the
upper airways, oral cavity, trachea, bronchi, and all upper airways distal
to the bronchioles. The second includes the lower airways, conducting
airways including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar
sacs.
The lung offers a large surface area for drug absorption. The very thin
alveolar epithelium permits rapid drug absorption. The alveoli can be
targeted for effective drug absorption by drug delivery by aerosol with a
mass medium aerodynamic particle diameter <5 mm.
6. Pulmonary absorption is through two routes: transcytosis and
paracellular transport.
Absorption involves several factors: particle size and velocity,
active ingredient molecule size and weight, physiochemical
characteristics of the substance (lipophilic, hygroscopic, electric
charge), smoking and possible bronchopulmonary disorders
(asthma and COPD), presence of surfactant, bile salts, fatty acids
and chelating agents.
7. The inhaled route has limits: the tolerance threshold applicable to
inhalation of insoluble particles, and pharmacological limits of the
nebulised form (real administrable dose/minimum effective dose ratio).
8. FATE OF PULMONARY INSULIN
Inhaled insulin is absorbed more rapidly, or at least as quickly as
subcutaneous insulin.
The hypoglycaemic effect is more rapid with inhaled insulin and the
maximal metabolic effect is at least equal to that of injectable insulin..
There are less episodes of hypoglycaemia with inhaled insulin.
The bioavailability of inhaled insulin is low, between 9 and 22%
depending on the system.
Pharmacokinetic intra-individual variability is between 15 and 30%,
identical to the values with subcutaneous insulin.
Insulin resistance increases with ageing.
9. SYSTEMS FOR PULMONARY DELIVERY OF INSULIN
The formulation used is:
Either insulin in dry power form:
•Exubera Device,
•TechnosphereTM Insulin,
•Spiros Device,
Or insulin adsorbed on porous particles:
•AirTM Pulmonary Drug System Device
Or insulin in nebulised liquid form:
•AERx® (iIDMS)
•AerodoseTM Inhaler
•Kos Device
10. Exubera Device (Nektar Therapeutics Inc., San Carlos, CA, Aventis,
Bridgewater, NJ, Pfizer, NY, USA)
It is a dry powder containing recombinant
human insulin presented in blisters to be
inserted in an inhaler. As for all powder forms,
there are problems with hygroscopicity and
intra- and interindividual variability related to
the inhalation technique.
However, the mannitol is used as an excipient
and the design of the inhalator minimises their
impact. It does not use gas for propulsion or
require electrical energy.
11. TechnosphereTM Insulin (Pharmaceutical Discovery Corporation
MannKind Biopharmaceuticals, NY, USA)
This is insulin formulated as a crystalline
powder with an aerodynamic diameter of
3μm, in capsules presented in three
strengths corresponding to the equivalent
of 2, 4 and 8 IU of injectable insulin. The
aerosol, composed of insulin particles
loaded onto diketopiperazine molecules,
is produced using an inhaler triggered
when the patient inhales.
12. AirTM Pulmonary drug system device (Advanced Inhalation Research,
Alkermes, MA, and Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, USA)
The Air system uses porous particles with a
geometric diameter between 5 and 30μm. As
the particles are very low in density
(<0.03g/cm3), their aerodynamic diameter,
proportional to the square root of their
density, is small at 1 to 5μm. The porous
nature of the particles, by minimising the
tendency to particle aggregation, facilitates
their dispersion and enables better
absorption
13. DRAWBACKS
Insulin is a peptide with anabolic, proinflammatory and
immunoreactive properties that contribute to the multiplication of
alveolar epithelial cells, block apoptosis, and cause capillary
vasodilation.
The pulmonary lesions observed associate thickening of the basal
lamina, intraseptal nodular fibrosis and emphysema-like features.
it is expensive than conventional sources of insulin.
14. CONCLUSION
Inhaled insulin, whose profile of action is comparable to rapid-acting
subcutaneous insulin, could be proposed for preprandial administration
in both types of diabetes in replacement of or in addition to oral
hypoglycaemic agents or injections of insulin, to improve control of
blood glucose levels.
To date, it is an interesting and innovative dosage form for its design,
easy administration, and efficacy, but potentially expensive compared
with the conventional injectable form.