The document provides an introduction to pharmacology, including the principles of drug action and administration. It discusses the pharmacokinetic phases a drug passes through in the body - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Absorption describes how the drug enters the bloodstream. Distribution describes the drug's movement through tissues. Metabolism breaks down the drug, while excretion removes it from the body. Factors like genetics, age, and drug interactions can influence a drug's pharmacokinetic phases and overall effects.
Definition and Classification of routes of drug administration. Along with an explanation of it. Advantages and Disadvantages of different routes of administration. Intravenous routes give faster onset of action than any other route. 100% bioavailability is possible in the case of IV. The choice of route depends upon the patient condition.
Know About Your Drug ,,, Part - II ( Route of Drug Administration) for study purpose pharmaceutical professional such as students and other specialized field. Presentation for "LEARN & EARN KNOWLEDGE" based.
Thanks all of you for your support...Part-I success and your comments.
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
Definition and Classification of routes of drug administration. Along with an explanation of it. Advantages and Disadvantages of different routes of administration. Intravenous routes give faster onset of action than any other route. 100% bioavailability is possible in the case of IV. The choice of route depends upon the patient condition.
Know About Your Drug ,,, Part - II ( Route of Drug Administration) for study purpose pharmaceutical professional such as students and other specialized field. Presentation for "LEARN & EARN KNOWLEDGE" based.
Thanks all of you for your support...Part-I success and your comments.
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
This is the material for the 2nd week meeting on Food and Drugs Interaction for Nutrition students. This topic will cover the drug metabolism, looking at the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Objectives for this present are to define:
terminology
explain principles of drug action
describe pharmacokinetic functions
principles of pharmacodynamics
identify adverse drug reactions
Briefly described by Dr. Nizar Muhammad, with a clinical perspective, for the students of Pharmacy and specially for nursing students, the data is taken from an american book, named as Clinical Pharmacology_anonim.
- Routes of administration
- First pass metabolism, bioavailablilty, drug distribution,
- Drug interactions with proteins, Drug metabolism, elimination, Half-life
Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) is a temporary, mechanical, circulatory, and respiratory support system. Its main use is in patients with heart and/or respiratory failure, allowing complete support by ensuring continuous systemic perfusion and oxygenation.
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that results when the heart is unable to provide sufficient blood flow to meet metabolic requirements or accommodate systemic venous return.
Definition
Causes
Pathophysiology
Types Of Heart Failure
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
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● Formation and position of the heart tube.
● Formation and position of the heart loop
● Mechanism of cardiac looping
● Formation of the embryonic ventricle
● Development of the sinus venosus
● Formation of the cardiac septa
● Atrial septation
● The atrio-ventricular canal
● The muscular interventricular septum
● The septum in truncus arteriosus and the cordis conus
DRUG and ELECTROLYTE EFFCET on ECG
• Many drug effect and electrolyte disturbances may be diagnosed initially and monitored from an ECG.
• The diagnosis should be confirmed by assessing the clinical features, drug history, levels of potassium and calcium and finding the underlying cause, before treatment is initiated.
List of Drug
Digitalis
Antiarrthymic drugs : CLASS IA , CLASS IB & CLASS IC
Electrolyte abnormalities : Potassium & Calcium
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Content
Principle of Drug Action
• The Drug administration
• The Pharmacokinetic phase
• The Pharmacodynamic phase
Administration of Drugs
• Enteral
• Parenteral
3. Principle of Drug Action : The Drug Administration
• Most of the drug can be administered by different routes. Drug
and patient-related factors determine the selection of routes for
drug administration.
• These factors are :
a. Characteristics of the drug
b. Emergency / routine use
c. Condition of the patient (unconsious, vomiting & diarrhoea)
d. Age of the patient
e. Associated diseases
13. Pharmacokinetics
• Definition
Pharmacokinetics id derived from 2 words:
Pharmaco meaning drug and Kinesis meaning movement.
In short , it is what the body does to the drug.
It includes Absorption (A), Distribution (D), Metabolism (M)
and Excretion (E).
14. Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics as a drug’s journey through
the body, during which it passes through four
different phases: absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion (ADME). The four
steps are:
• Absorption: Describes how the drug moves
from the site of administration to the site of
action.
• Distribution: Describes the journey of the drug
through the bloodstream to various tissues of
the body.
• Metabolism: Describes the process that
breaks down the drug.
• Excretion: Describes the removal of the drug
from the body.
15. Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
• Absorption is the movement of a drug from its site of administration
to the bloodstream. The rate and extent of drug absorption depend
on multiple factors, such as:
• Route of administration
• The formulation and chemical properties of a drug
• Drug-food interactions
• The administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, inhalation) of a drug
influences bioavailability, the fraction of the active form of a drug that
enters the bloodstream and successfully reaches its target site.
• When a drug is given intravenously, absorption is not required, and
bioavailability is 100% because the active form of the medicine is
delivered immediately to the systemic circulation. However, orally
administered medications have incomplete absorption and result in
less drug delivery to the site of action. For example, many orally
administered drugs are metabolized within the gut wall or the liver
before reaching the systemic circulation. This is referred to as first-
pass metabolism, which reduces drug absorption.
16. Pharmacokinetics
Distribution
• The process of drug distribution is important because it can affect
how much drug ends up in the active sites, and thus drug efficacy
and toxicity. A drug will move from the absorption site to tissues
around the body, such as brain tissue, fat, and muscle. Many factors
could influence this, such as blood flow, lipophilicity, molecular size,
and how the drug interacts with the components of blood, like
plasma proteins.
• For example, a drug like warfarin is highly protein-bound, which
means only a small percentage of the drug is free in the bloodstream
to exert its therapeutic effects. If a highly protein-bound drug is given
in combination with warfarin, it could displace warfarin from the
protein-binding site and increase the amount that enters the
bloodstream.
• Additionally, there are anatomical barriers found in certain organs
like the blood-brain barrier, preventing certain drugs from going into
brain tissue. Drugs with certain characteristics, like high lipophilicity,
small size, and molecular weight will be better able to cross the
blood brain barrier.
17. Pharmacokinetics
Metabolism
• Cytochrome enzymes (CYP450) are responsible for the biotransformation or
metabolism of about 70-80% of all drugs in clinical use.
What are some factors that affect drug metabolism?
• Genetics can impact whether someone metabolizes drugs more quickly or
slowly.
• Age can impact liver function; the elderly have reduced liver function and
may metabolize drugs more slowly, increasing risk of intolerability, and
newborns or infants have immature liver function and may require special
dosing considerations.
• Drug interactions can lead to decreased drug metabolism by enzyme
inhibition or increased drug metabolism by enzyme induction.
18. Pharmacokinetics
Metabolism
• Cytochrome enzymes (CYP450) are responsible for the biotransformation or metabolism of about 70-80% of all drugs in
clinical use.
• When a drug is metabolized through CYP450 enzymes, it results in inactive metabolites, which have none of the original
drug's pharmacologic activity. However, certain medications, like codeine, are inactive and become converted in the body
into a pharmacologically active drug. These are commonly referred to as prodrugs.
• As you can imagine, having genetic variations in CYP2D6, the metabolic pathway for codeine, can have significant clinical
consequences. Usually, CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) have higher serum levels of active drugs. In codeine, PMs have
higher serum levels of the inactive drug, which could result in inefficacy. Conversely, ultra-rapid metabolizers (UMs) will
transform codeine to morphine extremely quickly, resulting in toxic morphine levels.
• The FDA added a black box warning to the codeine drug label, stating that respiratory depression and death have occurred
in children who received codeine following a tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy and who have evidence of being a
CYP2D6 UM.
19. Pharmacokinetics
Excretion
• Elimination involves both the metabolism and the excretion of the
drug through the kidneys, and to a much smaller degree, into the
bile.
• Excretion into the urine through the kidneys is one of the most
important mechanisms of drug removal.
• Many factors affect excretion, such as:
• Direct renal dysfunction, which could prolong the half-life of certain
drugs and necessitate dose adjustments.
• Age, which can contribute to differing rates of excretion and impact
dosing of medications.
• Pathologies that impact renal blood flow, such as congestive heart
failure and liver disease can make drug excretion less efficient
• Whether it’s a patient who just had gastric bypass surgery, a
CYP2D6 poor metabolizer, or a patient with renal dysfunction, an
individual’s characteristics affect these four processes, which can
ultimately influence medication selection.
20.
21. • Pharmacodynamics is the aspects relating to ‘what the
drug does to the body’.
• It is the study of drugs – their mechanism of action ,
pharmacological actions and adverse effect.
Pharmacodynamics