RPE ALL UNITS notes sharda university (2).pptx

Unethical Behavior: Introduction, Causes
and Types of Scientific Misconduct in
Publishing
Dr Bhuvnesh Kumar, Dean Research
Sharda University

Ethics
 The rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of
human actions or a particular group or culture.
 Come from Social System – External
 Ethics are external standards that are provided by institutions, groups,
or culture to which an individual belongs
 Ethics are governed by professional and legal guidelines

Meta –ethics is the study of nature, scope, and meaning of moral
judgement. It deals with moral thoughts and moral language rather than
addressing questions about what practices are right or wrong (addresses
second-order questions- not subject specific questions. Example: what ethical
considerations justify the possession of firearms? )
Meta-ethics asks how we understand, know about, and what we mean when
we talk about what is right and what is wrong.
Kinds of Ethics

Normative ethics examines moral standards that attempt to define right and wrong
conduct. Historically, this has involved examining good and bad habits, duties, or an
action’s consequences. In addition, historically, normative ethics has focused on the
prospect of a single moral standard defining right and wrong conduct.
– Normative ethics is the study of ethical action. Deals with the
ethical
standards of institutions such as schools, workplaces, and government.
– It examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions.
Kinds of Ethics

Applied ethics examines specific moral issues. For example, one is doing applied ethics
when one addresses the morality of abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment,
environmental concerns. By using the conceptual tools of metaethics and normative
ethics, discussions in applied ethics try to resolve these issues.
– Applied ethics is the branch of ethics concerned with the
analysis of particular moral issues in private and public life.
– It looks at controversial topics like war, animal rights and
capital punishment
Kinds of Ethics

 When we relate ethics with Publication, it becomes Publication
Ethics.
Publication Ethics
Ethical Standards
 Bring in trust in Scientific Fraternity about Research Findings
 Credit to authors for their ideas
 High-Quality Scientific Publications (Q-1)
 Ethical transgressions can be considered to be a publication
misconduct

Publication
Journal
Author Reviewer

Social Responsibility
• Do science and scientists have ethical responsibilities to society beyond discovering
truths
and problem-solving?.
(Laser Dazzler): Normalcy of Injured organs
Use of fertilizers to enhance crop yield
• Do they have a responsibility to report results, however negative the
predictable consequences?.
(Drug Development)
• Do they have an ethical responsibility to defend science ?
(intelligent design- PPE Kit): Ergonomics

Social Responsibility
• Some one makes it possible and others use it for good or
evil (Defense Technologies)
Laser Dazzler, Nuclear power for green energy
• Scientists must be involved in the consequences of their
work.
 Nuclear fission, Internet, Cloning, Medicine, AI
• Can’t predict the consequences of discoveries and inventions
(Example 5G Technologies)

 Avoidance of Fabrication & Falsification of Data
 Avoidance of any form of plagiarism
 Avoidance of Overlapping Publication, Duplicate Publication, Salami Slicing
 Prior permissions for reproduced material, figures/tables
 Avoid simultaneous submission to multiple journals
 Crediting previous authors for their work by proper referencing and in-text citations
 Declaration of financial or scientific interests influencing findings
 Substantial contribution to the conduct of study including its conception, design,
data
acquisition, statistical analysis, reporting
Publication Ethics

 Awareness of co-authors about content of publication
 Overall agreement of authors
 Pre-agreed sequence of authors
 Selective Reporting
 Approval of Relevant Regulatory Bodies, Institutional Review Board, Ethics
Committee
 Registered Clinical Trial
 Informed Consent of Participants
 Protection of Identity & other details of participant
Publication Ethics

 Researchers primarily publish articles or books to communicate the results of their
research to the scientific community and general public.
 Therefore, publishing ethics is important for researchers and journals. Journals require
authors to disclose whether the same research has been published before or
is being considered for publication elsewhere. Similarly, Journals also should not
twist the contents and avoid unethical practices.
 Duplicate publications and simultaneous submissions account for serious misconduct.
 Often, in biomedical research, authors present same data with different analyses (of a
subgroup). In that case, authors should disclose the original source of the data
and previous publications when making a submission.
.
Publication Ethics

The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) has outlined guidelines for journal editors
to identify and avoid such misconducts in submitted manuscripts and published papers.
Researchers should consider the following points to avoid unethical publishing
practices.
 Do not submit the same paper to different journals.
 Maintain transparency during submission and peer review process on previously
published work (disclose publication in conference proceedings, submission to a
pre- print repository etc.)
 Check with the publisher about translating and publishing the work again.
 Disclose already published and/or translated versions of the submitted manuscript.
Publication Ethics

Indicators to identify Research Publication Misconduct
 As the work has not been done, raw data not available
 Materials and methods not shared
 Results not reproducible
 As the data is cooked, results supporting the hypothesis seem to good to be
true
 Research work completed at very fast speed
Publication Ethics

Breach of Publication Ethics
Failure to reveal a financial conflict of interest, redundant publication,
gift/ghost authorship, misrepresenting the status of a publication in the
references, such as claiming that a paper is “in press”

Causes of Such Unethical Behavior/Misconduct ?
 Desire to see voluminous curriculum vitae
 Promotions & academic advancement
 Desire of have projects grant
 Competition among the colleagues
 To prove professional supremacy
 To become guide /internal or external-examiners
 Authorship: Major cause of unethical behavior/ Misconduct

Causes of Such Unethical
Behavior/Misconduct ?
Professional Pressures
• Publish or perish
• Tenure/retaining a job
• “Keeping up” with peers
• Securing grants

Thank You
bhuvnesh.kumar@sharda.ac.in

Dr. Bhuvnesh Kumar, Dean Research
Sharda University
PHD 601, Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)
Publication Misconduct

Publication Misconduct
Violation of Publication ethics (Data fabrication, falsification,
plagiarism etc. in proposing, performing, reporting research
results or reviewing research etc.
Scientific & Research Misconduct
Any behaviour by a researcher, whether intentional or unintentional,
that fails to scrupulously/ honestly respect high scientific and
ethical standards’.

Types of Publication Misconduct
 Plagiarism
 Fabrication
 Falsification
 Salami Slicing
 Gift & Ghost Authorship
 Duplicate Publication
 Simultaneous Multiple Submissions
 Selective Reporting
 Breach of Confidentiality
 Uniformed Consent
 Non-Disclosure of Conflict of Interest

Research Misconduct
• The violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical
behavior in professional scientific research
• Self-plagiarism and duplicate publication are not usually included in
the acts of research misconduct in many countries.
• Errors that are unintentional or situations that arise because of
different opinions? These do not fall under scientific misconduct
or fraud.
6

Research Misconduct
• In India, as per UGC, self-plagiarism is included in
research
misconduct.
• Duplicate publication is regarded as a highly inappropriate act and is
subject to a severe level of disciplinary measures
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Research/ Publication Misconduct
 Universities and research institutions define policies and guidelines for researchers to
maintain scientific integrity while conducting research. These guidelines also
provide information on how to report any such cases.
 In most of the cases, scientific misconduct involves image or data manipulation.
Researchers are often not aware of the nuances between image modification
and manipulation. They use image processing tools such as vector graphics,
RGB vs. CMYK, continuous-tone images, etc.

Why Research Misconduct is significant?
• Misconduct in research undermines the foundation of science, which is
based on the “integrity of scientists.”
• It destroys the trust and sense of team spirit among fellow researchers.
• “Fabrication” and “falsification” distort the truth and deliver inaccurate
information to other researchers; accordingly, other researchers may
be greatly wronged, and advancement of the development of science
might also be hindered.
• “Plagiarism” does not distort the data, but instead, overstates the
researcher's accomplishment by using the stolen work of others.
• “Unjustified authorship” also misrepresents the work of researchers.
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PLAGIARISM
• Dictionaries define plagiarism as “copying words or ideas of another person
and presenting them as one’s own original work.”
• Plagiarism includes the following two acts: “taking” the work of another
person and adding onto one’s work, and “deceiving the public” by
presenting these results as if they are one’s own independent work.
• Using more than one sentence word-for-word from another person’s work is
generally considered unacceptable, and even a single sentence must be
cited to disclose that it is not the author’s own work.

Plagiarism
• Unintentional or accidental plagiarism is still considered plagiarism:
 Often, students who have poor writing ability and who do not know proper
citation practices engage in plagiarism. Even scholars who have experience with
writing papers make the mistake of incorporating information or ideas they gained
from other sources and failing to properly acknowledge the original sources of their
writing.
• Copyright infringement:
 Plagiarizing another person’s work can be considered an act of copyright
infringement. Even when the text that is plagiarized is not very long, if the
plagiarized section includes the important parts of the author’s work that reflects his or
her creative efforts, it is likely to be adjudicated not only as plagiarism but also as
copyright infringement.

Plagiarism
• Case of copyright infringement without plagiarism:
Reusing and citing images from the work of others may not be considered plagiarism
when the researcher provides appropriate citations.
 However, the researcher must receive permission to use the illustrative material
from the publisher who possesses the copyright to the paper, image, or book.
• Case of plagiarism without copyright infringement:
 Copyrights are only valid during the lifetime of the author and 50 years after the
death of the author; after this period, the work belongs in the public domain.
Using works in the public domain does not fall under copyright infringement; it is
considered publicly available information.
 However, the issue of plagiarism may still be raised because the majority of
scientific papers remain as theories and not as widely accepted knowledge even after
the death of the author.
 Furthermore, even if a theory becomes accepted knowledge, passing off someone
else's expression or idea as one’s creative work falls under plagiarism

Types of Plagiarism
• Idea Plagiarism:
Using the opinion, research idea, method, or system of analysis, or the organization of
the paper and its results without appropriate credit is a form of idea plagiarism.
 Idea plagiarism often occurs among researchers writing a paper for the first time,
during the process of writing the introduction.
 A more serious form of idea plagiarism is the act of taking the hypothesis or the
main idea from the work of another person and presenting the paper as if he or she is
the first person to come up with it.
 Reviewers may receive ideas helpful to their own research through reviewing
papers or research proposals of others. However, it is inappropriate for the reviewer to
cite such material in his or her paper; to avoid conflict of interest, they must not
administer the review of submitted papers relevant to their own research.

Self-plagiarism (text recycling) and redundant publication (duplicate publication)
• Self-plagiarism is the reuse of a small portion of one’s own published research in a
new article or book. Because the term self-plagiarism sounds awkward, the term
“text recycling” is more frequently used.
• Redundant publication (duplicate publication) is publication of an article that is
similar or identical to one’s previously published works.
• Compared to self-plagiarism, which reuses only a small portion of the text,
redundant publication reuses the same material on a much larger scale. There are
many cases of redundant publication in which, particularly, the research objectives,
methods, conclusion, and logical flow are quite similar.

Self-plagiarism (text recycling) and redundant publication (duplicate
publication)
• The most common form of redundant publication is duplication of data. An
example is presenting five different data in one paper and reusing three of
them as results in another paper.
• Because the same data are used, much of the results and discussion sections
inevitably overlap.
• Additionally, because the overall conclusions are similar, the arguments made in
the papers are inevitably similar, and so not much new information is
derived from the subsequent paper.
• Due to the overlapping data and text, problems of copyright infringement
can also be involved.

Problems of Self-plagiarism and duplicate publication
• Self-plagiarism and duplicate publication are not
technically because they do not steal the work of another
person.
plagiarism
• Using portions of one’s previously published works is not only a copyright
infringement against the first publisher, but also a depreciation of one’s
own work.
• It is dishonorable to increase the number of publications of one’s research by
producing trivial journal articles of little value.

Duplicate Publication/ Submission
 Similarity in terms of data or results.
 Change of title or author order to hide the similarity
 No reference/ Citation of previously published work
 Similarity in few parts/section
 May also include reanalysis of the same data, extended follow up or different result
interpretation
 Data Aggregation : Already published research data published again with
some new data representing different outcome ( Bar diagram v/s graph)
 Data Disaggregation: Research data from previously published work is published
without some data points and with out disclosing the relationship to the
previously published work
 Data Segmentation/ Salami Slicing : Fragmenting one study into multiple
publications. Usually related to self plagiarism
 Reanalysis: Already published data is reanalyzed using a new technique without
reference to the previously published work
 Different Conclusion: Interpreting results in different ways with minute/ slight
change in the text without reference to the previously published work

Complete plagiarism
 This overt type of plagiarism occurs when a writer submits someone else’s
work in his own name.
 Paying somebody to write a paper for you, then publishing that paper with your
name , is an act of complete plagiarism—as is stealing or “borrowing”
someone’s work and submitting it as your own.
 An example of complete plagiarism is submitting a research paper by some
one taking the data from other paper published before.
Types of Plagiarism

Direct Plagiarism
 Direct plagiarism is the word-for-word transcription of a section of someone else’s work,
without attribution and without quotation marks.
 Word-for-word borrowing from an unacknowledged source, whether intentional or not
 Direct plagiarism is similar to complete plagiarism . The difference between the two is how
much of the paper is plagiarized. With complete plagiarism, it’s the entire paper. With direct
plagiarism, specific sections or paragraphs are included without crediting or even
acknowledging the author.
 An example of direct plagiarism is dropping a line or two from your source directly into
your work without quoting or citing the source.
Types of Plagiarism

Paraphrasing plagiarism
 Paraphrasing plagiarism is what happens when a writer reuses another’s
work and changes a few words or phrases. It’s a common type of
plagiarism, and many students don’t even realize it’s a form of plagiarism..
 Altering a few words but retaining the same sentence structure used by the
original author. It is assumed by students that changing a few of the words
will prevent their academic tutors from spotting plagiarism but this is not
the case.
 Academic tutors will read the source texts and therefore identify the areas
where the student has streamed data which is not their own.
 This is an example of deliberate plagiarism, which does not occur
by accident and instead involves intent.
Types of Plagiarism

Mosaic plagiarism /Patchwork plagiarism
 It refers to instances where plagiarized work is interwoven with the writer’s original
work. This kind of plagiarism can be subtle and easy to miss, and it may happen in
conjunction with direct plagiarism.
 An example of mosaic plagiarism is taking a clause from a source and
embedding
it in a sentence of your own.
 It is largely the same as paraphrasing, except that it involves stealing words and
ideas from multiple source texts and patching them together.
 This is equally easy for academic tutors to detect and is just as deceitful
and blatantly deliberate as the concept of paraphrasing.
Types of Plagiarism

Source-based plagiarism
Source-based plagiarism can be a tricky one to understand. With this
kind of plagiarism, the writer might cite their sources correctly but
present the sources in a misleading way.
For example, the writer might reference a secondary source in their
work but only credit the primary source from which that secondary
source is derived. Other examples include citing an incorrect source
and even making up sources.
Types of Plagiarism

Accidental Plagiarism
 Accidental plagiarism occurs when a person neglects to cite their sources, or misquotes their sources, or
unintentionally paraphrases a source by using similar words, groups of words, and/or sentence
structure without attribution
 Accidental plagiarism is perhaps the most common type of plagiarism because it happens when the writer
doesn’t realize they are plagiarizing another’s work. Accidental plagiarism includes the following:
 Forgetting to cite your sources in your work
 Not citing your sources correctly
 Failing to put quotes around cited material
 Accidental plagiarism typically occurs when a student mistakes the views of one author for another, neglects
to cite their sources and/or unintentionally paraphrases from a source, whether this be paraphrasing or
patchwork paraphrasing.
 The most effective solution to accidental plagiarism is to cite references correctly which can be
achieved by utilizing online reference generators.
Types of Plagiarism

• Text Plagiarism:
• Duplication (verbatim plagiarism;
copying)

• Text Plagiarism: Inappropriate paraphrasing/summarizing
• ① Original Passage: All of our organs and tissues are comprised of cells, and the
aging of our bodies is believed to be caused by the aging of these cells. In
organs, cells die out for various reasons, and the dead ones are replaced with new
ones. However, cells in an aged body appear to have low potential to
duplicate themselves, and therefore, the dead ones cannot be easily replaced. This
leads to shrinkage and loss of organ function. - ES Hwang, “Mechanism of
Aging” (2015, an imaginary paper)
• ② Example of inappropriate paraphrasing: Organs and tissues such as the
stomach, kidneys, and bones are made up of cells, and our aging is thought
to be caused by the aging of these cells. In our body, cells are frequently
lost and replenished. However, the cells in an aged body are found to replicate
slowly or stop dividing. For this reason, not all the lost cells are
replaced. This would lead to reduction in size and function of organs (Hwang,
2015).
• the structure of the original passage is maintained and only a few words are changed.
This cannot be objectively viewed as a newly created passage.

• Text Plagiarism: Inappropriate paraphrasing/summarizing
• ① Original Passage: All of our organs and tissues are comprised of cells, and the aging
of our bodies is believed to be caused by the aging of these cells. In organs, cells
die out for various reasons, and the dead ones are replaced with new ones. However,
cells in an aged body appear to have low potential to duplicate themselves, and
therefore, the dead ones cannot be easily replaced. This leads to shrinkage and loss
of organ function. - ES Hwang, “Mechanism of Aging” (2015, an imaginary
paper)
• ③ Example of appropriate paraphrasing: The aging of cells in our organs is believed to
cause atrophy and the decline of organ function, which are the reasons our
bodies age. When we are young, dying cells are rapidly replaced by new ones.
However, as we age, cells gradually lose the potential to duplicate and dead ones
are not readily replaced, leading to a decrease in the number of cells in an organ
(Hwang, 2015).
• In the example of appropriate paraphrasing, not only the words, but also the entire
sentence structure, are changed. A writer must be able to completely
understand the works and ideas of others and convert them into his or her
own thoughts (as if explaining to a more junior scholar) when introducing

• Text Plagiarism: Inappropriate passage citations
A writer may think that there is no problem with taking an entire passage
of text from another person’s work word-for-word if credit is given at the
end; however, in most cases, such cases are plagiarism.

 Plagiarism is almost always detected using software. A few
popular plagiarism checkers include Turnitin and Urkund ,
Grammarly’s plagiarism checker, Delbeit.
 In the past, plagiarism was more difficult to catch, and being able to
catch it often hinged on an instructor’s familiarity with the student’s
voice and academic acuity.
Plagiarism Detection

Fabrication
• Fabrication is the act of creating data or results without
actually measuring them or acquiring them
through investigation.
• The following case of inserting arbitrary numbers despite
the absence of measurement at the 1 hour and 3
hour points in time is an example of fabrication of data.

Fabrication
Other examples of data fabrication are:
• Not measuring the control group and just assigning arbitrary
numbers to the control group after the experiment
• Entering similar numbers to retain statistical significance
• Using data or images from other past research of their own
and presenting them as newly discovered data.

Falsification
• Data falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or
procedures, or changing or omitting data without reasonable justification
such that the results are not accurately reflected.
• The following example is a representative case of data falsification in which
the numbers at the 3 hour point in time have been changed so that the data
is arranged in a linear growth pattern.

Falsification
Other examples of data falsification include:
• Unjustified modifications to the data records in lab notes
• Reporting fraudulent details of experimental procedures,
materials, and figures in research proposals and articles
• Dishonest presentation of the study content in an abstract
for an academic presentation.
33

Gift authors: When research or administrative hierarchy comes in to the picture or
because of a colleague with whom we have a personal relationship like son/daughter
or husband/wife/relatives.
Senior researchers or administrative boss who have substantial contribution on the
subject at
 Any point like writing manuscript
 Editing manuscript
 Reviewing manuscript
Providing additional knowledge with high intellectual input on writing science
are not
considered as ‘gifted’.
Gift or ‘Ghost authorship

Ghost authors are the researchers who write the research article without
getting acknowledged.
This is very common for many cases where researcher drafts an article at the behest
of pharmaceutical company.
The real author's name does not come in domain of publication.
A ghostwriter can be a scientific writer or investigator hired to help the main author
with
data analysis or manuscript drafting and editing.

Salami Slicing
The ‘slicing’ of research that would form one meaningful paper into several different
papers is called ‘salami publication’ or ‘salami slicing’.
Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or
more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into
two or more publications. These segments are referred to as ‘slices’ of a study.
Publishing small ‘slices’ of research in several different papers is called
‘salami publication’ or ‘salami slicing’.
It is unethical because Salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature
by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each ‘slice’ is derived
from a different subject sample.

Selective reporting bias is when results from scientific research are
deliberately not fully or accurately reported, in order to suppress negative
or undesirable findings.
The end result is that the findings are not reproducible, because they have
been skewed by bias during the analysis or writing stages
Selective Reporting

Simultaneous Multiple Submissions
Practice of submitting the same manuscript to two or more journals at
the same time without informing the journal editor that the manuscript
has been submitted elsewhere.
Journal may reject the paper outright and ban the author from
submitting papers in future or for a specified period of time
Journal may notify other Journal editors about the attempt, effectively
blacklisting the authors from a set of journals.

Breach of confidentiality occurs when someone intentionally or unintentionally,
discloses the information given to him in confidence
Saving sensitive information on an unsecure computer that leaves the data
accessible to others. Sharing employees' personal data, like payroll details, bank
details, home addresses and medical records
Breach of Confidentiality

While implied consent is informal, informed consent is a legal term that
requires various elements to be valid: The individual is competent and
can understand what they're consenting to.
Uniformed Consent

Conflict of interest disclosure is a document filled by those having
decision-making authority to propose, perform, and report the work
under sponsored projects.
It helps to disclose details about potential conflicts of interest
concerning employment, financial concerns, and public appearances.
It can be used to ensure that the relationships between vendors and
suppliers or the parties are free of conflicts of interest.
Non-Disclosure of Conflict of Interest

REASONS FOR MISCONDUCT AND UNETHICAL
BEHAVIOUR
 Lack of knowledge about research and publication
ethics.
 Larger, multi-disciplinary and more global
collaborations.
 Increasing pressure on researchers/ Optimistic PDC of project, and
pressure to publish.
 Financial inducements/Incentives compromising integrity.

 Journals must have clear authorship criteria.
 Authors should disclose all contributors, regardless of author status
and their specific individual contributions and affiliations.
 Authors must sign about their contributions details.
 Authors should disclose any of his/her conflict of interest and a statement
whether they have received any support from medical writers.
COPE, WAME, ICMJE Guidelines to Tackle Publication
Misconduct

PUBLISHERS, EDITORS AND PEER REVIEWERS
 Editors ensure that reviewer is adequately qualified and can keep
confidentiality and also protects the whistle blower in case
of reports on publication misconduct.
 Journal editors must provide a link to WAME or COPE or ICMJE
for authors, readers or reviewers to get first hand
‐ information on
ethics in publication.
 Ethical publication also includes timely peer reviewing and
publication of the manuscript which is the responsibility of
editor and publisher.
 Editors are to remain cultural and gender sensitive on any article

PREVENTION
 Institution must have clear and transparent functioning on not
only ethical research policy but also on ethical publications.
 A Strong peer reviewing
‐ system.
 Uses of latest technological support.
 Strong publication ethics policies.
 Active monitoring, protection of whistle blowers.
institutions
or
misconduct
 Cooperation between journals and
research universities possibly prevent
publication effectively

Plagiarism Avoidance
All plagiarism checkers are not created equal. While few have access to premium databases
(e.g., Crossref-iThenticate/ Urkund/ TURNITIN/ Delbeit) for similarity check, others do
not
Quoting: When using word to word text from any source, use quotation marks for the
extract and cite the source. For longer extract, some style guides recommended using
block quotes
Summarizing: When summarizing, use your own words to convey the main message/
idea of the original work in an abridged/Brief form. Always cite the original source
Paraphrasing: When paraphrasing original work, make sure to use your own words and
sentences to convey the same meaning. Always cite the original source
Common Knowledge: Universal truths or facts to be known to readers need not be cited.
Cite statistical information or lesser known facts. When in confusion whether the fact
or statement is a common knowledge or not, always cite to remove any doubt

 In general, a person using another author’s text, data, methods,
ideas, results or formulations should identify the author and
document the source.
 All intellectual property, regardless of format, should
be
appropriately attributed to the original owner.
 Researchers should neither submit previously published results
without proper attribution, nor submit the same manuscript
to multiple journals simultaneously.
 Conference presentations may be regarded as published material
and cited appropriately.
Basic practices : To be observed

 References to unpublished work of other authors should be identified as a
personal communication or directly attributed to the author as an
unpublished source.
 Reviewers must be particularly careful in ensuring that the material under
review is treated as confidential until it has been published.
 Using parts or ideas from materials under review without proper attribution is
not only plagiarism, but is intellectual theft, which places the
entire evaluation system at risk.
 It is common for a researcher to refer to his or her earlier research. Again,
when citing one’s own work, it is usually best to treat it in the same way as
if one was citing another scholar’s work.
Basic practices : To be observed

 There are some very clear rules to follow in order to ensure that we don’t
plagiarize the work of other people, but there are also some more nuanced
elements that must be understood.
 For example, one must certainly not copy any text, word for word,
without including quotation marks and providing a source for the work.
 This is a very easy thing to understand and something that most students
grasp and comprehend. However, there are some more ambiguous aspects of
plagiarism that can equally get you into trouble, such as offering
information that is not common knowledge and not providing a
citation.
How to Avoid Plagiarism

 This is less clear, as one person might think that certain information is
common knowledge, and another might not.
 Therefore, if in doubt, then it is probably better to provide a source. Thus, it
might not be necessary to include a source to refer to the First World War of
1914-1918, as this is a really well known historical event. Nevertheless, it
might be wise to include a source if referring to it.
 As such, it is important to develop an understanding of what is acceptable
and what is unacceptable in academic writing, and in order to do
this, reading academic papers and journal articles can be of help.
How to Avoid Plagiarism

Being Aware of and Identifying Different Types of Plagiarism
It is probably useful to make a list of all kinds of plagiarism so that we can be
aware of each of these types when writing our work, these may include:
•Copying text word-for-word without including quotation marks or a source
•Paraphrasing somebody else’s work without including a source
•Paying somebody to create a piece of work for you on a given subject
•Using words or ideas from a previous essay that you have written yourself
•Using work or ideas from another student’s essay
•Using sections from different sources and stitching them all together, and
presenting them as an original work without reference to these sources

• Using ‘find and replace’ functions in software such as Microsoft Word, to alter a few
words from a text that you have copied word-for-word
• Using an incorrect source or fabricating one that doesn’t exist to add credibility to an idea
• Using a reference but not properly representing the ideas of the original work
• Using a very specific structure for a piece of writing that has been used by another
author, and just slightly amending the content
• Using a thesaurus/ dictionary to rewrite a passage, but failing to offer a source for the
work
• Using another student’s essay without their consent, and passing it off as your own work
• Submitting similar or identical work in different courses, modules, or assignments
Being Aware of and Identifying Different Types of Plagiarism

So what can we do to ensure that plagiarism is not present in our work?
This should be a three-step process, which includes due diligence:
 Before writing our work
 During writing our work, and
 After our work has been written
Things ,We Can Do, to Avoid Plagiarism

Thank You…
bhuvnesh.kumar@sharda.ac.in

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