After three decades of research, three major psychological theories of crime have emerged: psychodynamic theory, behavioral theory and cognitive theory. Learning these criminology theories and how to put them into practice is a component of an online Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice degree program.
The school was headed by medical Criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who argued that criminality was a biological trait found in some human beings. The termLombroso used to describe the appearance of organisms resembling ancestral forms of life is atavism...
The school was headed by medical Criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who argued that criminality was a biological trait found in some human beings. The termLombroso used to describe the appearance of organisms resembling ancestral forms of life is atavism...
Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighbourhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighbourhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
Talks about Personality and Individual Behavoiur for educational purposes.
* Personality
* Components of Personality
* Nature of Personality
* Framework Of Personality
** Iceberg Theory
** Psychoanalytic Theory
** The Myers Brigg Type Indicators
** The Big 5 Model
* Determinants of Personality
** Biological Factors
** Social Factors
** Cultural Factors
** Situational Factors
* Individual Behaviour
** Individual Behaviour Framework
* Causes of Individual Behaviour
Memory refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, storing, retaining, and later retrieving information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information. However, this is not a flawless process.
Psychologists use the scientific method to conduct studies and research in psychology. The basic process of conducting psychology research involves asking a question, designing a study, collecting data, analyzing results, reaching conclusions, and sharing the findings
Fields of psychology.Sensation,Perception pptxresearch gate
Fields of psychology
Work with people who have mental or personal problems (such as marital problems, social difficulties, depression, eating disorders, etc.).
Administer psychological tests to diagnose and administer therapy to help patients understand themselves and others better.
Work in his/her own clinic, in private clinics with other psychologists, mental hospitals, industry, drug rehab centers, homeless shelters, or school systems
Learning is “a process that leads to change, which occurs as a result of experience and increases the potential for improved performance and future learning” (Ambrose et al, 2010, p. 3). The change in the learner may happen at the level of knowledge, attitude or behavior.
The word psychology is derived from two Greek words “psyche” and “logos”.
Psyche means soul (life) and logos means knowledge (explanation) or the study of the soul.
Behaviors involving a consistent indifference to traditional ideas of “right and wrong” or regularly disregarding other people's feelings, needs, or personal rights in pursuit of individual enjoyment or achievement may be antisocial personality disorder.
Sociopathy is the official term for antisocial personality disorder (APD), while psychopathy is unofficial diagnosis and is not considered an APD
Welcome to today's presentation on the complex relationship between mental disorders and crime.
We will delve into the intersection of these two topics, exploring the impact of mental disorders on criminal behavior.
The National Institute of Mental Health (USA) defines childhood trauma as; “The experience of an event by a child that is emotionally painful or distressful, which often results in lasting mental and physical effects.” However with the right support it is possible to recover even from extreme early trauma.
Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. Examples of symptoms include paralysis, muscle weakness, poor coordination, loss of sensation, seizures, confusion, pain and altered levels of consciousness
Lethality" refers to the capability or potential of causing death. It is commonly used to describe the degree or extent to which something, such as a weapon, disease, or substance, can cause fatal harm to living organisms, including humans.
🠶 Lethality Assessment
Lethality assessment is a process used to evaluate the potential risk or danger posed by an individual, typically in the context of interpersonal violence or self-harm. It involves assessing various factors to determine the likelihood of a person causing harm to themselves or others.
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighborhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
The theory assumes that people, at birth have neither a motivation to commit crime nor to conform.
Polygraph Testing Management Plan through Psychotherapy CBT, Behavior Therapy...research gate
Polygraph Testing Management Plan through Psychotherapy CBT, Behavior Therapy, REBT
Polygraph testing involves the use of an instrument which detects and measures some of the physiological changes that take place in the human body when a person lies. These tests are particularly prevalent in the retail industry.Polygraph tests are used frequently in many fields, such as law enforcement, national security, and private investigations. The exam is typically broken down into four phases: the initial interrogation and pre-test phase, the in-test (polygraph exam), and the post-test phase.The primary purpose of the polygraph test in security screening is to identify individuals who present serious threats to national security. To put this in the language of diagnostic testing, the goal is to reduce to a minimum the number of false negative cases (serious security risks who pass the diagnostic screen).
Islam presents a unique and comprehensive view of the concept of society. For, it perceives it as an association formed in accordance with the Divine revelation contained in Quran and the Sunnah of the prophet, synthesising material, and the spiritual aspects of human life.
Crime under Islamic law consists of any disobedience to God's commandments which is punishable in this world through the legislator. One general category of crime consists of those offenses revealed in the Holy Quran with specified punishments that cannot be modified or altered.
There are a number of rights that may be affected by a criminal act, such a rights of Allah, rights of individuals, and rights of state, Muslim jurists classified crimes as applied throughout Islamic history appears to present three categories Hadd, Tazir and siyasah.
In Islamic psychology, learning is seen as a lifelong process that is essential for personal growth, spiritual development, and intellectual enrichment. Islamic teachings emphasize the importance of seeking knowledge and understanding the world around us in order to fulfill our purpose and achieve success in this life and the hereafter.
Islamic psychology recognizes that individuals have different learning styles and preferences, and it encourages the use of a variety of teaching methods and techniques to accommodate these differences. Islamic teachings emphasize the importance of experiential learning, which involves active engagement with the material being studied and the application of knowledge in practical situations.
Islamic psychology also emphasizes the importance of developing critical thinking skills and the ability to reason and analyze information. Islamic teachings encourage individuals to seek knowledge from a variety of sources and to approach learning with an open mind and a willingness to question assumptions and challenge conventional wisdom.Overall, Islamic psychology emphasizes the importance of developing a lifelong love of learning and a commitment to personal growth and intellectual development. It encourages individuals to seek knowledge, develop critical thinking skills, and apply what they learn in practical situations in order to achieve success and fulfillment in this life and the hereafter.
Motivation, Hope and Fear in Islam.pptxresearch gate
In Islam, motivation, hope, and fear are seen as important psychological states that can influence an individual's behavior and spiritual well-being.Motivation in Islam is often linked to the concept of intention (niyyah), which is the underlying motivation or purpose behind an individual's actions. Islamic teachings emphasize the importance of having a pure and sincere intention in all actions, and this can serve as a powerful motivator for individuals to strive for excellence and seek the pleasure of Allah.Hope (raja) is another important psychological state in Islam, which refers to the expectation of reward and the anticipation of success. Islamic teachings encourage individuals to cultivate hope in Allah's mercy and forgiveness, and to have confidence in their ability to overcome challenges and achieve their goals.Fear (khawf) is also an important psychological state in Islam, which refers to the sense of awe and reverence that individuals feel towards Allah's power and majesty. Islamic teachings encourage individuals to turn a healthy fear of Allah's punishment, which can serve as a deterrent against sinful behavior and a motivator for seeking repentance and forgiveness.Overall, Islamic psychology recognizes the importance of motivation, hope, and fear in shaping an individual's behavior and spiritual well-being. Islamic teachings encourage individuals to cultivate a pure and sincere intention, to have confidence in their ability to succeed, and to maintain a healthy fear of Allah's punishment in order to achieve success and fulfillment in this life and the hereafter.
Reward and Punishment in Islamic psychology.pptxresearch gate
In Islam the concept of reward and punishment are subject to freedom. Without freedom, there would have been no punishment, for an evil done under compulsion is not punishable. 19The man is rewarded whenever he does something good, and is punished when he does something foul.The concept of reward and punishment means that in the long run good deeds produce good results and evil deeds lead to a world of evil. Man's intention is thus important for the long-term "reward" of a good world.
Reinforcement means you are increasing a behavior, and punishment means you are decreasing a behavior. Reinforcement can be positive or negative, and punishment can also be positive or negative. All reinforcers (positive or negative) increase the likelihood of a behavioral response.
Islamic law divides crime into three categories: (1) Hudud, which are acts prohibited by God and punished by defined mandatory penalties; (2) Quesas crimes, which have a specified punishment in the Qu'ran and Sunna, with the decision to inflict it resting with the victim's closest kin as the avenger of the physical ...
At least four different types should be noted: (1) positive reinforcement; (2) avoidance learning, or negative reinforcement; (3) extinction; and (4) punishment. Each type plays a different role in both the manner in which and extent to which learning occurs.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
Introducing New Government Regulation on Toll Road.pdfAHRP Law Firm
For nearly two decades, Government Regulation Number 15 of 2005 on Toll Roads ("GR No. 15/2005") has served as the cornerstone of toll road legislation. However, with the emergence of various new developments and legal requirements, the Government has enacted Government Regulation Number 23 of 2024 on Toll Roads to replace GR No. 15/2005. This new regulation introduces several provisions impacting toll business entities and toll road users. Find out more out insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
ASHWINI KUMAR UPADHYAY v/s Union of India.pptxshweeta209
transfer of the P.I.L filed by lawyer Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay in Delhi High Court to Supreme Court.
on the issue of UNIFORM MARRIAGE AGE of men and women.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
RIGHTS OF VICTIM EDITED PRESENTATION(SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Victims of crime have a range of rights designed to ensure their protection, support, and participation in the justice system. These rights include the right to be treated with dignity and respect, the right to be informed about the progress of their case, and the right to be heard during legal proceedings. Victims are entitled to protection from intimidation and harm, access to support services such as counseling and medical care, and the right to restitution from the offender. Additionally, many jurisdictions provide victims with the right to participate in parole hearings and the right to privacy to protect their personal information from public disclosure. These rights aim to acknowledge the impact of crime on victims and to provide them with the necessary resources and involvement in the judicial process.
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You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
2. ◦ It focuses on the influence of individual’s experiences of their emotional adjustment as well as on
their personality traits and types. The psychological theories of crime contain an assumption that
there is something wrong with the mind of the offender, which causes him to commit crimes
(Sammons, 2002).
Following are some of the theories that explain this logic:
◦ Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)
◦ Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)
◦ Theory of Frustration Aggression (John Dollard, Neal Miller, Leonard Doob, Orval Mower, and
Robert Sears)
◦ Cognitive Theory (Kohlberg’s Moral Theory)
3. Explain criminal behaviour as the consequence of individual
factors such as: negative early childhood experiences
◦ Amber is 57 years old and is an accomplished professional, but she never feels like her
work is good enough and is always afraid that people will be unhappy with her
performance. She realizes that she might have this outlook because when she was
growing up, her mother criticized everything she did. If she brought home a test with an
A+ on it, her mother would comment that Amber must have cheated because she
certainly wasn't smart enough to do that well on her own.
◦ Inadequate socialization which results in criminal thinking patterns and/or incomplete
cognitive development (Roberson, 2010; Sammons 2002).
5. The three aspects of personality
◦ The id is the source of the instinctual drives, it contains everything that is present at birth.
◦ The ego is the moderator between the demands of an instinct, and the superego. Freud noted
that the ego characterizes what is referred to as reason and sanity while the id refers to
passions. The ego compensates for the demands of the ID and operates in a "reality principle"
(Roberson, 2010).
◦ The superego is designated as the conscience, this evolves during which he or she learns the
restrictions morals, values of the society.
6. WEAK SUPEREGO- would act in ways that gratified the id, regardless of the social restraints
on doing so.
STRONG SUPEREGO- Develops guilt and anxiety. This could result in a person committing
crimes in order to get caught and punished to assuage the guilt imposed by their own superego
Normally, they would express these impulses harmlessly through defence mechanisms (sport). If
the superego prevents this, the aggression or sexual desire could build up over time until it
becomes strong enough to overwhelm the ego and is expressed suddenly and violently as murder
or rape.
7. ◦ Freud believed these three pieces of the mind are in constant conflict, as the primary goal is different for
each piece. Sometimes, when the conflict is too much for a person to handle, his or her ego may engage
in one or many defence mechanisms to protect the individual (Power, 2010).
◦ Repression: unconscious mechanism in which the ego pushes disturbing or threatening thoughts out of
consciousness. Involves intentional forgetting.
◦ Denial: the ego blocks upsetting or overwhelming experiences from awareness, causing the individual to
refuse to acknowledge or believe what is happening.
8. ◦ Projection: the ego's attempt to solve discomfort by attributing the individual's
unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person
◦ Displacement: a mechanism by which the individual can satisfy an impulse by acting
on a substitute object or person in a socially unacceptable way
◦ Regression: a defence mechanism in which the individual moves backward in
development in order to cope with stress
◦ Sublimation: similar to displacement, this defence mechanism involves satisfying an
impulse by acting on a substitute, but in a socially acceptable way.
10. ◦ The cognitive theory is a thought process that stores information, so that the information can be interpreted
correctly by a criminal. The next part of the process is how criminals can take the appropriate action so that
they can make their final decision on their thoughts.
◦ The portion of the brain that controls the cognitive part doesn't allow a criminal to view or make correct
decisions because they can't process information correctly. They may view committing a crime for their own
personal satisfaction or personal needs. They don't process emotions well.
◦ A person with a cognitive issue can't process information so they end up committing crimes. People who
have cognitive behavior issues are law violator that may seek out satisfaction for their crimes.
11. ◦ Criminals lose their ability for emotions and feelings. This takes them down a path to criminal behavior and
commit crimes against innocent victims. As a result, they feel their behaviors are justified and beneficial to
satisfy their needs.
◦ The cognitive theory shows that criminals with this issue just can't control their emotions, feelings, behaviors,
along with their ability to not process information like a normal person does.
◦ This theory shows that they don't fear the law or punishment of their actions like others. They have lost all
control of processing normal thoughts
12. What is Cognitive Theory?
◦ Cognitive Theory of crime explain criminal behaviour as a defect in moral thinking, thought process and
mental development. This theory also helps us to understand how an individual's personality and intelligence
level are linked to delinquency.
◦ Example:
◦ A young male child who was raised in a home where his mother was verbally and physically abused by his
father is more likely to have a skewed idea of what a healthy relationship is. He is more likely to be an abusive
partner himself. His perception of women and relationships are most likely skewed; negatively impacted and
shaped by his upbringing and the poor parental modelling he received from the male figure within the
household.
13. Cognitive theory focuses on how people perceive the world and how this perception governs their
actions, thoughts and emotions. Most cognitive theorists break down the process into three levels of
what is called “moral development.”
• Pre-conventional level. This involves children and how they learn the external consequences of
their actions.
• Conventional level. This involves teens and young adults, who begin to base behaviour on society’s
views and expectations.
• Post-conventional level. In those over the age of 20, the focus is more on judging the moral worth
of societal values and rules and how they relate to values of liberty, human welfare and human
rights
◦ In the area of crime, cognitive theorists argue that criminals do not develop moral judgment
beyond a pre-conventional level.
15. ◦ Crime is the product of learning the norms, values and
behaviors in the society associated with criminal or non
criminal activities.
◦ Adherents of social learning theory make a common-sense
claim:
◦ Behaviour is learned when it is reinforced, and not learned
when it is not reinforced.
◦ Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961) tested 36 boys and 36 girls
from the Stanford University Nursery School aged between 3 to
6 years old.
◦ The researchers pre-tested the children for how aggressive they
were by observing the children in the nursery and judged their
aggressive behaviour
16. ◦ Results and Implications:
◦ First, the child is more likely to attend to and imitate those people it perceives as similar to
itself. Consequently, it is more likely to imitate behaviour modelled by people of the same
gender.
◦ Second, the people around the child will respond to the behaviour it imitates with either
reinforcement or punishment. If a child imitates a model's behaviour and the consequences are
rewarding, the child is likely to continue performing the behaviour.
17. ◦ Reinforcement can be external or internal and can be positive or negative. If a child wants
approval from parents or peers, this approval is an external reinforcement, but feeling happy
about being approved of is an internal reinforcement. A CHILD WILL BEHAVE IN A WAY
WHICH IT BELIEVES WILL EARN APPROVAL BECAUSE IT DESIRES APPROVAL.
◦ Third, the child will also take into account of what happens to other people when deciding
whether or not to copy someone's actions. A person learns by observing the consequences of
another person's (i.e., models) behavior, e.g., a younger sister observing an older sister being
rewarded for a particular behavior is more likely to repeat that behavior herself. This is known
as vicarious reinforcement.
20. ◦ It attempts to give an explanation as to the cause of
violence. According to Dollard and colleagues, frustration
is the "condition which exists when a goal-response
suffers interference," while aggression is defined as "an
act whose goal-response is injury to an organism (or an
organism surrogate)." The theory says that frustration
causes aggression, but when the source of the frustration
cannot be challenged, the aggression gets displaced onto
an innocent target.
21. ◦ The theory simply says that aggression is the result of blocking, or frustrating, a person's efforts to attain
a goal
EXAMPLE
◦ If a man is disrespected and humiliated at his work, but cannot respond to this for fear of losing his job,
he may go home and take his anger and frustration out on his family.
◦ This theory is also used to explain riots and revolutions, which both are believed to be caused by poorer
and more deprived sections of society who may express their bottled up frustration and anger through
violence
23. ◦ In the early summer of 1870 a fourth child, Hamilton, was born into the home of Randall and Ellen Fish
of Washington, DC.
◦ The Fish family had a history of severe mental disorders: a paternal uncle who was diagnosed with
religious psychosis, a maternal uncle who was diagnosed with schizophrenia, and a mother who claimed
to have visions.
◦ Hamilton's siblings also had problems: a brother was confined to a state mental hospital, a sister was
diagnosed with a mental affliction, and a youngest brother who was slow-witted and an alcoholic.
24. ◦ In 1874, Randall Fish died of a heart attack. Unable to care for her children Randall Fish's wife,
Ellen Fish, placed five year old Hamilton in to the Saint John's Orphanage in Washington, DC.
◦ Hamilton was forced to watch and participate in forced masturbation in-front of other children. The
children, including Hamilton, were beaten with a hair brush and a whip, until the flesh on their
buttocks bled. When the boys grew older they were required to administer punishment to the
younger boys and be forced to pleasure the nuns that looked after them (Schecher, 1990).
◦ Hamilton Fish spent five abusive years in the Saint John's Orphanage, until his mother acquired a
stable job.
◦ In 1890, Hamilton Fish changed his name to Albert Fish. He married a young woman and had
several children with her.
◦ One situational factor that had a gigantic impact on Albert Fish, was his wife running off with
another man, leaving him with six children to raise. This caused an emotional break within Albert
Fish.
25. ◦ During this time he began to rape young coloured boys, in an interview with Dr. Fredrick Wertham, Fish
stated he took coloured boys because they would not be inclined to tell and law enforcement would not
be aware of their disappearance.
◦ By 1919 his obsession with torture and cannibalism had escalated, and he began to plan an actual murder.
He began to look for children that no one would miss, such as mentally handicapped orphans, or
homeless black children. He claimed that God was speaking him, and commanding him to torture young
children.
◦ He began to read advertisements in local papers, for homes with children looking for housework, or for
young men looking for work themselves.
◦ It was through one of these advertisements that he found young Grace Budd.
◦ In the end he was caught by the police and killed.