Travis Hirschi developed the Social Bond Theory to explain criminal behavior. He argued that individuals are less likely to commit crimes when they have strong social bonds like attachment to family, commitment to education/career, involvement in conventional activities, and belief in moral norms. Regarding juvenile delinquency, Hirschi believed it occurs when the social bonds between children and society are weakened. Providing youth with positive social bonds through support systems, guidance, and clear expectations can help reduce future criminal behavior according to the theory of social control.
Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
Classical Theory: One of the earliest approaches to explaining the causes of crime was classical theory. A product of the Enlightenment, based on the assumption that people exercise free will and are thus completely responsible for their actions. In classical theory, human behavior, including criminal behavior, is motivated by a hedonistic rationality, in which actors weigh the potential pleasure of an action against the possible pain associated with it.
Neo-Classical: A modification of classical theory in which it was conceded that certain factors, such as insanity, might inhibit the exercise of free will. Premeditation as a measure of the degree of free will.
Mitigating circumstances as legitimate grounds for diminished responsibility.
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighbourhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
Classical Theory: One of the earliest approaches to explaining the causes of crime was classical theory. A product of the Enlightenment, based on the assumption that people exercise free will and are thus completely responsible for their actions. In classical theory, human behavior, including criminal behavior, is motivated by a hedonistic rationality, in which actors weigh the potential pleasure of an action against the possible pain associated with it.
Neo-Classical: A modification of classical theory in which it was conceded that certain factors, such as insanity, might inhibit the exercise of free will. Premeditation as a measure of the degree of free will.
Mitigating circumstances as legitimate grounds for diminished responsibility.
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighbourhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighborhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
The theory assumes that people, at birth have neither a motivation to commit crime nor to conform.
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Examines theories that attempt to explain the motivation for criminal behavior in order to help reduce recidivism and relapse among people with and without addictions in the criminal justice system
Unit III Criminological Theories Related to Juvenile .docxmarilucorr
Unit III: Criminological
Theories Related to Juvenile
Delinquency
Introduction
• As we move into Unit III of your Juvenile Delinquency course,
we will start to examine and analyze the underlying reasons of
why juveniles commit delinquent acts and/or status offenses.
Criminological Theories
• Criminology itself is the study of theories that attempt to
provide an understanding of criminal behavior and/or crime.
• In this unit, we will take a closer look at criminological theories
related to juvenile delinquency, and in particular, juvenile gangs
in America.
• Before we start into your readings for this unit, let’s examine
the following question: In your opinion, why do juveniles
commit delinquent acts and/or status offenses?
• If you forgot what status offense means, make sure you revisit
Unit I and Unit II of this course to refresh your memory.
Little John: A Juvenile’s Story
• Watch the video about interactions
between Officer McDonald and Little
John, a juvenile
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_c
ontent/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bc
j2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
• Click here to access the transcript for this
video.
Let’s begin this unit with learning more about Little John.
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bcj2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/courses/Emergency_Services/BCJ/BCJ2201/15K/transcripts/BCJ2201_UnitIII_Transcript.pdf
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bcj2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/emergency_services/bcj/bcj2201/15K/video/unitiii_video.mp4
Criminological Theories
• Throughout the years, the truth has been sought by requesting
guidance from kings, priests, and philosophers.
• Today, however, we utilize science, which offers more accurate
answers.
• The two basic tools of science are theory and research.
• Research includes the collection of data that leads to the
identification of important variables as well as any related
variables. This, in turn, leads to new directions.
Criminological Theories
• A theory attempts to explain the events in the world (Bartollas
& Miller, 2011). It seeks to provide an explanation for the who,
what, when, where, why, and how events occur.
• Although theories try to explain events, they are not final. For
example, one theory may explain one behavior but not
another. Additionally, a theory may not explain a behavior for
all individuals.
Criminological Theories
• In the study of juvenile delinquency, there are some prominent
criminological theories that take center stage when examining
the complex issue of juvenile delinquency:
• rational choice theory,
• social learning theory, and
• strain theory.
• It is not to say that these are the only theories that exist in the
study of criminology; however, these three pa ...
Youth is defined by not being a child but on its way to being a grown-up.
World Health Organization (WHO) considers youth between ages of 15-24 years. This phase is smitten by everything shiny. The curiosity to know things, the ability to be adventurous, interest to explore meanings and consequences, wish to be the best of everything.
But sometimes, a single wrong step could produce grave predicament. We are aware of them being the vibrant future of our Nation, but have we ever tried to bring out only good in them, while explaining what’s wrong.
The age of youth is like a roller-coaster, full of ups and downs, highs and lows.
During these downs and lows, individuals have a tendency to seek out those solutions that might not prove to be right or is full of adverse consequences.
This lecture will throw light on what are different criminal behaviours, factors that contribute to different criminal behaviour and how one can manage youth’s increased involvement in such behaviours.
Criminal Behaviour at Home
Lying about going to school but going elsewhere, asking for more money than recommended by school, etc.
Stealing toys, money or other valuable items
Staying out late or coming back late
Running from home or school
Bullying, threatening and intimidation (terrifying) younger siblings or weaker older sibling
Physical cruelty towards family members
Physical cruelty towards pets
Not doing well in school
Difficult family relationships
Lack of boundaries and parental supervision
Having friends who commit crime
Drug and Alcohol misuse
Mental Health issues, such as ADHD
Criminal Behaviour in School
Lying about not completing homework, missing school, etc.
Stealing books, notebooks, stationary, lunch, etc.
Bullying, threatening and intimidation (terrifying) fellow classmates, younger children
Physical fight/cruelty at school
Truancy
Criminal Behaviours in Society
Violation of societal norms (traffic rules, gambling)
Bullying, threatening and intimidation (terrifying) to weaker sections of society
Physical fight
Usage of weapon to cause physical harm
Physical cruelty towards humans
Physical cruelty towards animals
Breaking and Entering
Robbery
Burglary
Forcing into sexual act/ eve-teasing
Engaging in fire to cause harm
Destroying other’s property
Cyber-bullying.
Psychological Characteristics of Criminal Behaviours in Youths
Criminal behaviours are defined by presence of those characteristics that do not follow the norms of society and constantly defies those norms.
Commonly followed characteristics of criminal behaviours include aggressiveness, impulsivity and bullying, and personality temperament, emotional & social intelligence, etc.
Aggressiveness
Aggressive behaviours among youths include arrogance, rudeness, temper tantrums, truancy, etc.
Hostile aggressions (physical or verbal) are often shown by boys, whereas Instrumental aggressions (non-physical) are often present among girls.
Impulsivity
The inability to think before acting is consider
The Legacy Project: Chicago's LGBT Community Builds a Real and Virtual Advoca...Gerri Spinella
The Legacy Project, a LGBT educational initiative, promotes professional development training and advocacy for gay and lesbian families to graduate students in education.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Definition
• The Social Control theory explains how social
factors such as religion, economics, family and
education relate to the choices and actions of
an individual.
3. Travis Hirschi
• Author of the Social Bond Theory
• Hirschi was born in 1935 and graduated from
University of Arizona
• His theories integrated different theories and
attempted to disprove the consistencies of
other theories.
• His theories show little interest in race,
gender, and class.
4. Hirschi’s Perspective
Benefits
• People feel something they
like.
• People are motivated to
acquire wants.
• People assert a desired level
of control.
• People have an attraction to
illegal temptations
Consequences
• People feel or would feel
something they don’t like.
• The cost of acquiring the
want is severe
• Social control strength
affects criminal activity.
• Social Bonds control the
attraction to illegal
temptations and ensure
conformity. (Hancock,2004)
5. Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory
of Deliquency
• Attachments
• Commitment
• Involvement
• Belief
6. Attachments
(Hirschi’s Social Bond)
• The relationships established with
others, especially parents. Attachments are
formed through the use of intimate
communication.
• Parents can develop a method of indirect
control. Which means, youngsters refrain from
deviant behavior because the parents
relationship is psychologically present. They
do want to disappoint.
7. Attachments
• “Social attachments can also be fruitfully thought of as investments. The development
and cultivation of enduring attachments to family, friends, and co-workers requires
personal sacrifice -- committing one's time and energy and, frequently, financial
resources to meeting the needs of others rather than oneself. Attachments also yield a
return, albeit intangible -- the long-term good esteem, companionship, and love of
others (Nagin 1994,581)”.
8. Commitment
• The higher educational and occupational aspirations an
individual holds, the higher the cost for turning to crime.
Conforming to social standards becomes a higher priority in
achieving specific set goals. (Lily,2011)
• It is only rational for a person to be concerned with his or her
own self-interest
9. Involvement
• People are less likely to be involved in criminal activity
when involved in activities such as sports, school
activities, homework, and thier recreational pursuits.
• The less time available for leisure equals less time to
get in trouble.
• Devoting energy to productive task reduces the
chances to offend.
10. Belief
• People with a strong moral
belief in the law are less likely
to engage in criminal activity.
• Beliefs are based on a constant
social reinforcement.
• A fundamental understanding
of right and wrong is crucial to
reducing criminal activity.
• Core Values
11. Juvenile Delinquency and Social Control
Social Control
• Under the Social Control
Theory, delinquency increases
when the social bond between
child and society is broken.
• The relationship between the
social environment and
attitudes contribute to
adolescent delinquent
behavior.
• Weakened social bonds are
precursors to juvenile
delinquency (Menasco,2005 ).
Juveniles
• Crime rates are higher in
juveniles and decline with age
(Hopson,2002 ).
• There are at least 3 million
juveniles under 18 arrested
yearly of arrests
(Menasco,2005 ).
• “A 70% increase of juveniles
transferred to adult court
between the late 1980s and
the beginning of the 1990s
(Menasco, 2005 para3 ).”
12. Benefits in Applying the Social Control
Theory to Juveniles
• Juveniles are impressionable and can be
influenced by positive social bonds.
• Juveniles are not as set in their ways as
adults. Overcoming bad habits is easier.
• Juveniles have several life decisions to
make which affect them for years to come.
• Juveniles also undergo many physical
changes which adjust hormone levels .
13. Conclusion
• Juveniles need to be provided with the
appropriate social bonds. Future crime
rates can only be affected if the
Criminal Justice System begins to apply
the principles of the Social Control
Theory. Give the youth of America set
expectations, guidance, support, and the
solution begins.
14. Work Cited
.
• Hopson, R. K., & Obidah, J. E. (2002). When getting tough means getting tougher: Historical and conceptual understandings
of juveniles of color sentenced as adults in the united states. The Journal of Negro Education, 71(3), 158-174. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/222122598?accountid=27966
• Nagin, D. S., & Paternoster, R. (1994). Personal capital and social control: The deterrence implications of a theory of
individual differences in criminal offending. Criminology, 32(4), 581-581. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/220697081?accountid=27966
• Lilly, J. R., Cullen, F. T. & Ball, R. A. (2011). Criminological theory: Context and consequences (5th Ed.). Washington D.C: Sage
Publications.
• Menasco, M. A. (2005). A reconsideration of social control theory: Understanding the interwoven nature of the social
bond, academic performance and juvenile delinquency. State University of New York at Buffalo). ProQuest Dissertations and
Theses, , 232-232 p. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/305382943?accountid=27966. (305382943).