Polygraph Testing Management Plan through Psychotherapy CBT, Behavior Therapy, REBT Polygraph testing involves the use of an instrument which detects and measures some of the physiological changes that take place in the human body when a person lies. These tests are particularly prevalent in the retail industry.Polygraph tests are used frequently in many fields, such as law enforcement, national security, and private investigations. The exam is typically broken down into four phases: the initial interrogation and pre-test phase, the in-test (polygraph exam), and the post-test phase.The primary purpose of the polygraph test in security screening is to identify individuals who present serious threats to national security. To put this in the language of diagnostic testing, the goal is to reduce to a minimum the number of false negative cases (serious security risks who pass the diagnostic screen).

1. Polygraph Testing Management Plan
through Psychotherapy CBT,
Behavior Therapy, REBT
Aqsa shahid

2. Polygraph testing, also known as a lie detector test, has been employed
for decades to uncover the truth by examining physiological responses. It
has found applications in various fields, including law enforcement,
criminal investigations, and employee screening.
The primary purpose of polygraph testing is to detect deception by
monitoring changes in physiological responses such as heart rate, blood
pressure, respiration, and skin conductivity. By measuring these
responses, polygraph testing aims to identify signs of stress and arousal
that may indicate dishonesty
Introduction- what is polygraph testing?

3. Sensors
Pneumograph
Cardiovascular Components
Recording Instruments
A typical polygraph machine consists of several components
that work together to detect deception by monitoring an
individual's physiological responses. Let's take a closer look
at these components:

4. Principles of polygraph testing
01 02 03 04
Physiological
Changes and
Deception:
Baseline and
Relevant
Questions:
Differential
Response:
Analysis and
Interpretation:

5. Physiological Changes and Deception:
• The core assumption of polygraph testing is that when a person lies, there are detectable
physiological changes associated with the stress or arousal induced by deception
• It is believed that the act of lying places a psychological and physiological burden on an
individual, leading to measurable changes in their physiological responses
Baseline and Relevant Questions:
• Polygraph tests typically involve two types of questions: baseline questions and relevant
questions.
• Baseline questions are neutral and unrelated to the specific issue under investigation. They
establish the individual's typical physiological responses in a non-threatening context
• Relevant questions are directly related to the issue being investigated, such as specific aspects of
a crime or event. These questions are designed to elicit a higher level of physiological response if
the individual is lying.

6. Differential Response:
• The key principle is to compare the individual's physiological responses to
baseline and relevant questions
• During baseline questions, the individual is expected to exhibit consistent
physiological responses indicative of their normal state
• In contrast, if the individual lies or experiences heightened emotional arousal
during relevant questions, there may be noticeable deviations from their
baseline responses

7. Analysis and Interpretation:
• Trained polygraph examiners analyze the collected physiological data to
identify patterns, anomalies, and significant changes that may indicate
deception
• Factors such as changes in heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductivity, and
respiration are assessed in relation to the different types of questions
• The examiner combines their expertise with the data analysis to make an
overall determination regarding the truthfulness of the individual being tested

8. Comparison Test Technique (CQT):
• The CQT is the most common and traditional form of polygraph testing.
• It involves asking a series of relevant questions, interspersed with control or
irrelevant questions, to establish a baseline and elicit stronger physiological
responses during relevant questions if deception is present
• The aim is to compare the physiological responses between relevant and
control questions to detect potential signs of deception
 Advantages: Widely used and familiar to both examiners and the public.
 Limitations: Subjective interpretation of physiological responses, potential for
false positives or false negatives, and reliance on the examiner's expertise
Types of polygraph tests:

9. Concealed Information Test (CIT):
• The CIT, also known as the Guilty Knowledge Test, focuses on measuring the examinee's
recognition of specific information related to a crime or event
• Rather than directly addressing deception, it aims to determine if the individual
possesses knowledge that only the guilty party would know
• The test presents multiple-choice questions, with one option being the correct or crime-
relevant choice
• The physiological responses are analyzed to identify significant reactions when the
correct information is presented
⮚ Advantages: Focuses on objective measurements of recognition rather than subjective
interpretation, less reliance on examiner judgment
⮚ Limitations: Limited applicability to cases with specific crime-related information,
potential for false positives based on alternative explanations for physiological
responses

10. Polygraph testing plays a significant role in the field of forensic
psychology, which applies psychological principles and techniques to
legal and criminal justice settings
1. Forensic Investigations:
• Polygraph testing is commonly used in forensic investigations, such as
criminal investigations and suspect interrogations
• Forensic psychologists may be involved in conducting polygraph tests,
analyzing the results, and providing expert testimony based on their
findings
Polygraph testing and forensic psychology:

11. 2. Pre-Employment Screening:
• Forensic psychologists may use
polygraph testing as part of pre-
employment screening processes,
particularly in fields such as law
enforcement, security, and
government agencies
• Polygraph tests can be used to
assess the truthfulness and
integrity of potential employees,
ensuring the suitability of
candidates for sensitive positions
3. Offender Treatment and Monitoring:
• In some cases, polygraph testing is
used as a tool in the treatment and
monitoring of offenders, such as sex
offenders or individuals on probation or
parole
• By incorporating polygraph testing,
forensic psychologists can assess an
offender's compliance with treatment
programs, monitor potential relapses,
and promote accountability

12. 4. Challenges and Controversies:
• Polygraph testing in forensic psychology is not without challenges and controversies
• Critics argue that the subjective interpretation of results, potential for false positives or
negatives, and ethical considerations pose significant challenges to the use of polygraph
testing in legal and forensic contexts
• Forensic psychologists must navigate these challenges and stay informed about the latest
research and guidelines to ensure the ethical and responsible use of polygraph testing
• Polygraph testing provides forensic psychologists with a tool for gathering information
and assessing the credibility of individuals involved in legal and criminal justice
proceedings. However, it is essential to approach polygraph testing with caution,
recognizing its limitations and potential impact on individuals' rights and well-being

13. WORKING OF POLYGRAPH
TESTING

14. Polygraph machine records multiple(poly)
signals using four to six sensors and these are
recorded on a single strip of moving paper
(graph)
 Person's breathing rate
 Person's perspiration
 Person's pulse
This test measures all the natural changes caused
by ANS
WORKING OF POLYGRAPH TESTING

16.  Pre-test interview :- Introduction related to test.
 Chart preparation :- Three types of questions are asked as:
1. Irrelevant
2. Relevant
3. Control
 Post interview :- Data analysis
Stages of polygraph testing:

17.  Criminal investigation
 Private investigation
 Fraud and theft cases
 Testing for sexual offence
 Polygraph testing for qualified employes
Applications:

18.  Expensive
 Examination is lengthy process
 Accuracy varies from 50per to 87.5 percent
 Can't be always accurate
 Not admissible in court

19. MANIPULATIONS
Manipulation During Control
Questions:
 Subjects may control their breathing
 Contraction of sphincter muscles
 Biting the tongue or inside of mouth
 Thinking about horrible things
Manipulation During Relevant
Questions
 Practicing relaxation techniques
 Doing mental calculations
 Thinking of calming subjects

20.  Overview of the ethical considerations associated with polygraph
testing:
 Informed consent and privacy issues
 Ensuring fairness and avoiding discrimination
 Proper use of polygraph results in legal and employment contexts
Ethical Consideration:

21. Case Study: The Insurance Claim
Background: An insurance company received a claim from a policyholder, Lisa, who reported a
burglary at her residence. The company suspected potential fraud due to inconsistencies in Lisa's
statement and decided to conduct a polygraph test to gather additional information.
Case: During the polygraph examination, Lisa displayed significant signs of deception when
questioned about the details of the burglary. Her physiological responses indicated that she was not
telling the truth about the incident. As a result, the insurance company launched a comprehensive
investigation, which included collecting additional evidence and interviewing witnesses. It was
ultimately discovered that Lisa had staged the burglary to make a fraudulent insurance claim. She was
confronted with the evidence and admitted to her wrongdoing. The polygraph test played a vital role
in uncovering the fraudulent activity and preventing the insurance company from making an unjust
payout.
case study 1

22. Background: A workplace incident occurred, where an employee accused a coworker,
Mike, of theft. In an attempt to resolve the situation and determine the truth, the company
decided to administer polygraph tests to both employees involved.
Case: During the polygraph test, Mike's physiological responses indicated deception when
questioned about the alleged theft. However, upon further investigation, it was discovered
that the accusing employee had fabricated the accusation against Mike due to personal
animosity. The polygraph test results were considered false positives, highlighting the
limitations of relying solely on polygraph testing for determining guilt or innocence.
Case study 2 False Acquisition:

23. Behavioural
Therapy

24. ● Behavioural therapy is an approach to psychotherapy in which
an individual's behavior is analyzed, and the patterns and
triggers that lead to problematic or maladaptive behaviours are
identified and addressed. This type of therapy can be useful in
forensic psychology, which refers to the use of psychology in the
legal and criminal justice systems.
Behavioural therapy

25. ● The principle of behavioral therapy is based on the idea that behaviors are learned and
can be modified through conditioning. This approach focuses on changing problematic
behaviors and thoughts by reinforcing desired behaviors and modifying maladaptive
patterns. Behavioral therapy aims to help individuals identify and change their negative
behavior patterns by teaching them new and more adaptive behaviors through the use of
various techniques such as systematic desensitization, exposure therapy, and operant
conditioning. The ultimate goal of behavioral therapy is to help individuals develop
more positive and functional ways of thinking and behaving, leading to greater
emotional well-being and improved quality of life.
Principle of behavioural therapy

26. ● The type of therapy is used to help individuals with mental health
disorders or behavior problems that are relevant to the criminal
justice system.
● The goal is to help them develop better coping mechanisms and
address the root cause of their behavior.
Behavioural therapy in forensic psychology

27. ● Behavioral therapy is useful in forensic psychology because it provides a
structured and evidence-based approach to treatment.
● It focuses on observable and measurable behaviors, which is important in the
context of the criminal justice system. By modifying a person's behavior,
they can learn to manage their emotions, adopt more positive coping
strategies, and reduce their risk of reoffending.
● Additionally, behavioral therapy can also help individuals improve their
social skills, which can be crucial in re-integrating into society after
incarceration.
Useful for forensic psychology

28.  Behavioral therapy can be applied to a range of forensic psychology
settings, such as prisons, probation services, and forensic hospitals.
 Some examples of the use of behavioral therapy include:
 Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for individuals with mental
health disorders that contribute to criminal behavior
Applications in forensic psychology

29. Anger management programs for individuals who struggle to manage
their emotions.
Social skills training for individuals who have difficulties with
interpersonal relationships.
Behavioral activation therapy for individuals with depression or other
mood disorders.

30. Cognitive behavioral
therapy (CBT)

31. ● Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a talking therapy that
can help you manage your problems by changing the way
you think and behave. It's most commonly used to treat
anxiety and depression, but can be useful for other mental
and physical health problems.
What is CBT

32. ● The goal of CBT is to help the individual understand
how their thoughts impact their actions. There are
three pillars of CBT, which are identification,
recognition, and management.
Principles of CBT

33.  By assuming that this criminal thinking is a cognitive deficit that has
been learned, CBT focuses on teaching offenders to understand the
thinking processes and choices that lead to criminal behavior.
 Forensic psychologists may use CBT to address issues such as anger
management, substance abuse, and criminal thinking patterns.
CBT in forensic psychology

34. ● In forensic psychiatry and psychology, it concerns offenders with a psychiatric disorder or with
a psychological problem who are evaluated because of a court order and who are sometimes
obliged to follow a treatment or rehabilitation program afterwards to reduce recidivism risk.
How CBT is useful in forensic psychology

35. CBT is currently the dominant modality in the field of sex offender treatment.
While the specific components of programs vary, in general CBT sex offender
treatment programs include modules on
(1) altering thinking patterns that facilitate or justify sex offending,
(2) improving relationship skills and empathy, and
(3) preventing “relapse” by identifying and coping with triggers for the sex
offense cycle.
Offenders Who Committed Sexual Crimes

36. ● CBT is not the dominant modality in the crowded field of offender substance
abuse treatment, where approaches include drug courts, therapeutic
communities, motivational enhancement groups, boot camps, and a variety
of pharmacological agents.
Violent Offenders
● The offender treatment literature around violence includes programs
specifically designed to treat intimate partner violence (IPV) and those
intended to treat violent behavior that also occurs outside of intimate
relationships.
Drug Offenders

37. REBT

38. ● REBT is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on helping
people with mental health disorders change their thinking and behavior
patterns. This technique was designed to help people manage their emotions,
cognitive thinking, and behavior
What is REBT?

39. ● Beliefs Influence Emotions
● Irrational Beliefs Cause Distress
● Challenge Irrational Beliefs
● Replace with Rational Beliefs
● Practice and Homework
Principles of REBT

40. ● Beliefs Influence Emotions: Our beliefs and thoughts about events
influence how we feel emotionally
● Irrational Beliefs Cause Distress: Irrational beliefs, such as demandingness
and awfulizing, contribute to emotional distress and unhealthy behaviors.
● Challenge Irrational Beliefs: It is important to identify and challenge
irrational beliefs through logical examination and evidence-based reasoning.
● Replace with Rational Beliefs: Replace irrational beliefs with rational and
realistic ones that promote emotional well-being.
● Practice and Homework: Engage in practice and homework assignments to
reinforce new beliefs and develop healthier thinking patterns.

41. ● Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) can be useful in forensic
psychology in several ways.
● REBT is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping individuals
identify and change irrational beliefs and thought patterns that contribute to
emotional distress and maladaptive behavior.
How REBT is useful in forensic psychology

42. Here are some ways in which REBT can be applied in forensic psychology:
Anger management:
● REBT techniques can help individuals in the criminal justice system who struggle
with anger management issues.
● By identifying and challenging irrational beliefs that fuel anger and aggression,
REBT can help individuals develop more constructive coping strategies and reduce
the risk of violent behavior.
Rehabilitation of offenders:
● REBT can be used to address and modify distorted thinking patterns and irrational
beliefs that contribute to criminal behavior. By challenging beliefs such as
entitlement, self-justification, or the belief in the inevitability of criminal actions,
REBT can promote personal responsibility, accountability, and pro-social thinking.

43. Stress and coping:
● Forensic psychologists often work with individuals who have experienced
traumatic events, such as crime victims or witnesses
● REBT can assist in teaching effective coping strategies and reframing
irrational thoughts related to the trauma. This can help individuals manage
their stress, reduce anxiety, and improve their overall well-being.
Substance abuse treatment:
● Substance abuse is a common issue in forensic psychology. REBT can be
applied to address the underlying irrational beliefs and cognitive distortions
that contribute to addictive behaviors.
● By challenging thoughts related to substance use, REBT can help individuals
develop healthier beliefs and coping mechanisms, reducing the likelihood of
relapse.

44. Cognitive restructuring:
● REBT emphasizes cognitive restructuring, which involves identifying and
challenging irrational beliefs and replacing them with more rational and
adaptive thoughts.
● This process can be valuable in forensic psychology when working with
individuals who have distorted thinking patterns that contribute to criminal
behavior or recidivism. By addressing these underlying cognitive distortions,
REBT can help individuals develop more realistic and functional thought
processes.

45. REBT

46. This case study explores the implementation of REBT in a forensic context,
specifically concerning a domestic violence offender.
Case: A Domestic Violence Offender
Case Background:
Mark is a 40-year-old man who has a history of domestic violence offenses. He was
recently arrested and charged with assaulting his partner during an argument. Mark's
violent behavior is influenced by deeply ingrained beliefs, such as "I must control and
dominate my partner to maintain power," "Showing vulnerability is a sign of weakness,"
and "Anger is the only way to express my emotions." The court refers Mark to a forensic
psychologist to address his violent tendencies and promote behavioral change.

47. The following steps outline the application of REBT in this case:
● Assessment and Identification of Irrational Beliefs
● Challenging Irrational Beliefs
● Disputing and Replacing Irrational Beliefs
● Skill Development
● Cognitive Restructuring
● Relapse Prevention and Follow-up
REBT Intervention:

48. ● Assessment and Identification of Irrational Beliefs:
The psychologist conducts an assessment to identify Mark's irrational beliefs
related to power, control, and aggression. They explore his upbringing, past
experiences, and cultural influences that may have contributed to the formation of
these beliefs.
● Challenging Irrational Beliefs:
The psychologist engages in a collaborative process with Mark to challenge his
irrational beliefs. They encourage him to examine the logical flaws and negative
consequences associated with these beliefs. For example, they help Mark realize
that dominating his partner does not lead to a healthy and fulfilling relationship.

49. Disputing and Replacing Irrational Beliefs:
● The psychologist assists Mark in disputing his irrational beliefs by providing
evidence, alternative perspectives, and healthier belief systems. They
introduce rational beliefs such as "Respecting and communicating with my
partner builds trust and fosters a healthier relationship," "Expressing
emotions in non-violent ways is more effective," and "Vulnerability allows
for emotional connection.“
Skill Development:
● The psychologist helps Mark develop practical skills to replace aggressive
behaviors. They teach him anger management techniques, communication
strategies, empathy-building exercises, and problem-solving skills. These
skills assist Mark in addressing conflicts and frustrations in a constructive
manner.

50. Cognitive Restructuring:
● The psychologist guides Mark through the process of cognitive restructuring,
wherein he learns to identify and challenge automatic negative thoughts that
contribute to aggression. Mark learns to replace these thoughts with more
rational and balanced thinking patterns.
Relapse Prevention and Follow-up:
● As therapy progresses, the psychologist focuses on relapse prevention
strategies. Mark is taught to recognize warning signs of escalating aggression,
implement coping skills, and seek support when needed. The psychologist also
collaborates with probation officers and community resources to provide
ongoing support and supervision post-treatment.

51. Evaluation and Outcomes:
Throughout The intervention, the psychologist regularly assesses Mark's progress
in challenging his irrational beliefs and adopting healthier coping mechanisms.
Over time, Mark demonstrates increased self-awareness, empathy, and improved
communication skills. He develops the ability to manage anger effectively and
engages in pro-social behaviors within his relationships. Mark's reduced violent
tendencies and increased emotional regulation contribute to a decreased risk of
future domestic violence incidents.

52. The integration of REBT in forensic psychology offers a promising approach to
addressing cognitive distortions and promoting behavioral change in domestic
violence offenders. By challenging and replacing irrational beliefs, individuals
like Mark can develop healthier perspectives and adopt more adaptive coping
strategies. This therapeutic intervention facilitates personal growth, enhances
relationship dynamics, and reduces the risk of recidivism in domestic violence
cases.
Conclusion: