Welcome to today's presentation on the complex relationship between mental disorders and crime. We will delve into the intersection of these two topics, exploring the impact of mental disorders on criminal behavior.

1. Mental disorders and
Crime
Aqsa shahid

2. • Welcome to today's presentation on the complex relationship between
mental disorders and crime.
• We will delve into the intersection of these two topics, exploring the
impact of mental disorders on criminal behavior.

3. Introduction:
Definition of Mental Disorders:
• Mental disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect an
individual's thinking, mood, and behavior
• These disorders can significantly impact a person's ability to function
in daily life an may require medical or psychological intervention.

4. Understanding Crime:
• Crime encompasses a broad spectrum of illegal activities, including
theft, assault, drug offenses, and more.
• Factors such as social, economic, and psychological influences
contribute to criminal behavior.

5. The Relationship:
• Research has shown that there is a complex relationship between
mental disorders and crime.
• While the majority of people with mental disorders are not involved in
criminal activities, certain conditions may increase the risk.

6. Mental Disorders and Crime:
• Some individuals with severe mental disorders may exhibit behaviors that lead to
criminal acts
• Psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, can sometimes result in violent or
aggressive behavior due to a distorted perception of reality
• The abuse of drugs or alcohol can impair judgment, increase aggression, and
contribute to illegal activities
Link to Victimization:
• It is important to note that individuals with mental disorders are not only
perpetrators but also victims of crime.
• Their vulnerability and limited ability to protect themselves may make them
targets for exploitation or abuse.

7. Prevalence of Mental Disorders among Offenders
• It was found that the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders among the prisoners
was 54.7% according to DSM–5 criteria. Besides the high prevalence of
personality disorders among the participants, the second prevalent diagnosis was
substance and addictive disorders, accounting for 15.3% of participants.
• Individuals diagnosed with intellectual disabilities were more often accused of
rape (28.0%) and assault (15.0%), while those who were suffering from
schizophrenia were also more likely to commit violent and aggressive crimes such
as assault (33.0%), rape (28.4%) and murder (25.0%).

8. Mental Disorders and Criminal Behavior
• Mental illness is just one factor that may play a role in some incidents
and types of criminal behavior.
• Mental disorder and criminal behavior are distinct concepts that
sometimes overlap.
• Some mental disorders have been empirically associated with criminal
behavior (antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy).

9. Substance Use Disorders and Crime
Substance use disorders occur when the recurrent use of alcohol and/or drugs causes
clinically significant impairment, including health problems, disability, and failure
to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home.
(e.g., family, personality, genetics, neighborhoods) increase the risks for both
substance use and crime.

10. Schizophrenia and Criminal Behavior
Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder characterized by a combination of symptoms, including
hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and social withdrawal. It is important to note that the vast
majority of individuals with schizophrenia are not violent or involved in criminal behavior. However, there have
been some research studies exploring the potential association between schizophrenia and criminal behavior.
Here are some key findings:
Increased Risk: Several studies have found that individuals with schizophrenia may have a slightly higher
risk of engaging in criminal behavior compared to the general population. However, it is essential to note that
the overall association is relatively small, and the vast majority of people with schizophrenia are not involved in
criminal activities.
Substance Abuse: Substance abuse is a significant risk factor for criminal behavior among individuals
with schizophrenia. Research suggests that substance abuse, particularly with drugs such as alcohol or illicit
substances, can increase the likelihood of criminal activity among individuals with schizophrenia.

11. Con…..
Non-violent Offenses: The association between schizophrenia and criminal behavior is primarily related to
non-violent offenses, such as property crimes, theft, or trespassing. Studies indicate that individuals with
schizophrenia may be at a slightly higher risk for engaging in these types of crimes.
Violence: While there is a perception that schizophrenia is strongly associated with violence, research has
shown that the relationship between schizophrenia and violent criminal behavior is more complex. Studies
indicate that individuals with schizophrenia are generally not more violent than the general population.
However, a small subset of individuals with schizophrenia, particularly those with a history of substance abuse
or a history of violence, may have an increased risk of committing violent acts.
Factors Influencing Criminal Behavior: The risk of criminal behavior among individuals with
schizophrenia can be influenced by various factors, including poor treatment adherence, lack of social support,
homelessness, unemployment, and co-occurring substance abuse disorders. Addressing these factors through
appropriate treatment and support systems can help reduce the risk of criminal involvement.

12. PTSD and criminal behavior
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can develop in individuals who have
experienced or witnessed a traumatic event. While PTSD itself does not directly cause criminal behavior, there
is evidence to suggest a relationship between PTSD and an increased risk of involvement in certain types of
criminal behavior. However, it is important to note that not all individuals with PTSD engage in criminal
activity, and the majority of individuals with PTSD do not commit crimes.
Here are some research findings regarding the relationship between PTSD and criminal behavior:
Higher rates of criminal involvement: Several studies have found higher rates of criminal behavior
among individuals with PTSD compared to the general population. Research suggests that PTSD is associated
with an increased risk of committing violent offenses, property crimes, and drug-related offenses.
Comorbidity with other mental health disorders: PTSD often co-occurs with other mental health
disorders, such as substance use disorders, depression, and anxiety disorders. These comorbid conditions can
contribute to an increased likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.

13. Con…..
Impulsivity and aggression: Individuals with PTSD may experience difficulties with emotion regulation,
impulsivity, and increased aggression, which can contribute to an increased risk of engaging in criminal
behavior. Impaired decision-making and coping mechanisms may lead some individuals with PTSD to engage in
impulsive and potentially illegal actions.
Substance abuse: Substance abuse is common among individuals with PTSD, as some may turn to alcohol or
drugs as a means of coping with their symptoms. Substance abuse itself is associated with an increased risk of
criminal behavior, further contributing to the relationship between PTSD and criminal involvement.
Victimization and self-defense: Some individuals with PTSD may engage in criminal behavior as a result
of being victims of crime themselves. In an attempt to protect themselves or cope with their symptoms,
individuals with PTSD may resort to criminal activities.

14. Bipolar disorder and Criminal behavior
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include episodes of
mania and depression. While bipolar disorder can have a significant impact on an individual's life, it is important
to note that the majority of people with bipolar disorder do not engage in criminal behavior. However, research
has explored the potential relationship between bipolar disorder and criminal behavior, and I can provide you
with some general findings. It's crucial to approach these findings with caution, as individual circumstances and
factors vary greatly, and correlation does not necessarily imply causation.
Increased risk of criminal behavior: Some studies have found an increased risk of criminal behavior
among individuals with bipolar disorder compared to the general population. These studies suggest that during
manic episodes, individuals may exhibit impulsive and reckless behaviors that could potentially lead to criminal
acts.

15. Con…..
• Substance abuse: Research has consistently shown a higher prevalence of
substance abuse among individuals with bipolar disorder. Substance abuse itself is
associated with an increased risk of criminal behavior, as it can impair judgment,
increase impulsivity, and contribute to illegal activities.
• Comorbid disorders: Bipolar disorder often co-occurs with other mental health
disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder,
and substance use disorders. These comorbidities can further contribute to an
individual's risk of engaging in criminal behavior.

16. Challenges in the Pakistani Criminal Justice System:
• The Pakistani criminal justice system faces several challenges in dealing
with individuals who have mental disorders and are involved in violent
crimes.
• Limited resources, inadequate mental health services, and stigmatization
pose significant obstacles to effective intervention and rehabilitation.
Inadequate Mental Health Services:
• Access to mental health services is limited in Pakistan, particularly for
individuals involved in the criminal justice system.
• Insufficient psychiatric facilities, trained professionals, and community-
based support contribute to a lack of proper assessment and treatment.

17. Lack of Awareness and Stigma:
• Stigma surrounding mental health in Pakistani society often leads to
the marginalization of individuals with mental disorders.
• This stigma extends to the criminal justice system, resulting in limited
understanding of mental health issues and their impact on criminal
behavior.

18. Forensic Mental Health Assessment
• Forensic mental health assessment plays a crucial role in evaluating
the mental state and determining the culpability of individuals
involved in violent crimes.
• It involves the assessment of mental disorders, risk assessment, and
evaluation of competence to stand trial.

19. Importance of Treatment and Rehabilitation
• Providing appropriate treatment and rehabilitation for individuals with
mental disorders involved in violent crimes is essential.
• Rehabilitation programs can help address underlying mental health
issues, promote reintegration into society, and reduce the risk of
recidivism.

20. What is a Mental Health Court?
• Mental health courts (MHC) are a form of collaborative court
that provides specific services and treatment to defendants
dealing with mental illness.
• Resolution of case upon successful completion of mandated
treatment plan. There are currently more than 90 mental health
courts in operation, which vary widely in their organization and
status.

21. What are the most common mental health issues in
Pakistan?
• This constant abuse puts women at high risk for depression,
post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse and even
suicide. Marital abuse also puts children at a higher risk for
depression, anxiety, substance abuse and poor school
performance.
• In Pakistan, mental disorders account for more than 4% of the
total disease burden, with the mental health burden higher
among women. It is estimated that 24 million people in
Pakistan are in need of psychiatric assistance.

23. What are the implications of mental health disorders?
• When someone has a mental health condition, it can impact
how they think, feel and behave. It can also impact their
physical health. As with anyone who finds themselves in an
unexpected situation, they may feel overwhelmed, experience
feelings of grief and loss, and be fearful of the future.

24. Common Mental Health Misconceptions &
Myths
• All people with mental illnesses are crazy.
• Mental illnesses and health disorders are extremely rare.
• Mental Illnesses make people violent.
• People with mental illness cannot function in society.
• You cannot get better if you have a mental illness.
• Treatment is scary.

25. CASE STUDIES

26. Case Study 1
Andrea Yates:
• Case Study: Andrea Yates, a woman from Texas, drowned her five
children in a bathtub in 2001.
• Mental Health Connection: Yates suffered from severe postpartum
depression and psychosis, which led to her committing the crime.
• Impact: The case brought attention to the importance of recognizing
and treating postpartum mental health issues.

27. Case Study 2
James Holmes:
• Case Study: James Holmes was responsible for the 2012 Aurora
theater shooting in Colorado, which resulted in 12 deaths and multiple
injuries.
• Mental Health Connection: Holmes was diagnosed with schizophrenia,
and his mental illness played a significant role in his decision to
commit the crime.
• Impact: The case raised discussions about the need for better mental
health support and intervention for individuals showing signs of severe
mental illness.

28. Case Study 3
• Case Study: Gilberto Valle, a New York City police officer, was
arrested in 2012 for conspiracy to kidnap, cook, and eat women.
• Mental Health Connection: Valle's case raised questions about the line
between fantasy and intent, as his actions were primarily based on
online discussions and role-playing forums.
• Impact: The case highlighted the importance of considering both
mental health issues and actual threat levels when assessing the
potential danger posed by individuals with unusual fantasies or
interests.

29. Prevention and Early Intervention
• Prevention efforts should focus on identifying risk factors for mental
disorders and implementing strategies to promote mental well-being
from an early age.
• Early intervention programs can help identify and provide support to
individuals at risk of developing mental disorders, potentially reducing
the likelihood of involvement in criminal behavior.

30. Community Support and Reintegration
• Community-based support systems are crucial for individuals with
mental disorders who have been involved in the criminal justice
system.
• Effective community support, such as housing programs, vocational
training, and counseling services, can facilitate successful
reintegration and reduce recidivism rates.

31. Ethical Considerations
• Ethical considerations play a significant role in addressing mental disorders and
crime.
• The criminal justice system should ensure fair and unbiased treatment, avoiding
stigmatization and discrimination against individuals with mental disorders.
Informed Consent and Autonomy
• Ethical considerations include obtaining informed consent from individuals with
mental disorders when implementing interventions or conducting research.
• Respecting autonomy and ensuring individuals have a voice in their treatment and
rehabilitation processes is vital.

32. Research Gaps
• Despite progress, several research gaps still exist in the field of mental
disorders and crime.
• More studies are needed to understand the specific mechanisms
underlying the relationship, the effectiveness of interventions, and the
long-term outcomes for individuals with mental disorders in the
criminal justice system.

33. Trauma-Informed Approaches
• Adopting trauma-informed approaches within the criminal justice
system is crucial, considering the high prevalence of trauma among
individuals with mental disorders involved in crime.
• Recognizing and addressing underlying trauma can lead to more
effective interventions and improved outcomes.

34. Conclusion
• In conclusion, the relationship between mental disorders and crime is
multifaceted.
• While mental disorders alone do not cause criminal behavior, certain
conditions may increase the risk.
• By addressing mental health needs and providing appropriate support,
we can contribute to crime prevention and foster a more inclusive
society.

35. Thank you
Shake thy Brain, Ask what he says ; )