Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition characterized by inflamed plaques and scales. It affects 1-3% of populations and has a genetic component. The causes involve an immune reaction and abnormal skin cell growth. Symptoms range from small red spots to widespread inflammation. Treatments include topical creams and light therapy. For severe cases, oral medications like retinoids, methotrexate and biologics may be used. Psoriasis has no cure and requires long-term management of symptoms.
Rosacea is a chronic (long-term) disease
that affects the skin and sometimes the eyes. The disorder is characterized by
redness, pimples, and, in advanced stages, thickened skin. Rosacea usually
affects the face. Skin on other parts of the upper body is only rarely
involved.
Rosacea is a chronic (long-term) disease
that affects the skin and sometimes the eyes. The disorder is characterized by
redness, pimples, and, in advanced stages, thickened skin. Rosacea usually
affects the face. Skin on other parts of the upper body is only rarely
involved.
Skin warts are benign tumours caused by infection of keratinocytes with HPV, visible as well‐defined hyperkeratotic protrusions. We will explore the detailed types, presentation, and treatment modalities of most common warts.
This is a seminar conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. Sorry for not attaching the references.
Information were from few textbooks, google and also from previous dermatology posting group's seminar.
Cutaneous manifestations of hiv infectiontashagarwal
Dermatological problems occur in more than 90% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In some patients, skin is the first organ affected. Skin diseases have proved to be sensitive and useful measures by which HIV progression can be monitored.
Pigmentation disorders of skin dermatology revision notesTONY SCARIA
dermatology revision notes for neet pg preparation based on lecture notes with high yield topic & last minute revision notes based on previous year questions
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
INTRODUCTION OF PSORIASIS, EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PSORIASIS, CLINICAL FEATURES OF PSORIASIS, PROGNOSIS OF PSORIASIS, HISTOPATHOLOGY OF PSORIASIS, TRIGGERING FACTORS OF PSORIASIS, PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS
Know more about Psoriasis ,Types and TreatmentsiCliniq
Psoriasis is a prototypic papulosquamous skin
diseases characterised by erythematous papules. It is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with increased epidermal proliferation related to dysregulation of the immune system.
It needs long time medication to get it control, the permanent is not found yet.
To Get guidance to treat Psoriasis from a doctor --> https://www.icliniq.com/ask-a-doctor-online/dermatologist/psoriasis
Skin warts are benign tumours caused by infection of keratinocytes with HPV, visible as well‐defined hyperkeratotic protrusions. We will explore the detailed types, presentation, and treatment modalities of most common warts.
This is a seminar conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. Sorry for not attaching the references.
Information were from few textbooks, google and also from previous dermatology posting group's seminar.
Cutaneous manifestations of hiv infectiontashagarwal
Dermatological problems occur in more than 90% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In some patients, skin is the first organ affected. Skin diseases have proved to be sensitive and useful measures by which HIV progression can be monitored.
Pigmentation disorders of skin dermatology revision notesTONY SCARIA
dermatology revision notes for neet pg preparation based on lecture notes with high yield topic & last minute revision notes based on previous year questions
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
INTRODUCTION OF PSORIASIS, EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PSORIASIS, CLINICAL FEATURES OF PSORIASIS, PROGNOSIS OF PSORIASIS, HISTOPATHOLOGY OF PSORIASIS, TRIGGERING FACTORS OF PSORIASIS, PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS
Know more about Psoriasis ,Types and TreatmentsiCliniq
Psoriasis is a prototypic papulosquamous skin
diseases characterised by erythematous papules. It is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with increased epidermal proliferation related to dysregulation of the immune system.
It needs long time medication to get it control, the permanent is not found yet.
To Get guidance to treat Psoriasis from a doctor --> https://www.icliniq.com/ask-a-doctor-online/dermatologist/psoriasis
Other cutaneous problems associated with viral infectionsdr maria saeed
This ppt include Pityriasis rosea,Papular pruritic gloves and socks syndrome,Torch infection,gianotti crosti syndrome,Measles from text book of Rook's dermatology
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic, non-infectious,
inflammatory skin disorder, characterized by
well-defined salmonpink plaques bearing large
adherent silvery centrally attached scales.
1-3 % of most populations have psoriasis
uncommon in American black people and
almost non-existent in American Indians.
It can start at any age but is rare under 10
years, and appears most often between 15
and 40 years.
Its course is unpredictable but is usually
chronic with exacerbations and remissions.
3. Psoriasis
The precise cause of psoriasis is still unknown. But
there is :
1. genetic predisposition
2. environmental trigger
There are two key abnormalities in a psoriatic
plaque:
1. hyperproliferation of keratinocytes
2. inflammatory cell infiltrate in which neutrophils,
tumour necrosis factor and probably Th17 type T
lymphocytes predominate.
Both of these abnormalities can induce the other,
leading to a vicious cycle of keratinocyte proliferation
and inflammatory reaction
4. Psoriasis
Precipitating factors
1. Trauma If the psoriasis is active (Köbner phenomenon)
2 .Infection Tonsillitis caused by β-haemolytic
streptococci often triggers guttate psoriasis.
3 .Hormonal Psoriasis frequently improves in pregnancy
only to relapse postpartum.
4 .Sunlight Improves most psoriatics but 10% become
worse.
5 .Drugs Antimalarials, beta-blockers, IFN-α and steroid
6 .Cigarette smoking and alcohol
7 .Emotional upset
7. Genetics
There are two inheritance modes.
One type has onset in youth and a more common family
history of psoriasis, and the other has onset in late adulthood
in patients without obvious family history.
Inheritance is polygenic
A child with one affected parent has a 16% chance of
developing the disease, and this rises to 50% if both parents
are affected.
psoriatic fathers are more likely to pass on the disease to
their children than are psoriatic mothers.
If non-psoriatic parents have a child with psoriasis, the risk
for subsequent children is about 10%.
8. Genetics
concordant is 70% of monozygotic twins but in
only 20% of dizygotic ones.
Early-onset psoriasis shows a genetic linkage
with a psoriasis susceptibility locus (PSOR-1)
located on 6p21
PSORS-1 is the most important locus in
psoriasis, accounting for up to 50% of genetic
susceptibility to the disease
Eeight other loci (PSORS-2 to 9) have been
identified.
HLA-Cw6 genotype developing psoriasis is 20
times that of those without it
9. Epidermal cell kinetics
The epidermis of psoriasis replicates too
quickly
Keratinocytes proliferate out of control, and
an excessive number of germinative cells
enter the cell cycle.
The growth fraction of epidermal basal
cells is greatly increased to almost 100%
compared with 30% in normal skin
The epidermal turnover time is greatly
shortened, to less than 10 days compared
with 30 to 60 days in normal skin.
10. Inflammation
Immune events may well have a primary
role in the pathogenesis of the disease
of psoriasis
Inflammatory cells especially neutrophils
and lymphocytes
Release of inflammatory cytokines and
mediators
11. Histology
The main changes are the following.
1 Parakeratosis (nuclei retained in the horny layer).
2 Irregular thickening of the epidermis over the rete
ridges, but thinning over dermal papillae. Bleeding
may occur when scale is scratched off (Auspitz’s sign).
3 Epidermal polymorphonuclear leucocyte
infiltrates
and micro-abscesses (described originally by Munro).
4 Dilated and tortuous capillary loops in the dermal
papillae.
5 T-lymphocyte infiltrate in upper dermis.
13. Psoriasis
Plaque pattern
•most common type
•Lesions are well demarcated and range from a
few millimetres to many centimetres in diameter
•The lesions are pink or red with large, centrally
adherent, silvery white, polygonal scales.
16. Guttate
psoriasis
•The word ‘guttate’ means ‘drop-shaped’.
•seen in children and adolescents
•may be the first sign of the disease
•often triggered by streptococcal tonsillitis.
•Numerous small round red macules come up
suddenly on the trunk and soon become scaly
•The rash often clears in a few months but
plaque psoriasis may develop later
Psoriasis
19. •Involvement of the nails is common
• Thimble pitting
• onycholysis (separation of the nail from
the nail bed
•sometimes subungual hyperkeratosis
Psoriasis
22. Flexures
•Psoriasis of the submammary, axillary and anogenital
folds is not scaly although the glistening sharply
demarcated red plaques often with fissuring in the depth
of the fold, are still readily recognizable.
•Flexural psoriasis is most common in women and in the
elderly, and is more common among HIV infected
individuals
Psoriasis
23.
24. Palms and soles
•Palmar psoriasis may be hard to recognize, as its
lesions are often poorly demarcated and barely
erythematous.
•The fingers may develop painful fissures.
•At other times lesions are inflamed and studded with
1–2 mm pustules (palmoplantar pustulosis)
Psoriasis
25.
26. Erythrodermic
psoriasis
•Rare
•Sparked off by:
1. irritant effect of tar or dithranol
2. by a drug
3. by the withdrawal of potent topical or systemic steroids.
•The skin becomes universally and uniformly red with variable
scaling.
•Malaise is accompanied by shivering and the skin feels hot and
uncomfortable.
29. Complications
Psoriatic arthropathy
occurs in about 5–20% of psoriatics.
Distal arthritis involves the terminal interphalangeal
joints of the toes and fingers, especially those with
marked nail changes
involvement of a single large joint; one that mimics
rheumatoid arthritis and may become mutilating
Tests for rheumatoid factor are negative and nodules
are absent.
In patients with spondylitis and sacroiliitis there is a
strong correlation with the presence of HLA-B27.
31. Investigations
1. Biopsy is seldom necessary
2. Throat swabbing for β-haemolytic
streptococci is needed in guttate
psoriasis.
3. Skin scrapings and nail clippings
may be required to exclude tinea.
4. Radiology and tests for rheumatoid
factor are helpful in assessing arthritis.
32. Treatment
General measures
Explanations and reassurances
treatment must never be allowed to be more
troublesome than the disease itself.
At present there is no cure for psoriasis; all
treatments are suppressive and aimed at
either inducing a remission or making the
condition more tolerable.
spontaneous remissions will occur in 50%of
patients.
Concomitant anxiety and depression should
be treated on their own merits
33. Treatment
Local treatments
Vitamin D analogues
Calcipotriol (calcipotriene, USA), calcitriol and
tacalcitol
Used for mild to moderate psoriasis affecting less
than 40% of the skin
Patients like calcipotriol because it is odourless,
colourless and does not stain.
It seldom clears plaques of psoriasis completely, but
does reduce their scaling and thickness.
Local and usually transient irritation may occur with
the recommended twice-daily application
34. Treatment
Local retinoids
Tazarotene is a topically active retinoid
It is recommended for chronic stable
plaque psoriasis on the trunk and limbs
covering up to 20% of the body.
its main side-effect is irritation
The drug should not be used in pregnancy
or during lactation or children below 12
year.
Females of child-bearing age should use
adequate contraception during therapy
35. Treatment
Topical corticosteroids
topical corticosteroids are most helpful and use them as
the mainstay of their long-term management of stable
plaque psoriasis.
Patients like them because they are clean and reduce
scaling and redness.
Used if other treatments are ineffective or contraindicated
or for localized psoriasis
SE
dermal atrophy
tachyphylaxis
early relapses
the occasional precipitation of unstable psoriasis
rarely, in extensive cases, of adrenal suppression caused
by systemic absorption.
36. Treatment
Dithranol (anthralin)
it inhibits DNA synthesis and form free
radicals of oxygen.
Dithranol is too irritant to apply to the
face, the inner thighs, genital region or
skin folds
It also stain clothes purple–brown
37. Treatment
Coal tar preparations
The less refined tars are smelly, messy and
stain clothes, but are more effective than
the cleaner refined preparations.
Calcineurin inhibitors (topical
immunomodulators)
Both tacrolimus and pimecrolimus have
been used, but they are usually too weak
to do much except for psoriasis on the
face, genitals or intertriginous areas
38. Treatment
Ultraviolet radiation
Most patients improve with natural sunlight and
should be encouraged to sunbathe
Both broadband and narrowband UVB can be used.
Narrowband UVB at wavelength 311 nm is especially
effective for clearing psoriasis while minimizing
exposure to potentially carcinogenic wavelengths
less than 300 nm
The main risk of UVB therapies in the short term is
acute phototoxicity (sunburn-like reaction) and, in the
long term, the induction of photodamage and skin
cancer
39. Special situations
Scalp psoriasis
This is often recalcitrant.
Oily preparations containing 3–6% salicylic acid are useful
They should be rubbed into the scalp three times a week
and washed out with a tar shampoo 4–6 h later.
Salicylic acid and tar combinations are also effective.
Guttate psoriasis
A course of penicillin V or erythromycin is indicated for
any associated streptococcal throat infection.
Bland local treatment is often enough as the natural trend
is towards remission.
Suitable preparations include emulsifying ointment and
zinc and ichthammol cream. Tar–steroid preparations are
reasonable alternatives.
40. Systemic treatment
A systemic approach should be considered
for extensive psoriasis (more than 20%
of the body surface) that fails to improve
with prolonged courses of tar or
dithranol
for patients whose quality of life is low
41. PUVA
An oral dose of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) or 5-
methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) is followed by exposure to
long-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVA: 320–400 nm).
inhibits DNA synthesis and epidermal cell division.
Psoralens may also be administered in bath water
for those unable to tolerate the oral regimen.
Treatment is given two or three times a week with
increasing doses of UVA, depending on erythema
production and the therapeutic response.
Protective goggles are worn during radiation and
UVA opaque plastic glasses must be used after
taking the tablets and for 24 h after each treatment
42. PUVA
Side-effects
Painful erythema is the most common side-effect
One-quarter of patients itch during and immediately
after radiation
Long-term side-effects include premature ageing of
the skin (with mottled pigmentation, scattered
lentigines, wrinkles and atrophy), cutaneous
Malignancies , cataract formation. The use of UVA-
blocking glasses for 24 h after each treatment should
protect against the latter.
The long-term side-effects relate to the total amount
of UVA received over the years; this must be
recorded and kept as low as possible
43. Retinoids
Acitretin (10–25 mg/day) is an analogue of vitamin A, and is one
of the few drugs helpful in pustular psoriasis
Retinoids and PUVA act synergistically and are often used
together in the so-called Re-PUVA regimen. This clears plaque
psoriasis quicker than PUVA alone, and needs a smaller
cumulative dose of UVA
S.E
1. Minor side effects are frequent and dose related. They include
dry lips, mouth, vagina and eyes, peeling of the skin, pruritus
and unpleasant paronychia.
2. Hair thinning or loss is common
3. Liver damage and hyperlipidemia
4. most important side-effect is teratogenicity so acitretin should
not normally be prescribed to women of child-bearing age.
Effective oral contraceptive measures must be taken for 2 years
after treatment has ceased.
Blood donation should be avoided for a similar period
44. Methotrexate
inhibition of both dihydrofolate reductase, and (AICAR)
transferase
Folate supplementation may reduce methotrexate toxicity,
Minor and temporary side effects, such as nausea and malaise,
are common in the 48 h after administration.
The most serious drawback to this treatment is hepatic fibrosis
Monitored by liver biopsy to exclude active liver disease has
been advised for those with risk factors, and repeated after
every cumulative dose of 1.5–2 g or serial assays of serum
procollagen III aminopeptide (PIIINP)
Blood checks to exclude marrow suppression, and to monitor
renal and liver function, should also be performed
The drug is teratogenic and should not be given to females in
their reproductive years. Oligospermia has been noted in men
and fertility may be lowered
45. Ciclosporin
inhibits cell-mediated immune reactions
effective in severe psoriasis
side-effects of long-term treatment include
hypertension, kidney damage and persistent
viral warts with a risk of skin cancer
Combination therapy
If psoriasis is resistant to one treatment, a
combination of treatments used together may
be the answer. Combination treatments can
even prevent side-effects by allowing less of
each drug to be used.
46. Anti TNF-a
1. Etanercept, recommended as the first
line biological agent
2. Infliximab
Inhibits T-cell activation drugs:
1. Alefacept
2. Efalizumab
They all are very effective, but also very
costy