Protein synthesis
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•267 views
Protein synthesis is the process by which cells generate new proteins through transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the cell's nucleus where DNA is copied to RNA. Translation then takes place in the cytoplasm as ribosomes assemble amino acids to create proteins based on the RNA code. Protein synthesis is tightly regulated at multiple steps including transcription and translation.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
1 29 Dna Replication
The document discusses DNA replication and key concepts about DNA. It provides information on how DNA is highly compacted into chromosomes containing 3 billion base pairs, with genes made up of sequences that code for proteins. It then explains that DNA replication is the process where DNA makes a copy of itself, producing two identical DNA molecules from the original strand through the unzipping of the strands and nucleotides joining to form new strands. This ensures each new cell receives the full genetic code.
DNA replication in E.coli
DNA replication in E.coli
Introduction
Definition
E.coli as a study model
Basic step of DNA replication
Replication
replication of DNA to form two daughter DNA molecules, basis of cell division and transfer of genetic information from one generation to other generation
Synthesis of gene
Brief discussion on the various mechanisms for synthesis of gene. please note this isn't valid unless you have a supporting statement. so use this presentation for reference only and do not depend on it solely
Central dogma in molecular biology
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. It explains the key processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, and post-translational modification. DNA replication involves initiation, elongation, and termination to produce identical DNA molecules. Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA, while translation involves activating amino acids and using mRNA to assemble proteins according to the genetic code. Post-translational modifications regulate protein activity and stability and are implicated in hereditary diseases.
Transformation
The document provides information about bacterial transformation. It describes that transformation is the process by which bacteria take up extracellular DNA from their environment. Frederick Griffith first discovered transformation in 1928 while working with pneumococcus bacteria. His experiments showed that a non-virulent rough form could be transformed into a virulent smooth form by DNA from a heat-killed smooth strain. Later experiments by Avery, Macleod and McCarty demonstrated that DNA is the transforming principle and genetic material of bacteria. The document then discusses various methods of bacterial transformation including chemical and physical methods like electroporation and use of calcium chloride. It also explains the molecular mechanism of transformation involving DNA binding, penetration, synapsis formation and integration into the bacterial chromosome.
Central dogma of life
nucleic acid
history
central dogma of life
types of nucleic acid
functions of DNA
Replication
encoding information
mutation and recombination
gene expression
Central dogma
Central dogma ( DNA replication, m-RNA synthesis and protein synthesis) of genetic material in genetics and molecular biology
Recommended
1 29 Dna Replication
The document discusses DNA replication and key concepts about DNA. It provides information on how DNA is highly compacted into chromosomes containing 3 billion base pairs, with genes made up of sequences that code for proteins. It then explains that DNA replication is the process where DNA makes a copy of itself, producing two identical DNA molecules from the original strand through the unzipping of the strands and nucleotides joining to form new strands. This ensures each new cell receives the full genetic code.
DNA replication in E.coli
DNA replication in E.coli
Introduction
Definition
E.coli as a study model
Basic step of DNA replication
Replication
replication of DNA to form two daughter DNA molecules, basis of cell division and transfer of genetic information from one generation to other generation
Synthesis of gene
Brief discussion on the various mechanisms for synthesis of gene. please note this isn't valid unless you have a supporting statement. so use this presentation for reference only and do not depend on it solely
Central dogma in molecular biology
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. It explains the key processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, and post-translational modification. DNA replication involves initiation, elongation, and termination to produce identical DNA molecules. Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA, while translation involves activating amino acids and using mRNA to assemble proteins according to the genetic code. Post-translational modifications regulate protein activity and stability and are implicated in hereditary diseases.
Transformation
The document provides information about bacterial transformation. It describes that transformation is the process by which bacteria take up extracellular DNA from their environment. Frederick Griffith first discovered transformation in 1928 while working with pneumococcus bacteria. His experiments showed that a non-virulent rough form could be transformed into a virulent smooth form by DNA from a heat-killed smooth strain. Later experiments by Avery, Macleod and McCarty demonstrated that DNA is the transforming principle and genetic material of bacteria. The document then discusses various methods of bacterial transformation including chemical and physical methods like electroporation and use of calcium chloride. It also explains the molecular mechanism of transformation involving DNA binding, penetration, synapsis formation and integration into the bacterial chromosome.
Central dogma of life
nucleic acid
history
central dogma of life
types of nucleic acid
functions of DNA
Replication
encoding information
mutation and recombination
gene expression
Central dogma
Central dogma ( DNA replication, m-RNA synthesis and protein synthesis) of genetic material in genetics and molecular biology
Gene Expression 1: RNA and Protein Synthesis
1. Gene expression involves the transcription of DNA's genetic code into mRNA and the subsequent translation of mRNA into proteins.
2. During transcription, the DNA double helix is unzipped and an mRNA copy is produced in the nucleus using RNA polymerase.
3. The mRNA copy is then used as a template during translation as ribosomes match tRNA anticodons to mRNA codons to assemble amino acids into proteins.
PROJECT ON LUCIFERASE GENE CLONING
*PROJECT ON LUCIFERASE GENE CLONING
1. SUITABLE VECTOR
2. RESTRICTION ENZYMES ALONG WITH THEIR RESTRICTION SITES
3. CLONING PROCESS
4. EXPRESSION
5. PGL-2 CONTROL VECTOR DIAGRAM
6. COMPARISON OF VECTOR IN MORE THAN ONE HOST
7. NEW INNOVATIVE IDEA FOR CLONING
8. CONCLUSION
9. SUMMARY
Basics of DNA Replication
DNA is the genetic material found in chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. It has a double helix structure like a twisted ladder, with sugar and phosphate molecules forming the sides and nitrogen base pairs forming the rungs. There are four nitrogen bases - adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine - that always pair up in the same way: A pairs with T and G pairs with C. DNA replication is the process where the DNA double helix unwinds and each half acts as a template for a new partner strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process where a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical copies. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. The DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for new partner strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand, building them from the 5' to 3' direction. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together. This semiconservative process results in two double-stranded DNA molecules that are identical to the original DNA.
MICROBIAL GENETICS
This document discusses the structure and function of genetic material in microbes. It covers the basics of DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the genetic code, and mechanisms of genetic transfer in bacteria. DNA is made of nucleotides with a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. It takes the form of a double helix. Bacterial DNA replication occurs via a replication fork that uses the parental DNA strands as templates. Transcription converts DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Mutation, transformation, conjugation, and transduction allow for genetic variation in bacteria.
Dna and rna
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA and RNA. It explains that DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953. DNA replication involves unwinding the helix, polymerase laying down new nucleotides according to base pairing rules, and proofreading to fix mistakes which can cause mutations. RNA is single-stranded and transcribes information from DNA through transcription, with mRNA carrying messages to sites of protein production according to codon-anticodon base pairing.
7.2 & 7.3 Notes
Transcription and translation are the two main processes by which genes are expressed into proteins. During transcription, DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. In eukaryotes, mRNA undergoes processing after transcription where introns are removed and exons are joined together. Translation occurs where the mRNA is read by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide chain based on the mRNA sequence. There are three steps to translation - initiation, elongation, and termination. Gene expression is regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels through promoter regions, epigenetic modifications, and alternative splicing of mRNA.
Gene cloning
The document summarizes the basic steps in gene cloning: 1) Isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA, 2) Cleavage of the DNA using restriction enzymes, 3) Ligation of the DNA fragments, 4) Transformation of host cells via electroporation or other methods, 5) Selection of transformed cells using antibiotics, and 6) Amplification of the recombinant DNA by cell division and plasmid replication. The goal is to make identical copies of a gene by inserting it into a cloning vector for propagation in a host organism.
plant physiology photorespiration
1) The document discusses how silencing the chloroplast vesiculation (CV) gene in rice maintained photorespiration and nitrogen assimilation under elevated CO2 conditions.
2) It was found that CV-silenced rice plants had higher rates of photorespiration and expression of photorespiration genes compared to wild-type plants grown under elevated CO2.
3) The document also reports that OsCV interacts with the peroxisome biogenesis factor OsPEX11-1, and that CV silencing helped maintain higher numbers of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, which are organelles involved in photorespiration.
Dna replication (honors)
The document discusses DNA replication. It explains that DNA must be copied before a cell divides so that each new cell has a complete set of chromosomes. DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using each original strand as a template to build new complementary strands, with enzymes adding nucleotides that pair with the template by base pairing. The process continues along the DNA until the entire molecule is replicated.
Chapter 11 Notes - Biology I
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA replicates through the process of DNA replication in which the double helix unwinds and enzymes add complementary bases to each strand. During protein production, information from DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins made of amino acid chains. Mutations can occur through changes in single base pairs or the structure of chromosomes and can be caused by mutagens like radiation, chemicals, or heat.
Genetic Material.ppt
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic instructions that allow cells to function. DNA, found in the nucleus, is the primary genetic material and uses base pairing between adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine to form its double helix structure. RNA plays an important role in protein production by carrying genetic messages from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm using base pairing between adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine. During DNA replication, the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce two new identical DNA molecules to be passed on to daughter cells. Genes in DNA code for specific proteins through mRNA which is translated by ribosomes.
Protein synthesis
This document discusses protein synthesis, which consists of two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to produce mRNA. During translation, the mRNA provides instructions to assemble a polypeptide chain through interactions with tRNA and ribosomes. The process occurs differently between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but ultimately genes are transcribed to mRNA and then translated to produce proteins according to the genetic code.
Dna replication
DNA replicates before cell division to ensure each new cell receives a full copy of the genome. DNA replication is semi-conservative, whereby each new DNA double helix contains one original strand and one newly synthesized complementary strand. It begins at the origin of replication, where the DNA unwinds and replication forks form. New strands grow from the forks in the 5' to 3' direction as DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments that are later joined together. Enzymes such as helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, and ligase facilitate replication with high fidelity despite DNA's immense length.
Cell Cycle, Dna, And Protein Synthesis Notes New
The document summarizes key concepts about the cell cycle, DNA replication, transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. It discusses the stages of the cell cycle including interphase and mitosis. It describes DNA structure and how DNA is replicated semi-conservatively. It explains how DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins according to the genetic code.
Biochemistry
THAT IS HELP-FULL FOR LEARNING AND UNDERSTANDING NUCLEIC-ACID ,DNA,RNA,TRANSLATION,TRANSCRIPTION AND PROTEINS SYNTHESIS.
2chapter12
The document summarizes key discoveries and concepts about DNA and RNA. It discusses that Avery discovered DNA is genetic material. Hershey and Chase found viruses transfer DNA into cells. Watson and Crick modeled DNA as a double helix. DNA replicates through unwinding and each strand producing a new partner strand. There are three types of RNA: mRNA transfers messages to cells, rRNA aids in protein synthesis, and tRNA helps construct proteins. Transcription and translation are the processes by which DNA's genetic code is read and utilized to produce proteins. Mutations can occur through changes to genes or chromosomes.
Eberhart transcription flip book
The document describes the process of protein synthesis. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA strand exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. tRNA molecules matching the mRNA codons bring amino acids to the ribosome. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a protein chain that eventually folds into a functional three-dimensional structure.
Chi sequence
The document discusses crossover hotspot instigator (Chi) sites, which are short DNA sequences near where homologous recombination occurs in bacterial genomes. Chi sites were originally discovered in bacteriophage lambda but are now known to occur about 1000 times in the E. coli genome. The Chi sequence serves as a signal to the RecBCD helicase-exonuclease complex, triggering a change in its activities. RecBCD has endonuclease and helicase activities and cuts one DNA strand near the Chi sequence. RecA then catalyzes strand exchange in the homologous recombination process. Chi sites play roles in generating genetic variation, integrating DNA elements, and DNA repair.
Replication in eukaryotes & plasmid
The document discusses DNA replication mechanisms in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and plasmids. In eukaryotes, replication begins with the origin recognition complex binding to origins of replication. RNA primers are synthesized and DNA polymerase δ extends DNA. Polymerase switching and maturation of Okazaki fragments occurs. In prokaryotes, replication initiation requires DnaA and assembly of the replisome. Plasmids replicate via theta, strand displacement, or rolling circle mechanisms using plasmid-encoded proteins and host replication machinery.
Viral and bac
Bacteria are among the oldest life forms on Earth, existing for over 3.5 billion years. They have circular chromosomes without nuclei and can take many shapes and sizes. Bacterial genomes are generally smaller than eukaryotes. Plasmids are small, circular DNA strands that can replicate independently and often carry beneficial genes. Viruses reproduce by hijacking host cells and forcing them to produce new virus copies. Retroviruses have an RNA genome that is converted to DNA and integrated into the host genome, using the cell's machinery to produce new viral proteins and particles.
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is a disease where cells in the breast tissue grow out of control and can spread to other parts of the body. There are different types of breast cancer that can develop, depending on the type of cells that become cancerous. Some risk factors for breast cancer include genetics, lifestyle, and environmental exposures that can increase the chances of developing the disease.
More Related Content
What's hot
Gene Expression 1: RNA and Protein Synthesis
1. Gene expression involves the transcription of DNA's genetic code into mRNA and the subsequent translation of mRNA into proteins.
2. During transcription, the DNA double helix is unzipped and an mRNA copy is produced in the nucleus using RNA polymerase.
3. The mRNA copy is then used as a template during translation as ribosomes match tRNA anticodons to mRNA codons to assemble amino acids into proteins.
PROJECT ON LUCIFERASE GENE CLONING
*PROJECT ON LUCIFERASE GENE CLONING
1. SUITABLE VECTOR
2. RESTRICTION ENZYMES ALONG WITH THEIR RESTRICTION SITES
3. CLONING PROCESS
4. EXPRESSION
5. PGL-2 CONTROL VECTOR DIAGRAM
6. COMPARISON OF VECTOR IN MORE THAN ONE HOST
7. NEW INNOVATIVE IDEA FOR CLONING
8. CONCLUSION
9. SUMMARY
Basics of DNA Replication
DNA is the genetic material found in chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. It has a double helix structure like a twisted ladder, with sugar and phosphate molecules forming the sides and nitrogen base pairs forming the rungs. There are four nitrogen bases - adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine - that always pair up in the same way: A pairs with T and G pairs with C. DNA replication is the process where the DNA double helix unwinds and each half acts as a template for a new partner strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process where a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical copies. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. The DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for new partner strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand, building them from the 5' to 3' direction. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together. This semiconservative process results in two double-stranded DNA molecules that are identical to the original DNA.
MICROBIAL GENETICS
This document discusses the structure and function of genetic material in microbes. It covers the basics of DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the genetic code, and mechanisms of genetic transfer in bacteria. DNA is made of nucleotides with a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. It takes the form of a double helix. Bacterial DNA replication occurs via a replication fork that uses the parental DNA strands as templates. Transcription converts DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Mutation, transformation, conjugation, and transduction allow for genetic variation in bacteria.
Dna and rna
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA and RNA. It explains that DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953. DNA replication involves unwinding the helix, polymerase laying down new nucleotides according to base pairing rules, and proofreading to fix mistakes which can cause mutations. RNA is single-stranded and transcribes information from DNA through transcription, with mRNA carrying messages to sites of protein production according to codon-anticodon base pairing.
7.2 & 7.3 Notes
Transcription and translation are the two main processes by which genes are expressed into proteins. During transcription, DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. In eukaryotes, mRNA undergoes processing after transcription where introns are removed and exons are joined together. Translation occurs where the mRNA is read by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide chain based on the mRNA sequence. There are three steps to translation - initiation, elongation, and termination. Gene expression is regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels through promoter regions, epigenetic modifications, and alternative splicing of mRNA.
Gene cloning
The document summarizes the basic steps in gene cloning: 1) Isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA, 2) Cleavage of the DNA using restriction enzymes, 3) Ligation of the DNA fragments, 4) Transformation of host cells via electroporation or other methods, 5) Selection of transformed cells using antibiotics, and 6) Amplification of the recombinant DNA by cell division and plasmid replication. The goal is to make identical copies of a gene by inserting it into a cloning vector for propagation in a host organism.
plant physiology photorespiration
1) The document discusses how silencing the chloroplast vesiculation (CV) gene in rice maintained photorespiration and nitrogen assimilation under elevated CO2 conditions.
2) It was found that CV-silenced rice plants had higher rates of photorespiration and expression of photorespiration genes compared to wild-type plants grown under elevated CO2.
3) The document also reports that OsCV interacts with the peroxisome biogenesis factor OsPEX11-1, and that CV silencing helped maintain higher numbers of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, which are organelles involved in photorespiration.
Dna replication (honors)
The document discusses DNA replication. It explains that DNA must be copied before a cell divides so that each new cell has a complete set of chromosomes. DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using each original strand as a template to build new complementary strands, with enzymes adding nucleotides that pair with the template by base pairing. The process continues along the DNA until the entire molecule is replicated.
Chapter 11 Notes - Biology I
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA replicates through the process of DNA replication in which the double helix unwinds and enzymes add complementary bases to each strand. During protein production, information from DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins made of amino acid chains. Mutations can occur through changes in single base pairs or the structure of chromosomes and can be caused by mutagens like radiation, chemicals, or heat.
Genetic Material.ppt
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic instructions that allow cells to function. DNA, found in the nucleus, is the primary genetic material and uses base pairing between adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine to form its double helix structure. RNA plays an important role in protein production by carrying genetic messages from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm using base pairing between adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine. During DNA replication, the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce two new identical DNA molecules to be passed on to daughter cells. Genes in DNA code for specific proteins through mRNA which is translated by ribosomes.
Protein synthesis
This document discusses protein synthesis, which consists of two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to produce mRNA. During translation, the mRNA provides instructions to assemble a polypeptide chain through interactions with tRNA and ribosomes. The process occurs differently between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but ultimately genes are transcribed to mRNA and then translated to produce proteins according to the genetic code.
Dna replication
DNA replicates before cell division to ensure each new cell receives a full copy of the genome. DNA replication is semi-conservative, whereby each new DNA double helix contains one original strand and one newly synthesized complementary strand. It begins at the origin of replication, where the DNA unwinds and replication forks form. New strands grow from the forks in the 5' to 3' direction as DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments that are later joined together. Enzymes such as helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, and ligase facilitate replication with high fidelity despite DNA's immense length.
Cell Cycle, Dna, And Protein Synthesis Notes New
The document summarizes key concepts about the cell cycle, DNA replication, transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. It discusses the stages of the cell cycle including interphase and mitosis. It describes DNA structure and how DNA is replicated semi-conservatively. It explains how DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins according to the genetic code.
Biochemistry
THAT IS HELP-FULL FOR LEARNING AND UNDERSTANDING NUCLEIC-ACID ,DNA,RNA,TRANSLATION,TRANSCRIPTION AND PROTEINS SYNTHESIS.
2chapter12
The document summarizes key discoveries and concepts about DNA and RNA. It discusses that Avery discovered DNA is genetic material. Hershey and Chase found viruses transfer DNA into cells. Watson and Crick modeled DNA as a double helix. DNA replicates through unwinding and each strand producing a new partner strand. There are three types of RNA: mRNA transfers messages to cells, rRNA aids in protein synthesis, and tRNA helps construct proteins. Transcription and translation are the processes by which DNA's genetic code is read and utilized to produce proteins. Mutations can occur through changes to genes or chromosomes.
Eberhart transcription flip book
The document describes the process of protein synthesis. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA strand exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. tRNA molecules matching the mRNA codons bring amino acids to the ribosome. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a protein chain that eventually folds into a functional three-dimensional structure.
Chi sequence
The document discusses crossover hotspot instigator (Chi) sites, which are short DNA sequences near where homologous recombination occurs in bacterial genomes. Chi sites were originally discovered in bacteriophage lambda but are now known to occur about 1000 times in the E. coli genome. The Chi sequence serves as a signal to the RecBCD helicase-exonuclease complex, triggering a change in its activities. RecBCD has endonuclease and helicase activities and cuts one DNA strand near the Chi sequence. RecA then catalyzes strand exchange in the homologous recombination process. Chi sites play roles in generating genetic variation, integrating DNA elements, and DNA repair.
Replication in eukaryotes & plasmid
The document discusses DNA replication mechanisms in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and plasmids. In eukaryotes, replication begins with the origin recognition complex binding to origins of replication. RNA primers are synthesized and DNA polymerase δ extends DNA. Polymerase switching and maturation of Okazaki fragments occurs. In prokaryotes, replication initiation requires DnaA and assembly of the replisome. Plasmids replicate via theta, strand displacement, or rolling circle mechanisms using plasmid-encoded proteins and host replication machinery.
What's hot (20)
More from naba al wazen
Viral and bac
Bacteria are among the oldest life forms on Earth, existing for over 3.5 billion years. They have circular chromosomes without nuclei and can take many shapes and sizes. Bacterial genomes are generally smaller than eukaryotes. Plasmids are small, circular DNA strands that can replicate independently and often carry beneficial genes. Viruses reproduce by hijacking host cells and forcing them to produce new virus copies. Retroviruses have an RNA genome that is converted to DNA and integrated into the host genome, using the cell's machinery to produce new viral proteins and particles.
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is a disease where cells in the breast tissue grow out of control and can spread to other parts of the body. There are different types of breast cancer that can develop, depending on the type of cells that become cancerous. Some risk factors for breast cancer include genetics, lifestyle, and environmental exposures that can increase the chances of developing the disease.
Stem cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells found in blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Adult stem cells act as a repair system, replenishing tissues through differentiation. In developing embryos, stem cells can differentiate into all cell types but in adults maintain regenerative organs. Sources of adult stem cells include bone marrow, adipose tissue, blood, and umbilical cord blood. Induced pluripotent stem cells are derived from reprogrammed skin or blood cells enabling development of cells for research and therapy.
Gmo
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are defined as organisms with altered genetic material using genetic engineering techniques. GMOs are used to produce many medications, foods, and are important in scientific research and other industries. Genetic modification involves inserting, deleting, or mutating genes, often from different species, through various techniques like attaching genes to viruses or using electric pulses. Genetically modified animals are being developed for purposes like modeling human diseases, producing industrial products, making pharmaceuticals, creating hypoallergenic pets, enhancing production/food traits, and improving health.
Obesity
Obesity is defined as a body mass index over 30 kg/m2 and is associated with various health risks such as breathing issues, certain cancers, heart disease, depression and diabetes. The main treatments for obesity are diet, exercise and weight loss programs. Medications like Orlistat can also be used, and bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity resulting in long-term weight loss and reduced mortality. Management requires permanent lifestyle changes to diet and exercise.
GI presentation embryo
The document summarizes gastrointestinal tract development from the primordial gut tube. It describes how the gut is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Each section gives rise to specific organs as the gut rotates and elongates during the 4th-8th week of development. Key structures including the esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and intestines develop from the endoderm-lined foregut, midgut, and hindgut regions.
thomas sydenham
Thomas Sydenham was an English physician born in 1624 in Dorset, England. He served as an officer in the army during the English Civil War. After graduating from Oxford with a bachelor's degree in medicine in 1648, he published his first book on treating fevers in 1666 which described the clinical characteristics of measles. Sydenham is renowned for his emphasis on bedside practice and observation, creating his own method of classifying diseases. He discovered Sydenham's Chorea, a neurological disorder. Considered a founder of clinical medicine, his works were a standard medical textbook for two centuries until his death in London in 1689 at age 65.
Humphry davy
Humphry Davy was an English chemist born in 1778 in Cornwall who showed natural intelligence and curiosity from a young age. After his father's death, he became a surgeon's apprentice and befriended Davies Gilbert, who allowed Davy to use his well-equipped laboratory to experiment with gases. In 1798, Davy joined the Pneumatic Institution in Bristol to investigate the medical properties of gases and was awarded the Copley Medal, Royal Medal, and Rumford Medal for his scientific achievements.
Harvey williams cushing
Harvey Cushing was an American neurosurgeon born in 1869 in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied medicine at Harvard Medical School and completed his residency at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Cushing was a pioneer of brain surgery and is known as the "father of neurosurgery." He was the first person to describe Cushing's disease, a cause of Cushing's syndrome characterized by increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Together with Ernest Sachs, Cushing helped establish neurosurgery as a medical specialty. He died in 1939 in New Haven, Connecticut.
Early wilbur sutherland
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. was an American pharmacologist and biochemist who won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries about hormone mechanisms, especially how epinephrine works through second messengers. He studied at Washburn College and Washington University School of Medicine, and conducted research on how hormones like epinephrine break down glycogen into glucose. After serving as an army physician in WWII, Sutherland held teaching roles in biochemistry and pharmacology at Washington University and Case Western Reserve University. He died in 1974 at age 58 from surgical complications.
The different pattern of inheritance
This document summarizes the key differences between mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is found in mitochondria, contains only one small circular chromosome, and is only passed down from mothers. Nuclear DNA contains 46 chromosomes inherited half from each parent and codes for most proteins. Additionally, all currently living humans can trace their matrilineal lineage back to a single female ancestor known as Mitochondrial Eve.
Somite formation
Somites are bilaterally paired segments of paraxial mesoderm that form along the embryonic axis and give rise to important structures. Somites subdivide into sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes that form vertebrae, ribs, muscle, tendons and skin. Somite formation depends on a "clock mechanism" where paraxial mesoderm segments into somites according to their position in a regulated process. Within each somite, cells are specified based on location and retain flexibility before differentiating into somite-derived tissues through epithelialization and mesenchymal transformation processes.
The cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and tubules present in all cells that helps maintain cell shape and organization and enables functions like movement and division. It is composed of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments made of different proteins like tubulin and actin. The cytoskeleton provides mechanical support and is essential for many cellular processes.
The ovarian cycle
The menstrual cycle is governed by hormonal changes and can be divided into the ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase where follicles mature, ovulation when an egg is released, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms. The uterine cycle involves menstruation, the proliferative phase where the lining grows, and the secretory phase where the lining thickens in preparation for pregnancy under progesterone influence. These cycles allow for reproduction and are a natural part of female reproductive health.
More from naba al wazen (14)
Recently uploaded
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Recently uploaded (20)
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Protein synthesis
- 1. RNA & Protein Synthesis Naba’a Al Wazen
- 3. Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins It is strictly regulated at multiple steps. They are principally during transcription and translation
- 4. Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins. translation is the process in which ribosomes in a cell's cytoplasm create proteins, Translation, the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes, transcription DNA is copied to RNA in the cell's nucleus.
- 22. Resources https://en.wikipedia.org https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zAG AmTkZNY&t=70s http://www.nclack.k12.or.us/Page/25501