The document provides information on coral reefs and mangroves, including their importance, characteristics, and threats. It discusses how physical and chemical properties of water affect life in the sea, including factors like temperature, salinity, dissolved gases, light, and turbidity. It describes the different zones of the ocean based on light penetration. The document also summarizes coral reef ecology, the role of corals, and threats they face from climate change, pollution, and human activities. For mangroves, it outlines their global distribution, importance for coastal protection and fisheries, and causes of degradation including clearing for development. The management and policy efforts in India to conserve these critical coastal ecosystems are also highlighted.
Fishing ground is those area of a water body where fish concentration remain always significant
Generally fishing ground is divided into two ways- permanent fishing ground and temporary fishing ground. Bay of Bengal has four fishing ground.
World fisheries day celebrated 21st November B. BHASKAR
To create awareness on World fisheries day and to emphasize on PMMSY to achieve target with collective efforts for sustainable fisheries sector development in India
a glimpse of ocean world.
life in ocean
earth ocean
marine science
environment science
home science
aquatic life
ocean flora and fauna
aquaculture
sea food
marine resources
indian ocean
pacific ocean
atlantic ocean
life in the ocean
deep sea
mid sea
costal life
marine ecosystem
Coral reef Threats, conservation and Restoration.pptxVIRENDRA KUMAR
Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. About 25% of the ocean's fish depend on healthy coral reefs. Unfortunately, coral reef ecosystems are severely threatened. Some threats are natural, such as diseases, predators, and storms. Other threats are caused by people, including pollution, sedimentation, unsustainable fishing practices, and climate change, which is raising ocean temperatures and causing ocean acidification. Saving and restoring the world's coral reefs requires a multi-pronged approach that ranges from the local to the global level.
Freshwater and coastal aquaculture development can benefit from internal and external experience for preventing environmental damage and for avoiding harmful effects of degradation on aquaculture resources. Strategies to compensate for the loss of aquatic fauna (e.g. due to physical obstructions) are directly linked to important environmental issues, such as the transfer of exotic species, the spread of diseases and loss of genetic diversity, eutrophication, impairment of aesthetic qualities and the disruption of indigenous fish stocks.
There presently, conceptual frameworks for aquatic environment management backed by legal and administrative tools to create or enforce ration systems for water management, land use or fisheries and aquaculture development strengthened by adaptive institutionalization.
Indonesian mangroves the best hope for global climate change mitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, delivered by Daniel Murdiyarso and Sigit D. Sasmito, outlines the Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program.
As well as highlighting the global importance of wetlands, the presentation also details the particular significance of wetlands in Indonesia.
Fishing ground is those area of a water body where fish concentration remain always significant
Generally fishing ground is divided into two ways- permanent fishing ground and temporary fishing ground. Bay of Bengal has four fishing ground.
World fisheries day celebrated 21st November B. BHASKAR
To create awareness on World fisheries day and to emphasize on PMMSY to achieve target with collective efforts for sustainable fisheries sector development in India
a glimpse of ocean world.
life in ocean
earth ocean
marine science
environment science
home science
aquatic life
ocean flora and fauna
aquaculture
sea food
marine resources
indian ocean
pacific ocean
atlantic ocean
life in the ocean
deep sea
mid sea
costal life
marine ecosystem
Coral reef Threats, conservation and Restoration.pptxVIRENDRA KUMAR
Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. About 25% of the ocean's fish depend on healthy coral reefs. Unfortunately, coral reef ecosystems are severely threatened. Some threats are natural, such as diseases, predators, and storms. Other threats are caused by people, including pollution, sedimentation, unsustainable fishing practices, and climate change, which is raising ocean temperatures and causing ocean acidification. Saving and restoring the world's coral reefs requires a multi-pronged approach that ranges from the local to the global level.
Freshwater and coastal aquaculture development can benefit from internal and external experience for preventing environmental damage and for avoiding harmful effects of degradation on aquaculture resources. Strategies to compensate for the loss of aquatic fauna (e.g. due to physical obstructions) are directly linked to important environmental issues, such as the transfer of exotic species, the spread of diseases and loss of genetic diversity, eutrophication, impairment of aesthetic qualities and the disruption of indigenous fish stocks.
There presently, conceptual frameworks for aquatic environment management backed by legal and administrative tools to create or enforce ration systems for water management, land use or fisheries and aquaculture development strengthened by adaptive institutionalization.
Indonesian mangroves the best hope for global climate change mitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, delivered by Daniel Murdiyarso and Sigit D. Sasmito, outlines the Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program.
As well as highlighting the global importance of wetlands, the presentation also details the particular significance of wetlands in Indonesia.
So my power point is about the mangrove. I will explain about what is the mangrove, the issues/problems happening in the mangrove, my action, also I add some interesting facts about the mangrove at my power point about the mangrove and also I add the websites.
Hello readers,
This PPT is about the chapter:- Tissue which is in science class IX
Question Are In The Book Of NCERT
I Hope this will help You...
Thanks....
A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Coral reefs are important for many different reasons aside from supposedly containing the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. They:
• protect coastlines from the damaging effects of wave action and tropical storms
• provide habitats and shelter for many marine organisms
• are the source of nitrogen and other essential nutrients for marine food chains
• assist in carbon and nitrogen fixing
• nutrient recycling.
Analysis of Threats and Conservation Efforts to Global Marine Biodiversity: A...APPLE KATE SABAR
Development policy for SDGs
This copy of my research titled: Analysis of Threats and Conservation Efforts to Global Marine Biodiversity: A Basis for Enhancement of Protection Policies in the Philippines had been presented in the 2019 Asian Association for Public Administration International Conference, De La Salle College of Saint Benilde Manila, May 22-24, 2019
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. Protection of habitat of
Corals & Mangrove
Course No. FRM 603
Conservation and Management of Exploited Fisheries Resources
Presented to
Kumar Naik A.S.
Assistant Professor
2. Introduction
• Marine ecosystems are the
largest of Earth's, aquatic
ecosystems.
• Marine ecosystems cover
approximately 71% of the
Earth's surface and contain
approximately 97% of the
planet's water.
Yet another way to
classify the ocean
Photic zone
– light is
sufficient
for
photosynth
esis
– to 100 (or
200 m)
Dysphotic zone
– light is too
weak for
photosynth
esis
– twilight
zone
– < 5%
sunlight
Aphotic zone
– no light
3. How physical and chemical
properties of water affect life in the
sea ?
5. 5
Salinity
• Salinity is measured:
– Refractometer
Seawater is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a
salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L).
6. How Salinity Affects Marine Organisms
• Most marine animals are adapted to a narrow salinity range
• Changes is salinity affect organisms through osmosis
• Hypero-smotic
solution - water will
flow into it across a
semi-permeable
membrane
• Hypoo-smotic
solution - water will
leave the solution
7. Dissolved Gases
• Dissolved Gases
– For living things the three most important dissolved gasses are oxygen (O2),
carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2)
– The amount of a given gas that can dissolve decreases with an increase in
temperature
– The amount of oxygen in a body of water depends on:
• Mixing with the atmosphere
• Respiration
• Photosynthesis
Sunlight + 6H20 + 6CO2 C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2
8. 8
Light
• Light is crucial for photosynthesis
and is strongest in the surface
waters
– UV light can be damaging to the
proteins and DNA of many surface
organisms
9. Turbidity and Light Penetration
• Turbidity
– The amount of solid particles suspended in the water column
• Important since plants and algae need light for photosynthesis
– Increase turbidity can decrease the amount of light which
effectively penetrates
• Large concentrations of phytoplankton can decrease light penetration
12. Introduction to Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are underwater
structures made from calcium
carbonate secreted by corals.
Most coral reefs are built from stony corals,
and are formed by polyps that live together
in groups.
14. Coral is an ANIMAL!
• Coral is actually an animal.
• They live attached to the sea floor.
• They are the builders of the reef!
• A single coral animal is called a coral
polyp.
• The coral polyps live together in colonies.
The coral polyps live
inside here
15. What do they eat?
• To get energy to build the coral reef the corals need to eat.
• The polyps use their tentacles to catch tiny animals that float in the water called
zooplankton.
• But corals get MOST of their food from marine plants that actually live inside the
coral!
A coral
polyp
16. What do they eat?
• A microscopic type of algae called
zooxanthellae actually live inside corals,
just under their skin.
• Corals are solar-powered just like trees
on land. The algae that live inside the
coral
A coral polyp
18. • The Great Barrier Reef is the largest
system in the world and can be seen from
outer space.
•Corals produce a hard skeleton that forms
the actual structure of the reef.
•Coral reefs have the second highest
biodiversity after rainforests.
•Coral reefs worldwide cover an area of
284,300 square km, around 1% of the
total area of the world’s oceans.
Interesting Coral Reef Facts
19. Why are coral reefs important?
• Habitat: They are home to 33%
of all known fish species.
•Nursery: And a nursery ground
for over 25% of all marine species.
Photo by J. RandallPhoto by Dee Wescott
Photo by MacGillivray Freeman Films
20. Why are coral reefs important?
•Income: they provide millions of
dollars of income annually for people
living by coral reefs.
•Medical Research: coral reefs have the
potential to be used as medical cures to
treat cancer, heart disease, HIV and
arthritis among others.
• Protection: they protect 20% of the
world’s coast from wave erosion.
• Food: they are a food source for
millions of people.
• Tourism: coral reefs attract
tourists from all over the world.
21. What is a healthy environment for
coral reefs?
• Sunlight
• A certain salinity
• Low nutrient, clear water
• Water temperature 18-29 ºC
• Water circulation
Photo by MacGillivray Freeman Films
22. What are the man-made threats to coral
reefs?
• Global warming leading to coral
bleaching.
• Runoff of chemicals and nutrients
from land
• Sedimentation.
• Rubbish including marine debris
• Overfishing
• Physical damage from tourists and
fishermen
• Pollution from untreated sewage
and oil.
An example of coral bleaching.
23. Coral Reefs: Imp...
• Among the most diverse ecosystems in the world - the "Rainforests
of the Seas".
• It is estimated that one-third of all the world's fish species depend
on coral for their existence.
• Providing important services to mankind including fisheries,
recreation and tourism.
• Act as sensitive indicators of water quality.
• Considered ‘medicine chests’ of the future.
• Scientists believe that their organisms could well hold the key to
cures for cancer, and coral skeletons are already being used as
bone substitutes in reconstructive bone surgery.
24. Some species of coral can live for over 4,000 years — longer
than any other animal that lives in the ocean,
A study has found.
25. Threats
Natural stresses
· Storms, waves, cyclones, tsunamic occurrences.
Biotic Stresses
· Sedimentation
· Chemical and Oil Pollution
· Bleaching
· Coral Diseases
· Destructive fishing practices like blast fishing
and trap fishing.
26. Regulatory Measures
• Legislative/Regulatory Instruments
-The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 : All Reef-building, Fire and
Sea Fan Corals put in Schedule-I of the Act (Prohibited from
exploitation)
-Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 : Section 5 of the Act
delegates powers to State Governments, and UTs for taking punitive
action.
-Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 :
Management actions are activities to promote use and that protect and conserve natural
resources.
27. Cont..
-Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 : Places corals, coral
reefs, and marine parks in Coastal Regulation Zone-I(i),
i.e, ecologically sensitive, and important areas.
Constitutes National Coastal Zone Management Authority
(NCZMA) at the Centre, and 13 CZMAs at States/Union
Territories.
- Formulation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans
(ICZMP) by Coastal States.
28. Cont..
-All major projects within coastal zone require CRZ clearance
on the same lines as environmental clearance.
-Active judicial system –
Supreme Court’s Order in April, 1996 led to formulation of
ICZMPs.
• Establishment of Marine National Parks (MNPs)
- Six MNPs viz. Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kutch, Bhitarkanika,
Mahatma Gandhi Wandoor National Park, Rani Jhansi MNP,
and Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary declared as MNPs, the
largest being the Gulf of Mannar having 10,500 sq. kms.
29. Promotional Measures
The promotional measures comprise –
- Central Government assistance for bio-physical, and socio-
economic survey and monitoring, surveillance, alternative
livelihoods, prevention of pollution, restoration, and spread of
education, and awareness.
- Infrastructure creation e.g. National Coral Reef Research
Station, and Lakshadweep Coral Reef Monitoring Network.
- Capacity Building viz. imparting training in snorkeling, and
SCUBA-diving; about 60 personnel given training.
- Support given for Research – the Centre of Advanced Study in
Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Centre and Marine and
Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, National Institute of
Oceanography; Goa, Wildlife Institute of India, among various
Institutions engaged in coral reef research.
30. Regional and Inter-National Ties
India is a signatory to various Conventions / Agreements :
- Convention on Bio-diversity and its Bio-safety Protocol.
- Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species
(CITES)
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol.
- Jakarta mandate on Coastal and Marine Biodiversity.
31. Designation of Ministry of Environment &
Forests as National Focal Point
- Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)
- International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI)
- Coral Reef Degradation in Indian Ocean (CORDIO)
- United Nations Environment Programme on Conservation, and
Management of Coral Reefs.
- Regional Seas Programme.
- SACEP
33. INTRODUCTION
What is a mangrove?
Mangroves are a community of tropical trees that have adapted
to a salt-water environment. Mangroves play a critical role as
part of the interdependent coral reef ecosystem.
• This type of ecosystem is found exclusively in tropical and
subtropical regions of the planet.
34. Mangroves
Mangroves are evergreen trees and grow up to a height of 5 meters,
community of trees and shrubs,
Not a natural taxonomic grop
• 54 species total world-wide
• 16 families.
20 genera
Total area under mangrove:43.7 mh
74% of the game fish and 90% of the commercially valuable sea life
in south florida depend on mangroves
35. Mangrove Location
Mangroves are generally found along the coastlines of tropical and sub tropical regions.
Usually between 250 N and 250 latitude S
Indian mangroves 0.7mha , 2.66%of world mangroves.
Sunder bans: 0.4 million hectare
Gujrat:689 km2
Lakshadweep islands-2 mangrove areas of 1 hectare each.
James A. Danoff-Burg,
Columbia University,
jd363@columbia.edu
36. Importance of Mangroves
• Acts as kidneys for the coastal waters
• Important nursery grounds for finfishes and shellfishes
• Renewable resource of fuel
• Offers protection against coastal erosion
• Play important role in livelihood of Coastal communities
• Mangrove foliage as feed for domestic animals
• Provide opportunities for Tourism, Education and Scientific
Study
37. FACTORS OF MANGROVE DEGRADATION
Population expansion
Lack of government attention
and over all awareness
Regulation
Inefficient Reforestation
techniques
Inadequate manpower and
logistics
Large hurricanes.
Shore line development.
Illegal dumping of wastes.
Oil and other hazardous
chemical pollution.
38. Threats
• Large scale clearing: to accommodate human population,
agriculture and aquaculture.
• This has led to forest fragmentation, concomitant loss of
animals and destabilization of mangrove-dominant shorelines.
• Small scale harvesting and grazing: for timber, fuel wood,
fodder and impact of individuals and their livestock, who
make forays into the forests?
• Industrial threats: pollution due to effluents, mining,
industrial development, oil spills.
39.
40. CONVERSION AND DEGRADATION OF MANGROVES
• 20%of worlds mangroves lost since 1980’s(FAO)
• 38% global mangrove deforestation is linked with shrimp farm
• Like tropical rain forest, mangroves are being degraded .
• Uses such as fish ponds, salt beds, rice fields, urbanization, housing estates,
human settlement (transmigration), roads , mining and similar uses .
Mangrove nursery at Mangalore, Source: CMFRI 2011
41. India (Govt of India; 1987)
• 6740 sq km
• WB- 1618 sq km
• Guj- 1166 sq km
• Goa 5 sq km
• Karnataka 19 sq km
42. India (Nayak 1993)
• 4474 sq km
• WB- 4200 sq km
• Guj- 260 sq km
• Goa 200 sq km
• Karnataka 60 sq km
43. India (Kathiresen, 1998)
• 4827 sq km
• WB- 2123 sq km
• Guj- 991 sq km
• Goa 5 sq km
• Karnataka 3 sq km
45. Policy
• Environmental Protection Act, 1986
• National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on
Environment and Development (1992)
• Action Plan of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (1995)
• Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification (1991)
• Scheme on Conservation and Management of Mangroves and
Coral Reefs (1986)
• Ramsar convention in1971
Management
46. Reef & Mangrove Appeal
• The Reef & Mangrove appeal was launched in response
to the 2004 - tsunami
• Project aim
• The Reef & Mangrove appeal aims to raise funds for
coral reef and mangrove protection.
• It is important to protect both mangroves and coral reefs
as they are incredibly diverse but threatened ecosystems
with important roles in protecting the coasts against the
forces of the sea.
47. Limitations of management
• Lack of knowledge of mangrove ecosystems,
• Status and linkages to other ecosystems
• A comprehensive information database of mangrove
biodiversity in each country is necessary to monitor the
status of mangrove biological diversity.
• Realise its economic potential and areas of application.