The document summarizes information about the anatomy, functions, common conditions and diseases of the prostate gland. It describes the prostate's location between the bladder and penis. Common prostate issues discussed include enlarged prostate (BPH), prostate cancer, and prostatitis. Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options are provided for each condition.

1. Presentor:
Dr. Ameer Hamza
Email. ameerhamza5382@gmail.com

2. Anatomy
 The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis.
 The prostate is just in front of the rectum.
 The urethra runs through the center of the prostate, from the bladder to the penis, letting
urine flow out of the body.
 The prostate secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm. During ejaculation, the
prostate squeezes this fluid into the urethra, and it’s expelled with sperm as semen

3. Lateral View

4. Zones
The prostate gland is divided into :
 Peripheral zone.
 Central zone.
 Transition zone

5. Normal Physiology:
 Glandular cells
 Smooth muscle cells
 Stromal cells
 The prostate gland also contains an enzyme5 alpha-reductase type-2 that converts
testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone (morepotent)

6. Conditions:
 Enlarged prostate i.e. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
 Prostate cancer
 Prostatitis

7. Benign Prostate Hyperplasia:
 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the enlargement of the gland .
 As the prostate starts to enlarge it exerts pressure on the walls of the urethra.

8. Symptoms
 Difficult for you to start urination
 • Weaken the flow of urine
 • Strain to pass urine
 • Frequently need to urinate
 • Wake up frequently during the night to urinate
 • Sudden urge to urinate
 • Blood in the urine (haematuria)

10. Cont.…
Symptoms related to urine voiding from then bladder are the following:
 Reduction in urine flow and force.
 Intermittent micturition.
 Leak of urine drops after the end of micturition
 Feeling of incomplete bladder voiding.
 Urine retention.
 Dribbling

11. Etiology
 The exact etiology of BPH is still poorly Understood.
 In BPH there is decrease in testosterone level with advancing age but estrogen level does
not decrease equally.
 Inc in estrogen level causes hypertrophy of prostate.
 DIHYDROTESTOSTRONE is main mediator of BPH.

12. Diagnosis:
 history
 Physical examination :
• digital rectum test
• palpate
 PR Urinalysis
 Uroflowmetry
 Cystoscopy
 Ultrasound
 prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Test

13. Management
 • Eggs
 • Milk
 • Soya
 • Fish
 • Cheese
 • Chicken

14. BPH symptoms score:
 How often have you had a sensation of not emptying your bladder completely after you
finished urinating?
 How often have you had to urinate again less than two hours after you finished urinating?
 How often have you stopped and started again several times when you urinated?
 How often have you found it difficult to urinate?
 How often have you had a weak urinary stream?
 How often had you had to push or strain to begin urination?
 How many times did you most typically get up to urinate from the time you went to bed at
night until the time you got up in the morning?

15. Differential Diagnosis:
 Prostatitis
 Bladder obstruction
 Bladder cancer
 Neurogenic bladder
 DRE
 Elevated PSA
 Prostatic biopsy
 Other markers as serum acid phosphatase & serum alkaline phosphatase
 Plain X-ray spine for metastasis
 Isotopic bone scan
 CT scan
 Cystoscopy

16. Treatment
 Watching waiting
 Home plan
 Medications :
surgery
 Radical surgery.
 Radiotherapy: External or brachytherapy
 Hormonal therapy: in advanced cases Depends on androgen ablation by:
 • Bilateral orchiectomy
 • Oral estrogen
 • Antiandrogens

17. Surgical treatment:
• Indications:
 1. Recurrent attacks of acute retention
 2. Hematuria
 3. Recurrent urinary tract infection
 4. Bladder stone or diverticula
 5. Renal insufficiency

18. Prostate Cancer:

19. Prostate Cancer:
 the prostate cancer starts in the gland cells - this is called adenocarcinoma.
 prostate cancer starts with tiny alterations in the shape and size of the prostate gland cells.
 Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN).
 Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia means "dysplastic changes involving glands and ducts of
the prostate that may be a precursor of adenocarcinoma.

20. Cont…
 Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, there are cases of aggressive prostate
cancers
 If the tumor is within the gland, the cancer is said to be localized and curable
 If the cancer escapes the gland it is considered incurable
 Early detection before the cancer escapes the gland becomes very important

21. Etiology:
 Age
 Genetics
 Faulty BRCA2 gene linked to aggressive.
 Diet
 Medication
 Obesity
 STDs
 Agent orange
 Enzyme PRSS3 linked to aggressive

22. Stages:
 Stage I
 Stage II
 Stage III
 Stage IV

23. Symptoms:
During the early stages:
 The patient urinates more often
 The patient gets up at night more often to urinate
 He may find it hard to start urinating
 He may find it hard to keep urinating once he has started
 There may be blood in the urine
 Urination might be painful
 Ejaculation may be painful (less common)
 Achieving or maintaining an erection may be difficult (less common)

24. Symptoms of advanced cancer:
 Bone pain, often in the spine (vertebrae), pelvis, or ribs
 The proximal part of the femur can be painful
 Leg weakness (if cancer has spread to the spine and compressed the spinal cord)
 Urinary incontinence (if cancer has spread to the spine and compressed the spinal cord)
 Fecal incontinence (if cancer has spread to the spine and compressed the spinal cord)

25. Complications:
 Metastasis
 Incontinence
 Erectile dysfunction
 Metabolic factors

26. Diagnosis:
 PSA test blood test
 Prostate biopsy
 Trans rectal ultrasound
 Bone scan
 CT
 MRI
 ProstaScint scan

27. Medications:
 Medication
 Watchful waiting
 Prostatectomy
 Radiation placed inside your body (brachytherapy)
 Radiation that comes from outside of your body (external beam radiation)
 Hormonotherapy
 Chemotherapy
 Freezing prostate tissue
 Heating prostate tissue using Ultrasound
 cryotherapy

28. Cont…
 First line of defense against bothersome urinary symptoms
 Two major types:
 α blockers - relax the smooth muscle of prostate and provide a larger urethral
opening (Hytrin,Doxaben,Harnalidge)
 5 α reductase inhibitor – Shrink the prostate gland (Proscar,Avodart)

29. Medication
Benefits
 Convenient
 No loss of work
 time
 Minimal risk
Disadvantages
 Drug Interactions
 Must be taken every day
 Manages the problem
 instead of fixing it

30. Medication
Possible side effects of medication
 • Impotence
 • Dizziness
 • Headaches
 • Fatigue
 • Loss of sexual drive

31. Prostatitis:
 Prostatitis is inflammation caused by an
 infection of the prostate.
 Treated with antibiotics

32. Etiology
 A bacterial infection is only sometimes responsible.
 • In many cases of chronic (long-term) prostatitis, doctors can't find any infection in the
prostate gland, In these cases, the cause is poorly understood.
 • Chronic prostatitis is thought to be caused by a number of suggested factors, including
partial blockage of the flow of urine and underlying problems with the immune system,
pelvic floor or nervous system.

33. Symptoms:
 Pain in the pelvis, genitals, lower back and buttocks
 • Pain when urinating
 • Frequent need to urinate
 • Difficulty urinating, such as problems starting or 'stopstart‘ urination
 • Pain when ejaculating, which may contribute to erectile dysfunction
 • Discomfort in the perineal area (the area between the scrotum and the anus)

34. Diagnosis:
Acute Prostatitis
 • Rectal examination.
Chronic Prostatitis
 • Blood tests.
 • Ultrasound scan or ct scan
 • Cytoscope

35. Treatment:
Acute Prostatitis
 • Antibiotic tablets
 • Paracetamol and/or ibuprofen
 • Codeine
Chronic Prostatitis
 • Antibiotics
 • Alpha blockers

36. Etiology
 Age
 • Ethnic group
 • Family history
 • Obesity
 • Exercise
 • Diet

37. Symptoms
 Urinate more frequently, often during the night
 • Needing to rush to the toilet
 • Difficulty in starting to urinate
 • Straining long time while urinating
 • Feeling that your bladder has not emptied fully

38. Diagnosis
 Ask for a urine sample to check for infection
 • Take a blood sample to test your level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
 • Examine your prostate (digital rectal examination)
 • Gleason score
 • Biopsy

39. Treatment
 Surgery
 Radiotherapy