The document discusses diseases of the prostate gland, including prostatitis and prostate cancer. It provides details on: - The location and function of the prostate gland - Prostatitis causes inflammation of the prostate and can be caused by bacterial infections or autoimmune issues. Symptoms include urinary issues and pain. - Prostate cancer develops from the gland cells in the prostate and there are different types. Risk factors are unknown but diet and hormones may play a role. Signs include blood in semen and urinary or pelvic issues. Diagnosis involves exams, biopsies and imaging tests. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, hormone therapy and chemotherapy.

1. DISEASES OF THE PROSTATE
GLAND
PAULINE TEMBO-RN/BSC

2. THE PROSTATE GLAND

3. • The prostate gland (walnut shape)is located just below
the bladder in men and surrounds the top portion of
the tube that drains urine from the bladder (urethra).
• The urethra runs through the center of the prostate,
from the bladder to the penis, letting urine flow out of
the body.
• The prostate secretes fluid that nourishes and
protects sperm. During ejaculation, the prostate
squeezes this fluid into the urethra, and it’s expelled
with sperm as semen.
• The prostate's primary function is to produce the fluid
that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid).

5. PROSTATITIS

6. • Def: Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate
gland.
• Prostatitis is often caused by systemic Bacterial
infections and auto immune.

7. Risk factors
• Infection of the urinary or reproductive system
• HIV infection or AIDS
• Use of a urinary catheter inserted into the urethra
to drain the bladder /during cystoscopy
• Diagnostic sampling of prostate tissue (biopsy)

8. Symptoms
• Pain or burning sensation when urinating (dysuria)
• Difficulty urinating, such as dribbling or hesitant urination
• Frequent urination, particularly at night (nocturia)
• Urgent need to urinate
• Cloudy urine
• Blood in the urine
• Pain in the abdomen, groin or lower back
• Pain in the area between the scrotum and rectum (perineum)
• Painful ejaculation
• Fever, chills, muscle aches

9. Complications
• Bacterial infection of the blood (bacteremia)
• Pus-filled cavity in the prostate (prostatic
abscess)
• Sexual dysfunction, such as the inability to get
and maintain an erection (erectile dysfunction)
• Changes in sperm and semen that may cause
infertility

10. PROSTATE CANCER

11. Define prostate cancer
• Prostate cancer is the cancer that occurs in the
prostate – a small walnut – shaped gland in men that
produces seminal fluid that nourishes and transports
sperm.

13. TYPES OF PROSTATE CANCER
• 1. Acinar Adenocarcinoma – are cancers that develop in
the gland cells that line the prostate gland. They are the
most common type of cancer.
• 2. Ductal adenocarcinoma – starts in the cells that line the
ducts (tubes) of the prostate gland. It tends to grow and
spread more quickly than Acinar Adenocarcinoma.
• 3. Transitional cell (urothelial) cancer- starts in the cells
that line the tube carrying urine to the outside of the body
(urethra).
• 4. Squamous cell cancer – these cancers develop from the
flat cells that cover the prostate. They tend to grow and
spread more quickly than adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

14. CAUSES
• The cause of prostate cancer is unknown,
although some studies have shown a
relationship between high dietary fat
intake and increased testosterone levels.

15. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Prostatic cancers may not cause symptoms until it is
advanced. Signs include;
• Blood in semen
• Discomfort in the pelvic area
• Dribbling
• Urine retention and Bone pain
• trouble urinating
• Erectile dysfunction

16. INVESTIGATION
• Digital rectal examination may reveal a small hard
mass or nodule
• Biopsy
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Computerized tomography scan
• Urine for culture and sensitivity
• Blood urea examination
• Haemoglobin estimation, grouping and cross matching
• Pelvic xray

17. • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA):The prostate makes a
protein called PSA, which can be measured by a
blood test. If PSA is high, prostate cancer is more
likely
• Prostate ultrasound (transrectal ultrasound): An
ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum, bringing
it close to the prostate.

18. Treatment
• Medical treatment
• The drugs Lupron or Zoladex are also being used to block
the production of testosterone.
• Estramistine (anti- cancer chemotherapy drug) is used to
treat prostate cancer that has progressed.

19. SURGERY
• Removal of prostate gland (radical
prostatectomy) is often recommended for
treatment of stage A and B prostate cancers.

20. • Radiation therapy is used in combination
with drug therapy.