Inflammatory mediators are substances that initiate and regulate inflammatory reactions. There are two types of mediators: cell-derived mediators and plasma protein-derived mediators. Mediators include histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet-activating factor. Histamine is stored in mast cells and basophils and is released during inflammatory or allergic reactions. It increases vascular permeability and contracts smooth muscle. Prostaglandins are produced in response to inflammatory stimuli and play a modulatory role in inflammation. Leukotrienes are synthesized from arachidonic acid and contribute to bronchial hyperactivity in asthma. Platelet-activating factor is secreted by various cells and produces
Role Of Transgenic Animal In Target Validation-1.pptxNikitaBankoti2
A Transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
The foreign gene are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
Transgenic animals are animals that are genetically altered to have traits that mimic symptoms of specific human pathologies.
They provide genetic model of various human disease which are important in understanding disease and development of new target.
Role Of Transgenic Animal In Target Validation-1.pptxNikitaBankoti2
A Transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
The foreign gene are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
Transgenic animals are animals that are genetically altered to have traits that mimic symptoms of specific human pathologies.
They provide genetic model of various human disease which are important in understanding disease and development of new target.
Presentation on recent advances in Parkinsons disease. Tried to cover up new drugs as well as new devices like Duodopa set up. . i have tried to put a light on the established treatment of Parkinson's disease along with its mechanism of actions in circuit loops which will help to understand the topic in depth!
Alternative methods to animals testing are the development and implementation of test method that avoid use of live animals or use of less animals in method.
The council directive on protection of animals used for experiments and scientific purpose in article 23
“The commission and member states should encourage
research into development and validation of alternative methods which could provide the same level of information as that obtained in experiment using animals but which involves less animal”.
Alternative methods able to do:
Reduce Refine Replace
collectively called as “The 3Rs Principle”.
Needs for alternative methods
Because in laboratory animals may be:
Poisoned.
Deprived of food water and sleep.
Applied with skin and eye irritants.
Subjected to psychological stress.
Deliberately infected with the infected disease.
Role of nuclicacid microarray &protein micro array for drug discovery processmohamed abusalih
role of nuclic acid microarray and protein microarray for drug discovery process
1.introduction about microarray technique and genomics
2.process of drug discovery
3.microarray techiques
4.microarray analysis in drug discovery
5.steps involved in the micro array analysis
Protozoal infections and antiprotozoal drugs(therapy).Gagandeep Jaiswal
presentation comprising knowledge about various protozoal infections and therapy options available for the treatment of those infections. various different drugs used in the therapy with their proposed mechanism of action. Hope it will be useful for understanding the pharmacology of antiprotozoals.
Introduction to chronology, chronotherapy, and chronopharmacology.
How chronopharmacology involved in asthma and helps to manage asthma?.
Biological rhythms in bronchial asthma.
Factors associated with nocturnal exacerbation of bronchial asthma.
Introduction to asthma and their symptoms.
Introduction to Antiasthmatic drugs like beta-blockers, leukotriene antagonists, steroids, etc.
Chronopharmacology division & their examples.
Advantages and disadvantages of chronopharmacology.
Marketed preparation and their images along with the price in India.
Safety pharmacology is a branch of pharmacology with its aim to predict the potential clinical risk profile of new chemical entities (NCEs).
It has the ability to predict the potential off-target drug effects on major organ systems which are associated with exposure in the therapeutic range and above.
As an essential part of the spectrum of drug discovery and development, safety pharmacology studies are generally conducted to determine the relative drug effect on main organs, including respiratory system, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system.Safety pharmacology is an essential part of the drug development process that aims to identify and predict adverse effects prior to clinical trials.
SP studies are described in the international conference on harmonization (ICH) S7A and S7B Guidelines.
A brief introduction about Pharmacology of free radicals, generation of free radicals, Antioxidants, Free radicals causing disorders such as cancer diabetes, neuro degenerative disorders such as Parkisonism's Disease
Cellular and biochemical mediators of Inflammation.pptxdhanushyagopal
The presentation aims to offer a concise overview of inflammation mediators. It will commence by delving into the fundamentals of inflammation itself, encompassing its types and progression. This foundational understanding of inflammation will serve as a prerequisite for comprehending inflammation mediators. This presentation caters to a diverse audience, including students pursuing various medical disciplines like pharmacy, nursing, and health sciences. Visual aids, such as images integrated into the slides, will facilitate enhanced comprehension. Moreover, viewers are encouraged to explore the suggested textbooks in the reference section for in-depth study.
The basic aspects of drug discovery starts from target discovery and validation further going to lead identification and optimization. In this particular slide discussion is regarding the target discovery and the tools that have been utilized in this process.
Presentation on recent advances in Parkinsons disease. Tried to cover up new drugs as well as new devices like Duodopa set up. . i have tried to put a light on the established treatment of Parkinson's disease along with its mechanism of actions in circuit loops which will help to understand the topic in depth!
Alternative methods to animals testing are the development and implementation of test method that avoid use of live animals or use of less animals in method.
The council directive on protection of animals used for experiments and scientific purpose in article 23
“The commission and member states should encourage
research into development and validation of alternative methods which could provide the same level of information as that obtained in experiment using animals but which involves less animal”.
Alternative methods able to do:
Reduce Refine Replace
collectively called as “The 3Rs Principle”.
Needs for alternative methods
Because in laboratory animals may be:
Poisoned.
Deprived of food water and sleep.
Applied with skin and eye irritants.
Subjected to psychological stress.
Deliberately infected with the infected disease.
Role of nuclicacid microarray &protein micro array for drug discovery processmohamed abusalih
role of nuclic acid microarray and protein microarray for drug discovery process
1.introduction about microarray technique and genomics
2.process of drug discovery
3.microarray techiques
4.microarray analysis in drug discovery
5.steps involved in the micro array analysis
Protozoal infections and antiprotozoal drugs(therapy).Gagandeep Jaiswal
presentation comprising knowledge about various protozoal infections and therapy options available for the treatment of those infections. various different drugs used in the therapy with their proposed mechanism of action. Hope it will be useful for understanding the pharmacology of antiprotozoals.
Introduction to chronology, chronotherapy, and chronopharmacology.
How chronopharmacology involved in asthma and helps to manage asthma?.
Biological rhythms in bronchial asthma.
Factors associated with nocturnal exacerbation of bronchial asthma.
Introduction to asthma and their symptoms.
Introduction to Antiasthmatic drugs like beta-blockers, leukotriene antagonists, steroids, etc.
Chronopharmacology division & their examples.
Advantages and disadvantages of chronopharmacology.
Marketed preparation and their images along with the price in India.
Safety pharmacology is a branch of pharmacology with its aim to predict the potential clinical risk profile of new chemical entities (NCEs).
It has the ability to predict the potential off-target drug effects on major organ systems which are associated with exposure in the therapeutic range and above.
As an essential part of the spectrum of drug discovery and development, safety pharmacology studies are generally conducted to determine the relative drug effect on main organs, including respiratory system, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system.Safety pharmacology is an essential part of the drug development process that aims to identify and predict adverse effects prior to clinical trials.
SP studies are described in the international conference on harmonization (ICH) S7A and S7B Guidelines.
A brief introduction about Pharmacology of free radicals, generation of free radicals, Antioxidants, Free radicals causing disorders such as cancer diabetes, neuro degenerative disorders such as Parkisonism's Disease
Cellular and biochemical mediators of Inflammation.pptxdhanushyagopal
The presentation aims to offer a concise overview of inflammation mediators. It will commence by delving into the fundamentals of inflammation itself, encompassing its types and progression. This foundational understanding of inflammation will serve as a prerequisite for comprehending inflammation mediators. This presentation caters to a diverse audience, including students pursuing various medical disciplines like pharmacy, nursing, and health sciences. Visual aids, such as images integrated into the slides, will facilitate enhanced comprehension. Moreover, viewers are encouraged to explore the suggested textbooks in the reference section for in-depth study.
The basic aspects of drug discovery starts from target discovery and validation further going to lead identification and optimization. In this particular slide discussion is regarding the target discovery and the tools that have been utilized in this process.
General introduction about the autocoids like Function of Autocoids and it's classification and Introduction about the Ecosanoids, Histamine part having introduction, Properties, Mode of Action, Adverse Effect, Biosynthesis and metabolism all in a simple manner with related questions.
in this slide u are able to well known about the introduction of hormones.
categories, classification, function, structure, regulation, location, mechanism of action, how hormone regulates our body function, how it maintains the homeostasis condition.
structure of hormones.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. • Inflammatory mediators are the substances that initiate and
regulate inflammatory reactions.
• In 1933 ‘Sir Henry-Dale’ modified version , it is more
applicable to the field today, and it was considered by Dale
(1994).
• There are two types of mediators they are
1. Cell derived mediators and
2. Plasma protein derived mediators
2
6. • Active mediators are produced only in response
to various stimuli like microbial products.
• life span of mediators are very short.
• one mediator can stimulate the release of other
like complement activation cause release of
histamine and cytokines.
6
7. 1. Performed mediators in secretory granules
Histamine (mast cell, basophils and platelets)
Serotonin ( platelets )
2. Newly synthesized mediators
Prostaglandins ( mast cell and all leukotriene's )
leukotriene's ( all leukotriene's and mast cell )
Platelet activating factor ( all leukocytes )and
Cytokinin’s ( macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells ).
7
8. • Introduction
Histamine is naturally occurring imidazole derivative.
It is widely distributed in skin, GIT mucosa, lungs, brain,
cerebro-spinal fluid and bone marrow. It is also a
component of some venoms and string secretion.
Histamine is released from mast cells by exocytosis
during inflammatory or allergic reactions. Stimuli include
C3a and C5a that interact with specific surface receptor
and the combination of antigen with cell-fixed IgE
antibodies.
8
9. Histamine release is initiated by a rise in cytosolic
Ca2+. Various basic drugs such as morphine and
tubocurarine, release histamine through a non-receptor
action. Agents that increase cAMP formation (Ex: β-
adrenoreceptor agonist) inhibit histamine secretion.
Replenishment of secreted histamine by mast cells or
basophils is a slow process. Which may take days or
weeks, whereas turnover of histamine in the gastric
histaminocyte is very rapid. Histamine is metabolised by
histaminase and/or by the methylating enzyme imidazole
N-methyltransferase.
9
10. • Mast cells are richest source of histamine
• Histamine stored as granules and released by
degranulation in response to various stimuli.
1. physical injuries
2.Antibodies mediated – hypersensitivity reaction
3. Complement products- anaphyltoxin C3a, C5a.
• Histamine causes dilation of arterioles and increases the
permeability of venules.
• it increased vascular permeability, producing inter-
endothelial gaps in venules.
• Act via H1 receptors present on micro-vascular
endothelial cells. 10
11. • Gastric secretion - Histamine stimulates the secretion of
gastric acid by action on H2 receptor. This is the most
important action of histamine, because it is implicated in the
pathogenesis of peptic ulcer.
• Smooth muscle effect - Histamine acting on H1 receptor,
contracts the smooth muscle of the ileum, bronchi,
bronchioles and uterus. Histamine reduces air flow in the
first phase of bronchial asthma.
• Cardiovascular effect - Histamine dilates human blood
vessel by an action on H1 receptors, the effect being partly
endothelium-dependent in some vascular beds. it also
increases the rate and the output of the heart by action on
cardiac H2 receptor.
11
12. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has diverse pharmacological
physiological role in the body which includes as a
neurotransmitter in CNS as a regulator of smooth muscle
function in CVS GIT and regulator of platelet function,
beside other subsidiary role in several functions.
As a matter of fact it is a autacoid mediator without
portfolio, which is discharging its responsibilities with full
freedom and yet enjoying freedom from all responsibilities.
12
13. Actions of 5-HT in inflammation
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a vasoactive mediator
similar to histamine found in mast cells and platelets in the
GI tract and CNS.
Serotonin also increases vascular permeability, dilates
capillaries, and causes contraction of nonvascular smooth
muscle.
In some species, including rodents and domestic
ruminants, serotonin may be the predominant vasoactive
amine.
13
14.
Produced by mast cells , macrophages, endothelial
cells,
it involved in vascular and systemic reactions of
inflammation.
COX-1 & COX-2 is involved in synthesis of
prostaglandins.
COX -1 is produced in response to inflammatory
stimuli and is also constitutively expressed
COX2 is induced by inflammatory stimuli .
14
Prostaglandins
15.
These compounds are known as PG endoperoxides
and are further transformed by specific enzymes into
the different PGs, notably the thromboxane's and
PGI2 (epoprostenol).
PGs are not prestored in tissues, but are formed
when activation of phospholipase or other lipases
takes place in a tissue.
PGs exhibit a number of biological effects, primarily
upon those cells immediately surrounding the site of
their synthesis, partly because they are rapidly
inactivated.
15
Role of Prostaglandin in inflammation
16.
Prostanoids have been shown to have a wide range
of effects on many physiological systems and a role
for PGs in tissue inflammation and injury has been
proposed.
Over the years, evidence of the powerful pro-
inflammatory action of PGs has accumulated,
nevertheless, recent findings on anti-inflammatory
effects of PGs, as well as on mechanisms of action of
NSAIDs, other than inhibition of PG biosynthesis
suggest a modulatory role for PGs in the
inflammatory process.
16
17. Leukotriene's
Leukotriene's are synthesized from arachidonic acid by
lipoxygenase-catalysed pathway. These soluble cytosolic enzymes
are mainly found in lung, platelets, mast cells and white blood cells.
The main enzyme in this group is 5-lipoxygenase. On cell activation,
this enzyme translocate to the nuclear membrane, where it associates
with a crucial accessory protein affectionately termed FLAP ( five-
lipoxygenase activating protein ).
The 5-lipoxygenase incarporates a hydroxy group at C5 in
arachidonic acid, leading to the production of unstable compound
leukotrine (LT) A4. this may be converted enzymically to LTB4 and
also the precursor of the cysteinyl-containing leukotrines LTC4.
17
18. Role of leukotriene's in inflammation
Leukotriene B4 is found in inflammatory excluded and tissues
in many inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid
arthritis, psoriasis and ulcerative colitis.
The cysteinyl - leukotriene's are present in the sputum of
chronic bronchitis in amounts that are biologically active. On
antigen challenge, they are released from samples of human
asthmatic lung invitro, and into nasal lavage fluid in subjects
with allergic rhinitis.
There is a evidence that they contribute to the underlying
bronchial hyper – activity in asthmatic , and it is thought that
they are among the main mediators of both the early and late
phase of asthma.
18
19. Platelet activating factor also variously termed PAF-
acether and AGEPC (acetyl-glyceryl-ether-
phosphorylcholine), is a biologically active lipid
that can produce effect at exceedingly low
concentrations.
The name is somewhat misleading, because PAF has
actions on variety of different target cells, and is
believed to be an important mediator in both acute
and chronic allergic and inflammatory phenomena.
PAF Secreted by platelets, basophils, mast cells,
neutrophils, macrophages, and endothelial cells
19
20. By acting in specific receptor, PAF is capable of producing many of the signs and
symptoms of inflammations. Injected locally, it produces vasodilation ( and thus
erythema), increased vascular permeability and weal formation.
Higher doses produce hyperalgesia , it is a potent chemotaxin for neutrophils and
monocytes, and recruits ecosinophils into the bronchial mucosa in the late phase
of asthma. It can activate PLA2 and initiates eicosanoid synthesis.
On platelets, PAF triggers arachidonates turnover and TXA2 generation.
Producing shape change and the release of the granule contents. This is important
in hemostasis and thrombosis .
The anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids may be caused, at least in part,
by inhibition of PAF synthesis. Competitive antagonist of PAF and/or specific
inhibition of lyso-PAF acetyl transferase could will be usefull anti-inflammatory
drugs and/or anti-asthmatic agents.
20
21. REFERENCE
Text book of PHARMACOLOGY by Rang
and Dale – 6th edition page no- 213 to 220.
www.google.com.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03
258310.
21