This document discusses Class A power amplifiers. Key points:
- Class A amplifiers conduct for the entire signal cycle, resulting in the lowest efficiency. The quiescent point is in the middle of the load line.
- A series fed Class A power amplifier uses a fixed bias circuit to set the operating point. The dc bias current and voltage determine the quiescent point.
- In AC operation, an input signal causes the output to vary above and below the quiescent point. The output swings until current or voltage limits are reached.
Maximum efficiency can be calculated using the maximum possible voltage and current swings given the supply voltage and load resistance. An example problem calculates input power
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
As we have discussed that out of various triggering methods to turn the SCR, gate triggering is the most efficient and reliable method. Most of the control applications use this type of triggering because the desired instant of SCR turning is possible with gate triggering method.
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
As we have discussed that out of various triggering methods to turn the SCR, gate triggering is the most efficient and reliable method. Most of the control applications use this type of triggering because the desired instant of SCR turning is possible with gate triggering method.
A unijunction transistor (UJT) is a three-lead electronic semiconductor device with only one junction that acts exclusively as an electrically controlled switch.
The UJT is not used as a linear amplifier. It is used in free-running oscillators, synchronized or triggered oscillators, and pulse generation circuits at low to moderate frequencies (hundreds of kilohertz). It is widely used in the triggering circuits for silicon controlled rectifiers. The low cost per unit, combined with its unique characteristic, have warranted its use in a wide variety of applications like oscillators, pulse generators, saw-tooth generators, triggering circuits, phase control, timing circuits, and voltage- or current-regulated supplies.[1] The original unijunction transistor types are now considered obsolete, but a later multi-layer device, the programmable unijunction transistor (PUT), is still widely available.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
The performance obtainable from a single-stage amplifier is often insufficient for many applications, hence several stages may be combined forming a multistage amplifier. These stages are connected in cascade, i.e. output of the first stage is connected to form input of second stage, whose output becomes input of third stage, and so on.
thank u
Hansraj MEENA
Power Amplifier circuits.
Output stages of types of power amplifier (class A, class B, class AB, class C, class D)
Distortions( Harmonic and Crossover).
Push-pull amplifier with and without transformer.
Complimentary symmetry and Quasi- complimentary symmetry push pull amplifier.
A unijunction transistor (UJT) is a three-lead electronic semiconductor device with only one junction that acts exclusively as an electrically controlled switch.
The UJT is not used as a linear amplifier. It is used in free-running oscillators, synchronized or triggered oscillators, and pulse generation circuits at low to moderate frequencies (hundreds of kilohertz). It is widely used in the triggering circuits for silicon controlled rectifiers. The low cost per unit, combined with its unique characteristic, have warranted its use in a wide variety of applications like oscillators, pulse generators, saw-tooth generators, triggering circuits, phase control, timing circuits, and voltage- or current-regulated supplies.[1] The original unijunction transistor types are now considered obsolete, but a later multi-layer device, the programmable unijunction transistor (PUT), is still widely available.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
The performance obtainable from a single-stage amplifier is often insufficient for many applications, hence several stages may be combined forming a multistage amplifier. These stages are connected in cascade, i.e. output of the first stage is connected to form input of second stage, whose output becomes input of third stage, and so on.
thank u
Hansraj MEENA
Power Amplifier circuits.
Output stages of types of power amplifier (class A, class B, class AB, class C, class D)
Distortions( Harmonic and Crossover).
Push-pull amplifier with and without transformer.
Complimentary symmetry and Quasi- complimentary symmetry push pull amplifier.
An Amplifier receives a signal from some pickup transducer or other input source and
provides a larger version of the signal to some output device or to another amplifier stage.
An input transducer signal is generally small (a few millivolts from a cassette or CD input or a
few microvolts from an antenna) and needs to be amplified sufficiently to operate an output
device (speaker or other power handling device). In small signal amplifiers, the main factors
are usually amplification linearity and magnitude of gain, since signal voltage and current are
small in a small-signal amplifier, the amount of power-handling capacity and power efficiency
are of little concern. A voltage amplifier provides voltage amplification primarily to increase
the voltage of the input signal. Large-signal or power amplifiers, on the other hand, primarily
provide sufficient power to an output load to drive a speaker or other power device, typically
a few watts to tens of watts. In the present chapter, we concentrate on those amplifier circuits
used to handle large-voltage signals at moderate to high current levels. The main features of
a large-signal amplifier are the circuit's power efficiency, the maximum amount of power that
the circuit is capable of handling, and the impedance matching to the output device. One
method used to categorize amplifiers is by class. Basically, amplifier classes represent the
amount the output signal varies over one cycle of operation for a full cycle of input signal. A
brief description of amplifier classes is provided next.
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Class A amplifier
• It is similar to the CE Amp we have studied.
• It conducts for the entire signal cycle and consequently has
the lowest efficiency.
• The Q-point is in the middle of the load line (VCEQ = VCC/2).
• As the signal swings from its positive to negative, peak to
peak, the Q-point excursions stay within the linear operating
range of the device.
• If the signal is sinusoidal, the variations in the IC and VCE also
will be sinusoidal.
2
3. Series Fed Class A power amplifier
• The simple fixed-bias circuit connection shown can be used to
discuss the main features of a class A series-fed amplifier.
5. DC Bias Operation
• The dc bias set by VCC and RB fixes the dc base-bias current at
with the collector current then being
with the collector–emitter voltage then
6. DC Bias Operation
The intersection of the dc bias value of IB with the dc load line then
determines the operating point (Q-point) for the circuit.
The quiescent point values are those calculated using IB ,IC and VCE .
If the dc bias collector current is set at one-half the possible signal swing
(between 0 and VCC/RC),the largest collector current swing will be possible.
Additionally, if the quiescent collector–emitter voltage is set at one-half the
supply voltage, the largest voltage swing will be possible.
7. AC Operation:
When an input ac signal is applied to the amplifier the output will vary
from its dc bias operating voltage and current.
A small input signal, will cause the base current to vary above and below
the dc bias point, which will then cause the collector current (output) to
vary from the dc bias point set as well as the collector–emitter voltage to
vary around its dc bias value.
Amplifier input and output signal variation.
8. AC Operation:
• As the input signal is made larger, the output will vary further around the
established dc bias point until either the current or the voltage reaches a
limiting condition.
• Limiting condition:
Current : 0mA (low) to VCC/RC (high)
Voltage: 0 V (low) or VCC (high).
Amplifier input and output signal variation.
9. Power Considerations
• The power then drawn from the supply is
Pin(dc)= VCC ICQ
The ac power delivered to the load (RC) may be expressed using
Efficiency:
10. MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
• For the class A series-fed amplifier, the maximum efficiency can be
determined using the maximum voltage and current swings.
• The maximum power input can be calculated using the dc bias
current set to one-half the maximum value:
11. Problem
Calculate the input power, output power, and efficiency of the
amplifier circuit in Fig.1 for an input voltage that results in a base
current of 10 mA peak
Fig.1
12. Problem
Calculate the input power, output power, and efficiency of the
amplifier circuit in Fig.1 for an input voltage that results in a base
current of 10 mA peak
We can determine the Q-point to be
This bias point is marked on the transistor collector characteristic of Fig.2
The ac variation of the output signal can be obtained graphically using the dc
load line drawn on Fig.2 by connecting VCE =VCC =20 V with IC = VCC/RC
=1000 mA = 1 A, as shown.
13. Problem
Calculate the input power, output power, and efficiency of the
amplifier circuit in Fig for an input voltage that results in a base
current of 10 mA peak
Fig.2
14. Problem
When the input ac base current increases from its dc bias level, the collector
current rises by
