The document discusses key topics in programming language design and implementation including: 1. The importance of studying programming languages to improve problem solving skills, learn new languages, and understand language design. 2. An overview of different programming paradigms like imperative, functional, object-oriented, and logic-based languages. 3. Factors that influence language design like software architectures, programming environments, internationalization needs, and standardization.

1. PRESENTATION ON TOPIC :->
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES –
DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENATION

2. Programming Languages :
Language Design Issues
Why study programming languages ?
A short history of programming
languages
Impact of programming languages
Role of programming languages
Programming enviornment

3. 1.Why study Programming
Language Concepts?
 Increased capacity to express
programming concepts
Improved background for choosing
appropriate languages
Increased ability to learn new languages
Understanding the significance of
implementation .

4. Why study programming
languages
To improve your ability to develop
effective algorithms .
To improve your use of existing
programming languages .
To increase your vocabulary of useful
programming constructs .

5. Why study programming
languages
To allow a better choice of programming
language
To make it easier to learn a new language
To make it easier to design a new language

6. Language development
Numerically based languages
Computing mathematical expressions
FORTRAN, Algol, Pascal, PL/1, BASIC, C, C++
Business languages
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
English-like notation

7. Language development
 Artificial intelligence languages
Tree search; Rule-based paradigm
LISP (LISt Processing)
PROLOG (PROgramming in LOGic)
System languages
C, C++
Script languages: AWK, Perl, TCL/TK
Web programming: HTML, XML, Java,
Microsoft *.NET family

8. Software architectures
Mainframe era
1.Batch enviornment (batches of files)
2.Interactive enviornment (time sharing)
Effects on language design
 File I/O in batch processing
 Error handling in batch processing
 Time constraints in interactive processing

9. Software architectures
Personal computers
1.Interactive processing
2.Embedded system environments
Effects on language design
 No need for time sharing
 Good interactive graphics
 Non-standard I/O devices for embedded systems

10. Software architectures
Networking era
Client-server model of computing
Server: a program that provides information
Client - a program that requests information
Effects on language design
Interaction between the client and server programs
Active web pages, Security issues, Performance

11. 3.Impact of programming
paradigms
What is programming language .
Language paradigms .
Problem solving .
Software design .

12. Attributes of a good
language
Clarity,simplicity,unity
Orthogonality
Naturalness for the application
Support for abstraction
Ease of program verification
Programming environment
Portability of programs
Cost of use 1.cost of program execution
2.cost of program translation
3.cost of program creation,testing,use.

13. 1.WHAT IS PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE?
Programming languages are essentially
carefully designed notations .They are used to
specify ,organize, and reason about the
various aspects of problem solving. The
designers of programming language have twin
goals:
Making computing convenient.
Making efficient use of computing machines.

14. 2.Language paradigms
Imperative / procedural languages
Applicative / functional languages
Rule-based / declarative languages
Object-oriented languages

15. 2.1.Imperative /
procedural languages
Statement oriented languages that change
machine state
EX : (C, Pascal, FORTRAN, COBOL)
Computation: a sequence of machine states
(contents of memory)
Syntax: S1, S2, S3, ... where S1, S2, … are
statements

16. 2.2.Applicative /
functional languages
Programming consists of building the
function that computes the answer
EX: (ML, LISP)
Computation: Function composition is major
operation
Syntax: F1(F2(F3(X))) where F1,F2,F3 are
functions & X is data .

17. 2.3.Rule-based /
declarative languages
Computation: Actions are specified by rules
that check for the presence of certain enabling
conditions. EX:(Prolog)
The order of execution is determined by the
enabling conditions, not by the order of the
statements.
Syntax: Condition  Action

18. 2.4.Object-oriented languages
Imperative languages that merge applicative
design with imperative statements
EX:(Java, C++, Smalltalk)
Syntax: Set of objects (classes) containing data
(imperative concepts) and methods
(applicative concepts)

19. 3.Problem solving
Defining the system
Analyzing the system defined
Detailed system specification
Design the system
Implement the design
Testing and debugging
validation

20. 4.Software design
Software design sits at crossroads of all the
computers : hardware and software
engineering and programming, human
factors research , ergonomics .
It Is the study of intersection of human ,
machine ,and the various interfaces-
physical ,sensory ,psychological -that
connect them .

21. A designer studies the following aspects
of a programming language or paradigm:
 Support for abstraction.
Parameters and parameter transmission.
Exceptions and exception handling.
Support for static and dynamic storage
management.

22. Language
standardization
The need for standards - to increase
portability of programs
Problem: When to standardize a language?
If too late - many incompatible versions
If too early - no experience with language
Problem: What happens with the software developed
before the standardization?
Ideally, new standards have to be compatible
with older standards.

23. Internationalization
I18N issue - How to specify languages useful
in a global economy?
• What character codes to use?
• Collating sequences? - How do you
alphabetize various languages?
• Dates? - What date is 10/12/01? 10-12-
01? 12.10.01 ? Is it a
date in October or December?

24. Internationalization
• Time? - How do you handle
• time zones,
• summer time in Europe,
• daylight savings time in US,
• Southern hemisphere is 6 months out of
phase with northern hemisphere,
• the date to change from summer to
standard time is not consistent.
• Currency? - How to handle
dollars, pounds, marks, francs, euros, etc.

25. Programming environments
Programming environment:
the environment in which programs
are created and tested.
Separate compilation
Separate execution
Testing
Debugging

26. Effects on language design :->
Modular organization
Local/global variables
Libraries
Programming environments

27. Programming environments
Process control languages
Scripting languages
• Usually interpreted,
• Able to process programs and data files
• Specify a sequence of operations on
program and data files.
Awk, Perl, Tcl/Tk

28. Summary
•Language design must:
 Allow program solution to match
problem structure
Allow for world-wide use
Be easy to prove correctness of
solutions