This document provides an overview of the Principles of Programming Languages course, including its learning objectives, types of programming languages, reasons for studying different languages, language evaluation criteria, commonly used languages, and the compilation process. The key topics covered are: - The course aims to help students understand different programming language designs, learn new languages more quickly, and grasp basic implementation techniques. - Programming languages allow communication with computers and can be low-level like machine language, high-level like Python, or middle-level. - Important reasons for studying multiple languages include increased ability to solve problems, choose the right language, and understand language implementation. - The compilation process translates high-level code into machine-readable format through

1. Paper II
MCST 102: PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Department of Computer Science
M. Sc-I( Semester I )
Dr Sharmila Sharad More,
Assistant Professor , Dept Of Science and
Computer Science,
MIT, ACSC,Alandi, Pune

2. • To prepare student to think about programming languages analytically
• Compare programming language designs
• Learn new languages more quickly
• Understand basic language implementation techniques
• Learn small programs in different programming Languages
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Syllabus: PPL
Learning Objectives:

3. • What is Language?
-Language is a mode of communication that is used to share ideas, opinions
with each other. For example, if we want to teach someone, we need a
language that is understandable by both communicators.
•What is a Programming Language?
-A programming language is a computer language that is used
by programmers (developers) to communicate with computers. It is a set of
instructions written in any specific language ( C, C++, Java, Python) to
perform a specific task.
History of Programming Languages
Programming Languages

5. • Reasons for Studying of Programming Languages
Increased capacity to express ideas:
 Improved background for choosing appropriate languages
 Increased ability to learn new languages
 Better understanding the significance of implementation
 Better use of languages that are already known
 Overall advancement of computing

6. ❖Language Evaluation Criteria
●Readability:
➢The ease with which programs can be read and understood.
●Writability:
➢The ease with which a language can be used to create programs.
●Reliability:
➢Conformance to specifications (i.e., performs to its specifications).
●Cost:
➢The ultimate total cost.

7. • Types of programming language
1. Low-level programming language
i. Machine Language
ii. Assembly Language
2. High-level programming language
i. Procedural Oriented programming language
ii. Object-Oriented Programming language
iii. Natural language
3. Middle-level programming language
• Most commonly used Programming Language
1. Python 5. C# 9. Go
2. Java 6. JavaScript 10. Ruby
3. C 7. R 11. Scala
4. C++ 8. PHP

8. The Art of Language Design
Today there are thousands of high-level programming languages, and new ones
continue to emerge. Why are there so many? There are several possible answers:
1.Evolution
2. Special Purposes
3.Personal Preference
4.Expressive Power
5. Ease of use for the Novice

9. Programming Domains :
•Scientific Applications
–Large numbers of floating point computations; use of arrays.
–Example:Fortran.
•Business Applications
–Produce reports, use decimal numbers and characters.
–Example:COBOL.
•Artificial intelligence
–Symbols rather than numbers manipulated; use of linked lists.
–Example:LISP.
●System programming
- Need effieciency because of continous use. - Example:C
●Web Software
-Eclectic collection of languages:
markup(example:XHTML),scripting(example:PHP), general-purpose(example:JAVA).

10. Compilation
• Translate high-level program (source language) into machine code
(machine language)
• Slow translation, fast execution
• Compilation process has several phases: –
1) lexical analysis: converts characters in the source program into
lexical units
2) syntax analysis: transforms lexical units into parse trees which
represent the syntactic structure of program
3) Semantics analysis: generate intermediate code
4) code generation: machine code is generated
The Compilation Process
Additional Compilation Terminologies •
•Load module (executable image): the user and system code
together
•Linking and loading: the process of collecting system program
units and linking them to a user program