This document provides information on heterosis breeding in okra and chilli. It discusses the objectives, genetic resources, breeding methods, and achievements for both crops. For okra, the objectives are to develop hybrids with high yield, pods without hairs, early maturity, pest/disease resistance, dwarf plants, and stress tolerance. Key genetic resources and hybrids developed include A. manihot, Arka Abhay, and Kashi Pragati. Hybrids are made through hand emasculation and pollination. For chilli, objectives are high yield/quality, export suitability, pest/disease resistance, and male sterility. Important genetic resources include various Capsicum species.

1. WELCOME
TOPIC:- HETEROSIS BREEDING
IN OKRA AND CHILLY.

2. INTRODUCTION
HETEROSIS
The superiority of F1 hybrid over both its parents in
terms of yield or some other characters or heterosis is increased
vigours, growth, yield or function of a hybrid over the parents,
resulting from crossing of genetically unlike plants.

3. OKRA
• Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is an important vegetable grown
for its green tender fruits which are used as a vegetable in a
variety of ways.
• It is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals matter.
It can be fried and cooked with necessary ingredients.
• Matured fruit and stems containing crude fiber are used in the
paper industry.

4. TAXONOMY OF OKRA
• Name- okra
• Kingdom- Plantae
• Division- Magnoliophyta
• Class- Magnoliopsida
• Order- Malvales
• Family- Malvaceae
• Genus- Abelmoschus
• Species- esculentus
• Origin- Africa and india

5. BOTANY AND FLORAL BIOLOGY:-
• Plant is erect herbaceous annual 1-2mt height plant
• Leaves are alternate, broadly cordate, palmate with 5-7
lobes
• Flowers are solitary, axillary with 2 cm long peduncle.
Epicalyx is about 10 cm, narrow hairy bracteoles. Petals
are 5,yellow with crimson spot on claw and 5-7cm long,
calyx are 3-4cm with short 5 linear teeth. And flower bud
appear in axil of each 6-8th leaf
• Flower bud measures about 2.82× 1.55cm.

6. • Flowering starts after 22-26 days.
• Fruiting after 3-6th day of anthesis
• Anthesis is observe between 9 and 10 hours. Stigma
remains receptive for one day of anthesis. Anther
dehiscence completed in 10-15 min of anthesis. Pollen
viability is about 55 days in 50% RH. Fertility is max
between 4hr before and 1hr after anthesis.
• Protogyny is reported in okra.
• Fertilization completes in 2-3hr.
• Crosspollination is about 19%.

7. leaf
Unopened flower bud
Fruits or pods
stigma
corolla
anthers
Flower

8. BREEDING OBJECTIVES:-
• To develop hybrids with high yield, with optimum seed setting.
• Pods should be free from conspicuous hairs.
• Early maturity with prolonged harvesting period.
• Resistant to pests and diseases.
• Plants with dwarf height and more number of nodes and short
internodes.
• Resistant to abiotic stress.
• To develop hybrids suitable for processing and export markets.

9. GENETIC RESOURCE:-
1.A.angulosus- Tamil Nadu, Kerala
2.A.cancellatus- Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Orissa
3. A.criniturs- Uttaranchal, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa
4.A.ficulneus- Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
5.A.manihot ssp.- Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Chhattisgarh

10. 6.A.manihot.ssp.tetraphyllus- Uttaranchal, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, Andaman & Nicrobar
var. pungens Islands
7.A. moschatus ssp. moschatus- Uttaranchal, Orissa, Kerala,
Karnataka, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
8.A.moschatus ssp. tuberosus - Kerala and parts of Western
Ghats in Tamil Nadu
9.A.tuberculatus - Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra
(Source: Bisht and Bhat, 2006)

11. OKRA PLANT SPECIES:-
A.manihot ssp. tetraphyllus A. manihot ssp A ficulneus
Abelmoschus esculentus

12. DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID
HAND EMASCULATION AND POLLINATION.
This method is commonly used method in hybrid
development and hybrid seed production.
1.Selection of parents
2. Emasculation of female parent
3.collection of pollen.

13. 4.Pollination
morning 7.30 am and complete the pollination latest by 10.30
am. Continue the pollination for 40-50 days.
5.bagging and tagging
bag the pollinated flower with butter paper and label with tag
containing detail information about plant and pollination.
6.harvesting
harvesting of hybrid seeds from female plant after 7-8th day of
pollination

14. ACHIEVEMENTS:-
1.AOH -262
Developed by GAU. Average fruit weight is 11.1g and
average yield is about 780q/ha.
2.DVR-2(Shitla Uphar)
Developed by IIVR. It is cross between PDIB-1
and PDIB-3, resistant to YVMV and
leaf curl virus, avg fruit weight is about 12.6g
and yield is about 860q/ha.

15. 3. DVR-1(Shitla Jyoti)
It is cross between PDIB-12 and
PDIB-1 prolong fruiting period about
45-90 days and yield is bout 760q/ha.
Hybrids developed by Indo-American hybrid seed company,
Banglore
1. varsha
2. Vijay
3. Vishal.

16. Arka Abhay
An interspecific hybrid between Abelmoschus esculentus(IIHR 20-31)
x A.manihot spp. tetraphyllus. Fruits lush green, tender and long.
Fruits borne in two flushes. Resistant to yellow vein mosaic
virus(YVMV) Duration 120-130 days. Yield 18 t/h
Arka Anamika
An interspecific hybrid between Abelmoschus esculentus
(IIHR20 31) x A. manihot spp. Tetraphyllus (Res. To
YVMV). Resistant to Yellow vein mosaic virus Duration
130-135 days. Yield 20 t/ha.
Kashi Pragati:-
Fruits are 8-10 cm in length at marketable stage, 23-25 per plants
and yield 180-190 q/ha during rainy and 130-140 q/ha during
summer season. This is resistant to YVMV.

17. CHILLI:-
• Chilli (capsicum spp.) is an important vegetable which is grown for
its fruit purpose.
• Highly rich in vitamin c and ad other anti-oxidants.
• Industrially used for cosmetics and oleoresin production.

18. TAXONOMY OF CHILLI
• Name- chilli
• Kingdom- Plantae
• Division- Magnoliophyta
• Class- Magnoliopsida
• Family- solanaceae
• Genus- capsicum
• Species- C.annum
• Origin- mexico.

19. BOTANY AND FLORAL BIOLOGY:-
Plants are perennial woody at base and height is about
1.5mt.
Leaves are usually solitary and oblong lanceolate.
Flowers are small and solitary at leaf axil or 2-3 at tip of
branches pedicels are erect and shortly pubescent and
1.5-2.5cm long, corolla is yellowish or grayish and 5 in
number, calyx is 5 and minute campanulate, stamens are 5
and erect, anthers are brown green.

20. Flowering start after 1-2 months of planting, anthesis in
morning 5-6 am and flower remain open for 2-3 days.
Anther dehiscence takes place from 9-11am
Since anthesis completed by 8 am and anther dehiscence
takes place from 9-11am.
Since the anther dehiscence starts from 9 am and
anthesis completed in 8 am hence emasculation and
pollination carried out simultaneously.

21. Anther
Filament
Flower (t.s)
corolla
style
fruit
Leaf
Flower
calyx
carpel (c.s)
stigma
ovule
ovary(t.s)

22. BREEDING OBJECTIVES:-
1. high yield and quality fruits.
2. export purpose.
3. resistant to pest and diseases.
4. for seed production in cheaper cost.
5. with male sterile trait.

23. GENETIC RESOURCE:-
 C.annum – commonly known as sweet pepper and chilly hot
pepper.
 C.annum L.var avicular – commonly known as bird pepper,
proginator of bell pepper.
 C.annum grossum sendt. – commonly known as sweet pepper
 C.baccatum syn. C.angulosum and C.baccatum var baccatum –
commonly found in southren American region.

24.  C.Chinese Jacq – closely related to C.frutenscens.
 C.frutenscens - commonly known as tobasco pepper and
bird chilly.
 C.fastigiatum – commonly known as bird eye chilli.
 C.pubescecns – commonly used for breeding in India

25. CHILLI PLANT SPECIES
C a var. glabriusculum C a var grossum sendt C.B var pendulum
C.baccatum C.Chinese jacquin

26. C.frutenscens capsicum fastigiatum
C.pubescecns

27. DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID :-
HAND EMASCULATION AND POLLINATION.
This method is commonly used method in hybrid development and
hybrid seed production.
1.Selection of parents
2. Emasculation of female parent
3.collection of pollen.

28. 4.Pollination
in morning 8 am and complete the pollination latest by 10.30
am. Continue the pollination for 2-3days.
5.bagging and tagging
bag the pollinated flower with butter paper and label with tag
containing detail information about plant and pollination.
6.harvesting
after 40-60 day of pollination

29. USE OF MALE STERILITY:-
Use of male sterile line as female and restorer line as male are planted in a
ratio of 4:1.
reported male sterility are
1. GMS,
2. CMS,
3. CGMS,
Among this CGMS is commonly used.
Use of chemically hybridizing agents:-
Use of CHA androcide GA3 at 10000 mg/li in bell pepper thrice at onset of
flowering and once again after 10 days causing male sterility (kholi et.al 1981).
And this CHA treated lines are used as female parent.

30. ACHIEVEMENTS:-
chilli hybrids.
1.ACH-15:-
cross between S-49 and CDPS -120 ,
developed by GAU,
fruit weight is 4.85g and
yield is about 100q/ha.
2.ACH-30
cross between S-49 and
Punjab Guchcedar, developed by GAU,
fruit weight is 4.8g and
yield is about 110q/ha.

31. 3.BSS-141
Developed by Beeju Sheetal seed pvt.ltd., jalna,
cross between JUBI and CABE.
4.CH-1
developed by PAU Ludhiana,
bear 200 fruits per plant and
satisfy ASTA certification and
yield is about 95q/ha.
other hybrids
ARCH -236,CH-3 and BSS-138 etc.

32. Bell pepper hybrids
1.BHARAT
Indo-American hybrid seed company,
avg fruit weight is 150g, and
yield is about 200-250q/ha, and
crop duration is about 120-140 days.
2.KTCPH-3.
It is medium maturity hybrid developed by IARI regional station
katrain, avg fruit weight is about 80g and yield is about 276q/ha.

33. 3.KTCPH-5
It is medium maturity hybrid developed
by IARI regional station katrain,
avg fruit weight is about 100g and
yield is about 258q/ha.
Cross between Yolo wonder and EC-143570.

34. REFERENCES:-
• Heterosis breeding in vegetable crops,Nagendra rai and
Mathura rai,1st edition,2006.
• www.breedinginvegetablecrops.com
• Breeding in okra/youtube.com