This document provides information on the production technology of avocados. It discusses the scientific name, origin, soil and climate requirements, common varieties, propagation methods, fertilizer application, pest and disease management, harvesting, storage, and yields of avocados. Some key varieties discussed are TDK-1, Arka Supreme, Fuerte, Pollock, Green, and Hass. Grafting and budding are described as common propagation techniques. Fertilizer and irrigation recommendations at different plant ages are also provided.

1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF
AVOCADO
SARAVANAN.K
2022048039

2. INTRODUCTION
SCIENTIFIC NAME ;Persea AmericANA
FAMILY ; LAURACEAE
CHROMOSOME NUMBER ; 2n =24
Origin ; Mexico
Other name ; butter fruit

3. SOIL
 The fruit can be grown in variety of soil but they
come up to well in sandy loams type soil which
having 20%-40% clay .
 Plant is very sensitive to water logged condition
,hence proper drainage facility is required .
 Major parts of the feeder roots are concentraded in
upper 50 cm soil layer in radius of 1-1.25m.
 Optimum pH ranges from5-7.

4. CLIMATE
 Avocado is evergreen subtrobical fruit plant .
 Tree withstand mild winter but it cannot tolerate
freezing winter and high summer temperature .
 Temperature below 25°C is essential for flower
induction while average temperature range is
between 12.8°C-28.3°C .
 Temperature above 10°C at night and between 20°C
and 30°C during the day are required at flowering
(generally around September) to give good fruit set .
 Avocado comes up to well in areas having a rainfall
ranging from 75 to 180 cm.

5. PLANTING
 In general spacing given for avocado planting is 6-12m.
 Recently ,HDP is adopted in avocado comprising 400 trees
per hectare (5m× 5m).
 Pits of about 60 cm cube are made 10-15 days before
planting .
 Pits are filled with 25kg of dried FYM ,leaf modules and top
soil.
 The graft and bud seedling are planted with ball of earth
around the roots and graft union kept above the soil.
 Planting is done in any time during the year except the hot
summer periods .

7. VARIETIES
TNAU VARIETIES
TDK-1;
It is a semi spreading type with upright growth
habit ,fruit round ,weighing 600-650g and produces
265kg fruit /tree. It is an early variety released from
HRS,Thadiyankudisai of TNAU ,Coimbatore.

8. IIHR VARIETIES
 Arka Supreme- Avocado
 High yielding, regular bearing variety,
 high yielding seedling selection from
local collection, spreading type growth habit.
 Fruit: Oblong, 367-428 g weight, TSS
7.8 °Brix, and 20%fat
 Yield: 370-400 kg/ plant
 Flowering behaviour: Type ‘A’ category

10. ICAR VARIETIES
FUERTE;
 This is the leading commercial variety of avocado.
 It is a hybrid between Guatemalan and Mexican races
.
 Weigh between 225 to 450g with smooth,thin,dull
green skin .
 Alternate bearing tendency.
 Oil content varies from 18%-26%.

12. POLLOCK
 It belongs to west Indian race and a vigorous variety.
 Fruit large (900-1300g),oblong to pyriform in shape
and oil content is less (3.5)%.
 It is well suited to low land tropics .

14. GREEN
 It belongs to Guatemalan race .fruit are large (450-
650g),oval with brittle skin and grown in india .

15. OTHER VARITIES
HASS;
The cultivar originated as a
Guatemalan.fruits are round medium sized ,turn
purple on ripening and oil content is 20%. Suitable
for cultivation in sub tropical.

17. PROPAGATION METHOD
Sexual and asexual propagation method are followed in
avocado.
SEED PROPAGATION
 Seed propagation is easy but seedling is not come true
to type .
 They remain viable after 2-3 weeks .
 Its viability can be increases by storing seeds in dry peat
or sand at 5°c.
 Usually seed required 50 to95 days for germination.

18. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
CUTTING ;
depending on type and race and cultivar
,rooting capacity will vary.
 Rooting percentage is exhibited by Mexican race
followed by guatlemalan race west Indian race is
difficult to root.
 Use mist or bottom heat 26°c along with treatment
of IBA promoted percentage of rooting .

19. GRAFTING
 Veneer Grafting on 2- 4 months old rootstock with 5-
7cm long terminal shoots.

20. BUDDING
 Chip budding and shield budding are successful
methods of budding

21. IRRIGATION
 Avocado plants are not irrigated
regularly.
 Irrigation at three weeks intervals resulted
early maturity, increased fruit size and oil content.
Sprinkler irrigation is batter the flood irrigation
system as avocado have shallow root system and they
cannot stand water logging

22. MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
Manure/
Fertilizer
(kg/tree)
Time of
Application
Age of Plants (year)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th &
above
Farmyard
manure
February/
March
- 10 20 30 40 50 60
Urea March/
April
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40-0.60
September
/ October
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40-0.60
Muriate
of potash
March/
April
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70-0.80
Bone-
meal
March/
April
0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 1.00-1.50

23. SPECIAL HORTICULTURE PRACTICES
 TRAINING AND PRUNING:
• For the first 8-10 years no pruning is given as the tree it self well
balanced head consisting of a smooth central stem with radiating
whorls of horizontal branches produced at regular intervals.
• No Regular Training and pruning is given to avocado

24. PEST AND DISEASES
Pests
 Important insect pests of avocado are scale insects, mites
and mealy bugs.

26. DISEASES
Fruit rot Infected fruits drop down and remaining ones
fail to develop proper size and sometimes get
malformed. CA storage prevents the disease where
the temperature is about 7.2°C.

27.  Root rot
This is the most serious disease in Avocado
plantations caused 17 Phytophthora cinnamomi.
Severe attack kill the trees. Application of Ridomil
(metalaxyl) @1 g a.i. /10 kg soil, in soil before
planting and soil drenching @1g a.i./10 lit. around
established plants can control the disease.proper
drainage facilities should also be provided.

29. HARVEST INDIXES
o Avocado plants raised from seed start bearing
five to six years after planting.
o Mature fruit of purple varieties change their
color from purple to maroon ,whereas fruits of
green varieties become greenish yellow .

30. YIELD
 The yield ranges from about 100 to 500 fruits per
tree.
On average 300-400 fruits can be harvested from
10-15 years old trees.

32. STORAGE
 Avocado fruits can be stored for about one
months at low temperature( 5-7°c).
Storage life can also be extended by
waxing fruits, packing in polythene bag
followed by low temperature storage and
by controlled atmospheric storage (2% O2,
10% CO2).