This document discusses COCOMO cost drivers, which are product attributes that can affect the effort required to develop software. It describes three key cost drivers: reliability (RELY), database size (DATA), and product complexity (CPLX). RELY depends on how critical software failures are, from slight inconvenience to risking human life. DATA is based on the ratio of test database size to source code size. CPLX has six levels based on factors like control operations, computational operations, and user interface complexity. Tables provide examples and effort multipliers for each cost driver.

1. COCOMO COST DRIVERS
USAMA FAYYAZ (107)
MINAHIL KHAN (96)
PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES

2. PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES
Product Attribute Is A Characteristic That Defines A Particular
Product.
Product Attributes Account For Variation In The Effort Required To
Develop Software Caused By Characteristics Of The Product.

3. PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES
RELY
• Required Software Reliability
DATA
• DataBase Size
CPLX
• Product Complexity

4. PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES
 REQUIRED SOFTWARE
RELIABILITY (RELY)
In This Measure The Software Must Perform Its Intended
Function Over A Period Of Time.
If The Effect Of A Software Failure Is Only Slight
Inconvenience Then Rely Is Low Otherwise Rely Is High.

5. TABLE OF RELY
Rating
Levels
Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra
High
RELY
slight
inconvenience
low, easily
recoverable
losses
moderate,
easily
recoverable
losses
high
financial
loss
risk to
human life
Effort
Multiplier
0.82 0.92 1.00 1.10 1.26 n/a

6. PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES
 DATA BASE SIZE (DATA)
This Cost Driver Attempts To Capture The Effect Large Test
Data Requirements Have On Product Development.
The Rating Is Determined By Calculating D/P, The Ratio Of
Bytes In The Testing Database To SLOC In The Program.
The Reason The Size Of The Database Is Important To Consider
Is Because Of The Effort Required To Generate The Test Data
That Will Be Used To Exercise The Program

7. DATA
Descriptors:
Testing DB
bytes/Pgm
SLOC < 10
10 ≤ D/P
< 100
10 ≤ D/P
< 100
D/P ≥
1000
Rating
Levels
Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
Effort
Multipliers
n/a 0.90 1.00 1.14 1.28 n/a
Table of DATA
DATA is rated as Low if D/P is less than 10 and it is very high
if it is greater than 1000. P is measured in equivalent source
lines of code (SLOC), which may involve function point or
reuse conversions.

8. PRODUCT COMPLEXITY (CPLX)
COMPLEXITY IS DIVIDED INTO FIVE
AREAS:
I. CONTROL OPERATIONS
II. COMPUTATIONAL OPERATIONS
III. DEVICE-DEPENDENT OPERATIONS
IV. DATA MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS
V. USER INTERFACE MANAGEMENT
OPERATIONS

9. PRODUCT COMPLEXITY (CPLX)
THERE ARE SIX LEVELS OF CPLX:
I. VERY LOW
II. LOW
III. NOMINAL
IV. HIGH
V. VERY HIGH
VI. EXTRA HIGH

10. PRODUCT COMPLEXITY (CPLX)
Rating
Levels Very Low Low
Nominal High Very High Extra High
Control
Operations
Computational
Operations
Device-
dependent
Operations
Data
Management
Operations
User Interface
Management
Operations
Effort
Multipliers
0.73 0.87 1.00 1.17 1.34 1.74

11. Levels Control Operations
Very Low
Straight-line code with a few non-nested structured programming
operators: DOs, CASEs, IF- THEN-ELSEs.
Simple module composition via procedure calls or simple scripts.
Low
Straightforward nesting of structured programming operators.
Mostly simple predicates
Nominal
Mostly simple nesting. Some intermodule control.
Decision tables. Simple callbacks or message passing, including
middleware- supported distributed processing
High
Highly nested structured programming operators with many
compound predicates.
Queue and stack control. Homogeneous, distributed processing.
Single processor soft real-time control.
Very High
Reentrant and recursive coding. Fixed- priority interrupt handling.
Task synchronization, complex callbacks, heterogeneous
distributed processing.
Single- processor hard real-time control.
Extra High
Multiple resource scheduling with dynamically changing
priorities.
Microcode-level control.

12. Levels Computational Operations
Very Low
Evaluation of simple expressions: e.g., A=B+C*(D- E)
Low
Evaluation of moderate-level expressions: e.g.,
D=SQRT(B**2- 4.*A*C)
Nominal
Use of standard math and statistical routines. Basic
matrix/vector operations.
High
Basic numerical analysis: multivariate interpolation, ordinary
differential equations.
Basic truncation, round-off concerns.
Very High
Difficult but structured numerical analysis: near- singular matrix
equations, partial differential equations.
Simple parallelization.
Difficult and unstructured numerical analysis: highly accurate

13. Levels Device- dependent Operations
Very Low
Simple read, write statements with simple formats.
Low
No cognizance needed of particular processor or I/O device
characteristics. I/O done at GET/PUT level.
Nominal
I/O processing includes device selection, status checking and error
processing.
High
Operations at physical I/O level (physical storage address
translations; seeks, reads, etc.). Optimized I/O overlap.
Very High
Routines for interrupt diagnosis, servicing, masking.
Communication line handling.
Performance- intensive embedded systems.
Extra High
Device timing- dependent coding, micro- programmed
operations.
Performance- critical embedded systems.

14. Levels Data Management Operations
Very Low
Simple arrays in main memory. Simple COTS- DB queries,
updates.
Low
Single file subsetting with no data structure changes, no
edits, no intermediate files.
Moderately complex COTS- DB queries, updates.
Nominal
Multi-file input and single file output. Simple structural
changes, simple edits. Complex COTS-DB
queries, updates.
High
Simple triggers activated by data stream contents.
Complex data restructuring.
Very High
Distributed database coordination. Complex triggers.
Search optimization.
Highly coupled, dynamic relational and object
structures.

15. Levels User Interface Management Operations
Very Low
Simple input forms, report generators.
Low
Use of simple graphic user interface (GUI) builders.
Nominal
Simple use of widget set.
High
Widget set development and extension. Simple voice
I/O, multimedia.
Very High
Moderately complex 2D/3D, dynamic graphics,
multimedia.
Extra High Complex multimedia, virtual reality, natural language

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