Corrugated fiberboard is made from three components - two linerboards bonded to either side of fluted corrugating medium. It provides cushioning and protection for packaged items. Different flute types provide varying strengths for packaging uses like canned goods, furniture or consumer goods. Quality is ensured through tests like flat crush resistance, bursting strength and puncture resistance. Recycling of corrugated fiberboard involves collection, sorting, shredding and reprocessing into new fiber.

1. CORRUGATED BOX
Prepared By
Sneha A. Chavan
Department Of Pharmaceutics
M pharm !st year II semester

2. Corrugated fiberboard
• Corrugated fiberboard are produced continuously at high
speed by a corrugating machine on which a first linerboard is
bonded to the top at one side of flutes of corrugating medium
to form a single faced corrugated fiberboard to which a second
fiberboard is bonded to top at other side of flutes of
corrugated medium

3. Corrugated vs. Cardboard
Corrugated Board
• Made of 3 or more layers of
liner board with a “corrugated”
inner medium that is referred
to as “Fluting”
• Multiple Flute Sizes
• Multiple Strengths
Cardboard
• Chipboard that is formed in a
single layer using fiber. Does
not have “fluting”
• Multiple Point Sizes
• Different Finishes
• Different Grades

4. Components of CFB
• 3 components
1. Liner
2. Fluting medium
3. Adhesive

5. 1.Liner
• Kraft paper of above 80 GSM to 250 GSM is used for making
liner.
• Outer most liner used for box should be of maximum
grammage.
• Function of liner
I. Resist hazard like puncture, burst, abrasion, tear etc.
II. Properly held the fluting medium when once combined.
III. Be amenable to printing.
IV. Resist moisture or water either outside or inside depending
on nature of product packed.
• Water proof paper such as bitumen, sandwiched, poly-coated
or wax coated are also used for liner

6. 2. Adhesive
• Starch based adhesive are used for joining the outer liner.
• Sodium silicate (near to natural) also is used.
• Silicate can give rigid board but they can render the box brittle or
lend to de-lamination depending upon humidity.
3. Flute (Board corrugation) types
• S shaped arches or waves of the corrugated box, present between the
boards.
• run parallel to the surface of the corrugated board
• Provide strength and rigidity to box
• flutes also help in regulating temperature within the box.
• types of flutes
i. A flute
ii. C flute
iii. B flute
iv. E flute
v. F flute

7. A flute
- high top to
bottom
compression
- good stacking
strength
- excellent
cushioning for
product
protection
B flute
- thickness of 1/8".
- 40-50 flutes per
foot.
- high resistance to
flat crush
- excellent printing
surface
- scores and slots
easily
- greater crush
resistance and
stacking strength
- second highest
arch size
- adapt well to
automatic
equipment
- used in the
packing of canned
goods and displays
C flute
- thickness of
11/64“
- 39-40 flutes per
foot.
- good printing
surface
- good top to
bottom
compression
- good resistance to
flat crush
- forms a medium
between type A flute
and type B flute.
- used in the
packaging of
furniture, glass and
dairy.

8. F flute
- good alternative to paperboard
application
- superior printing surface
- high resistance to flat crush
(similar to E)
- consumer goods shelf packaging
(most applicable)
E flute
- thickness of 1/16"
- 94 flutes per foot.
- best crush resistance
- outstanding printing surface
- mostly used for consumer goods
shelf packaging
- makes the board extra thin in turn
reducing its weight and size.
- excellent choice for printing
purposes, making it a good choice
for die cut custom boxes

10. specifications of a corrugated box
The format of specifications of a corrugated box will look like this :-
<Paper weight><outer liner paper>/<walls of the box with its flute
type>/<inner liner paper>
1. Paper Weight:
• specified in the terms of grams per square meter
• standard cartons, the paper used is of 125 gsm to 150 gsm.
• box is used for heavy duty purposes such as export, paper weighing
300 gsm is used

11. Cont…
2. Outer liner:
• The paper outside the box is called the outer liner paper.
• the outer liner paper is generally made up of virgin craft paper.
• But these days, the composition also contains about 12 % of recycled
material.
3. Inner Liner:
• Inner liner paper is the one which is used on the inside of the box.
• completely made up of recycled material, virgin board, a mixture of
newspaper waste and more as such.
• may not seem as appealing and strong as the outer liner paper
• advantage of
a. reducing the weight of the box,
b. being environment friendly and
c. fully recyclable.

12. Box structure
• Two main component :-
I. Linerboard
II. Medium
• Both are made up of special kind of heavy paper called
containerboard
• Four type of combined board
i. Single face
ii. Single wall
iii. Double wall
iv. Triple wall

13. Cont…
• Single face
• One medium is glued to one flat
sheet of linerboard
• Single wall
• Medium is between two sheets of
linerboard
• Also known as double face
Double wall
• Three sheets of linerboard with
two medium in between
• Triple wall
• Four sheets of linerboard with
three medium in between

14. Type of box
1. Half slotted container
2. Regular slotted container
3. Full overlap container
4. Center special slotted container
5. 123 bottom tuck top
6. 123 bottom RSC top
7. Glue in divider
8. Telescope top or bottom
9. Half slotted container with telescope top
10. One piece folder
11. Five panel folder
12. 2 sided rollover tray
13. 2 sided rollover tray with flaps and ears
14. Auto bottom RSC top
15. Infold clamshell

15. • Half slotted container
• Regular slotted
container
• Full overlap container
• Centre special slotted
container

16. • 123 bottom tuck top
• 123 bottom RSC top
• Glue in divider
• Telescope top or
bottom

17. • Half slotted container with
telescope top
• One piece folder
• Five panel folder
• 2 sided rollover tray with flaps and
ears
•
• Auto bottom RSC top

18. Box dimension
• Given in sequence of length,
breadth and height
(internationally)
• Also given in length, width and
depth
• Dimension specified for either
inside or outside of box
• Inside dimension determined to
ensure proper fit for product
being shipped or stored
• Palletizing and distributing the
boxes depend on outside
dimension

21. BOX CLOSURE
• Adhesive water based or Hot melt adhesive- applied manually or by machine.
starch based adhesives is the choice of a corrugator as it is economic. starch work as a
medium for molds, lichens & fungus so to prevent it antifungals are added in it before
use.
• Staples- for effective closing staples should be applied in 45 deg angle. pins are
made up of steel, nickel, brass etc.
• Box sealing tape, pressure-sensitive-taps are available in various widths i.e. 36, 48,
and 72 mm widths and several thicknesses. BOPP and PET are used as a backings.
• Taping is done either manually or by semi automatic machine.
• Filament tape, pressure-sensitive
• Water activated gummed paper- it consist of a heavy paper in which adhesive is
applied and dried, when water is applied to it adhesive tackiness and binding ability
is again generated. Reinforced water activated gummed tape
• Strapping- used for unitizing, made up of plastic (PP,PE,PET,PVC), metal (SS steel)
etc. and available various width.
• Shrink wrap- it is a thin film of LLDPE, LDPE etc. which shrinks with the
application of heat resulting in wrapping a box from all sides.it is costlier amongst all
as it needs hot tunnel and material consumption will be more. However, the packed
box will be protected from environment as it will work as a barrier.

22. • ADVANTAGE OF CFB
a) Effective cushioning material
b) Easy to fabricate
c) Easy to storing
d) Easy to disposal
e) More pilfer proof
f) No strapping necessary
g) Safe for human handling
h) Could be made specially water
resistant
i) Printing and advertising advantage
j) No self generating fungus
k) Desired in export market
l) Suitable for self service store display
 DISADVANTAGE OF CFB
 The base Kraft paper not of desired
standard
 Improper warehousing
 Supply of moist and damp material
when hurry
 De - lamination of layer
 Use of unspecified adhesive and water
proofing agent

23. Failure in CFB during export
A. Adhesive failure
• Result in delamination of flute and liner which may occur due to
i. Lower solid content
ii. Lower GSM coating
iii. Poor quality adhesive
 solution
 stringent quality for adhesive
 Bond strength determination by pin adhesion test gives the bonding
strength of adhesive
B. Joint failure
occur due to
i. Stitching (staples) :- failure due to corrosion of stapler and poor
manufacturing practice
ii. Adhesive tape failure :- failure occur due to poor shear properties
of adhesive tape or poor tensile property of tape.

24. Recycling of CFB
• Collection
• Sorting
• Shredding and pulping
• Filtering, conterminal removal and De-Inking
• Finishing for reuse

25. Quality Control Test
• Flat crush resistance test
(Concora test)
• applies to single wall and single
faced corrugated
• v
• Box compression test

26. Cont…
• Edge crush test • Ring crush test

27. Cont…
• Cobb Tester
• determine water absorption
property of corrugated fiber
board
• Puncture Resistance Test
• measuring the energy required
to puncture it.
• Measuring range 0 to 36
Newton meter

28. Cont…
• Bursting strength Tester
• its resistance to rupturing, defined as the hydrostatic pressure
needed to burst a CFB sample when it is applied uniformly across
its side.

29. Reference
• Textbook of pharmaceutical packaging technology, Atul Kaushik,
Bhaskar Chaurasia, Virendra Dhakar, page no. 280 - 291
• Pharmaceutical packaging technology, U.K. Jain, D.C. Goupale, S.
Nayak, page no. 215 – 224
• http://www.worldoftest.com/paper-cardboard-testing