This presentation describes outlines and discusses the regulations
applicable to the QA function and unit, structure, function and
application of the unit in the pharmaceutical manufacturing
environment. In addition, it discusses additional quality – related
responsibilities that may result when manufactures move toward a
quality system approach to quality that incorporates current quality
system models to further improve quality and harmonize with inter-
national quality requirements.
It is process of “Establishing documentary evidence that provide a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its predetermined specifications and quality attributes”.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it is very important that in addition to final testing and compliance of products, it is also assured that the process will consistently produce the expected results.
Validation is action of proving in accordance with the principles of good manufacturing practices, that any procedure, process, equipment, material, activity or system actually leads to expected results.
Cleaning validation is documented evidence with a high degree assurance that one can consistently clean a system or a piece of equipment to predetermined and acceptable limits.
The primary regulatory concern driving the need for cleaning validation is cross contamination of the desired drug substance either by other API from previous batch runs or by residues from the cleaning agents used.
The prime purpose of validating a cleaning process is to ensure compliance with federal and other standard regulations
1. Cross contamination with active ingredients
Contamination of one batch of product with significant levels of residual active ingredients from previous batch cannot be tolerated.
In addition to the obvious problems posed by subjecting consumers or patients to unintended contaminants, potential clinically significant synergistic interactions between pharmacologically active chemicals are a real concern.
2. Contamination with unintended materials or compounds
While inert ingredients used in drug products are generally recognized as safe for human consumption, the routine use, maintenance and cleaning of equipment's provide the potential contamination with such items as equipment parts, lubricants and chemical cleaning agents3. Microbiological contamination
Maintenance , cleaning and storage conditions may provide adventitious microorganisms with the opportunity to proliferate within the processing equipment.
Role of quality system and audits in pharmamaceuticalganpat420
Introduction
cGMP Regulations
Quality Assurance Function
Quality Systems Approach
Management Responsibilities
Resources
Manufacturing Operations
Evaluation Activities
Transitioning to Quality Systems Approach
Audit Checklist for Drug Industry
This presentation describes outlines and discusses the regulations
applicable to the QA function and unit, structure, function and
application of the unit in the pharmaceutical manufacturing
environment. In addition, it discusses additional quality – related
responsibilities that may result when manufactures move toward a
quality system approach to quality that incorporates current quality
system models to further improve quality and harmonize with inter-
national quality requirements.
It is process of “Establishing documentary evidence that provide a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its predetermined specifications and quality attributes”.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it is very important that in addition to final testing and compliance of products, it is also assured that the process will consistently produce the expected results.
Validation is action of proving in accordance with the principles of good manufacturing practices, that any procedure, process, equipment, material, activity or system actually leads to expected results.
Cleaning validation is documented evidence with a high degree assurance that one can consistently clean a system or a piece of equipment to predetermined and acceptable limits.
The primary regulatory concern driving the need for cleaning validation is cross contamination of the desired drug substance either by other API from previous batch runs or by residues from the cleaning agents used.
The prime purpose of validating a cleaning process is to ensure compliance with federal and other standard regulations
1. Cross contamination with active ingredients
Contamination of one batch of product with significant levels of residual active ingredients from previous batch cannot be tolerated.
In addition to the obvious problems posed by subjecting consumers or patients to unintended contaminants, potential clinically significant synergistic interactions between pharmacologically active chemicals are a real concern.
2. Contamination with unintended materials or compounds
While inert ingredients used in drug products are generally recognized as safe for human consumption, the routine use, maintenance and cleaning of equipment's provide the potential contamination with such items as equipment parts, lubricants and chemical cleaning agents3. Microbiological contamination
Maintenance , cleaning and storage conditions may provide adventitious microorganisms with the opportunity to proliferate within the processing equipment.
Role of quality system and audits in pharmamaceuticalganpat420
Introduction
cGMP Regulations
Quality Assurance Function
Quality Systems Approach
Management Responsibilities
Resources
Manufacturing Operations
Evaluation Activities
Transitioning to Quality Systems Approach
Audit Checklist for Drug Industry
Validation: Validation is a documented program that provides high degree of assurance that a specific process, method or system consistently produces a result meeting pre-determined acceptance criteria.
Auditing of Granulation Operation in Dry Production AreaPritam Kolge
Auditing of Granulation Operation in Dry Production Area.....
This topic comes under Audits and Regulatory Compliance....
This is useful for M.Pharm (Pharaceutical Quality Assurance) Students who studying in First year sem II....
This Presentation Contain following...
#Objectives
#Fundamentals of Granulation
#Reasons for Granulation
#Methods of Granulation
#Agglomeration
#Fundamentals and Audit of Dry Granulation
#Steps in Dry Granulation
#Fundamentals and Audit of Fluid Bed Granulation
#Scale-Up of Fluid bed Granulation
#High share granulation-Fundamentals, Audit and Scale-Up
#Overview and Comparison of Different Granulating Techniques
#Audit of Mixing and Blending, Wet granulation, Wet milling, Drying, Milling
#Conclusion
#References
Thanks For Help and Guidance of Mr. D.P.Mali Sir
In this slide contains definition, validation plan, types of Qualification of Dry Powder Mixture.
Presented by: Ravi Sanker babu .D.V (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance).RIPER, anantapur
Validation: Validation is a documented program that provides high degree of assurance that a specific process, method or system consistently produces a result meeting pre-determined acceptance criteria.
Auditing of Granulation Operation in Dry Production AreaPritam Kolge
Auditing of Granulation Operation in Dry Production Area.....
This topic comes under Audits and Regulatory Compliance....
This is useful for M.Pharm (Pharaceutical Quality Assurance) Students who studying in First year sem II....
This Presentation Contain following...
#Objectives
#Fundamentals of Granulation
#Reasons for Granulation
#Methods of Granulation
#Agglomeration
#Fundamentals and Audit of Dry Granulation
#Steps in Dry Granulation
#Fundamentals and Audit of Fluid Bed Granulation
#Scale-Up of Fluid bed Granulation
#High share granulation-Fundamentals, Audit and Scale-Up
#Overview and Comparison of Different Granulating Techniques
#Audit of Mixing and Blending, Wet granulation, Wet milling, Drying, Milling
#Conclusion
#References
Thanks For Help and Guidance of Mr. D.P.Mali Sir
In this slide contains definition, validation plan, types of Qualification of Dry Powder Mixture.
Presented by: Ravi Sanker babu .D.V (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance).RIPER, anantapur
WHO has recently issued draft document titled "Guidelines on Validation". These guidelines (i.e., the main text included in this working document) cover the general principles of validation and qualification.
These guidelines focus mainly on the overall concept of validation and are not intended to be prescriptive in specific validation requirements. This document serves as general guidance only and the principles may be considered useful in its application in the manufacture and control of starting materials and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs), as well as other areas. Validation of specific processes and systems, for example, in sterile product manufacture, requires much more consideration and a detailed approach that is beyond the scope of this document. The general text in this document may be applicable to validation and qualification of premises, equipment, utilities, systems, processes, and procedures.
The draft on the specific topics, the appendices to this main text, will follow. The following is an overview on the appendices that are intended to complement the text of this working document:
Appendix 1: Validation of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems - will be replaced by cross reference to WHO Guidelines on GMP for HVAC systems for considerations in qualification of HVAC systems (update - working document QAS/15.639/Rev. 1)
Appendix 2: Validation of water systems for pharmaceutical use - will be replaced by cross-reference to WHO Guidelines on water for pharmaceutical use for consideration in qualification of water purification systems
Appendix 3: Cleaning validation - consensus to retain
Appendix 4: Analytical method validation - update in process
Appendix 5: Validation of computerized systems - update in process
Appendix 6: Qualification of systems and equipment - update in process
Appendix 7: Non-sterile process validation - update already published as Annex 3, WHO Technical Report Series, No. 992, 2015
Comments on this draft document are due by July 12, 2016.
A presentation on this guidance is given below:
Presentation on New WHO Guidance on Validations
Process Validation is Key important factor for the Pharmaceutical Industry to maintain Consistent Quality in product which claimed by the manufacturer.
Complete discussion about the Pharmaceutical validation, its types, difference between calibration and validation, validation master & calibration master plan
Process validation is defined as the collection and evaluation of data, from the process design stage throughout production, which establishes scientific evidence that a process is capable of consistently delivering quality products.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed guidelines with the following definition for process validation: – “PROCESS VALIDATION” is establishing documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a specific process consistently produces a product meeting its predetermined specifications and quality attributes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
1. 1
Process Validation:
Lifecycle Management
Grace E. McNally
FDA CDER Office of Compliance
Division of Manufacturing & Product Quality
PQRI-FDA Workshop on Process Drift:
Detection, Measurement, and Control
December 1-3, 2010
2. 2
Agenda
• Process Validation lifecycle as described in FDA’s new Guidance for
Industry: Process Validation: General Principles and Practice
• Process drift and Stage 3, Continued Process Verification
• Statistics in the CGMPs, the 1978 preamble and other guidelines
• Establishing process variability estimates
– Basis for routine control strategy and changes to it
– “statistical procedures where appropriate”
– SPC and Voice of Process – a tool to reveal variability
• “It met specifications” - how certain?
– USP disclaimer
– sample size, desired confidence and probability
3. 3
GMP Process Validation Requirement
• Process Validation is an enforceable requirement
for finished drug products:
– 21 CFR 211.100(a) [Foundation for PV]
• “written procedures for production and process
control designed to assure that the drug products have
the identity, strength, quality, and purity they purport or are
represented to possess.
– 21 CFR 211.110(a)
• “…procedures that describe in-process controls to monitor the
output and to validate the performance of those
manufacturing processes that may be responsible for causing
variability in the characteristics of in-process material and
drug product.
4. 4
Background on 2008 Draft Guidance for Industry
Process Validation: General Principles and Practices
Catalysts for revision of the 1987 PV Guideline
1. Further the goals of the CGMPs for the 21st Century Initiative such as
advancing science and technological innovation in pharmaceutical
manufacturing.
2. Update Guidance based on regulatory experience since 1987.
– Need more emphasis on process design elements and maintaining process
control during commercialization
– Communicate that PV is an ongoing program and align process validation
activities with product lifecycle
– Emphasize the role of objective measures and statistical tools and analyses in
making science based and risk based decision making.
– Emphasize knowledge, detection, and control of variability.
3. More value added and scientific.
5. 5
New PV Guidance
For purposes of this guidance, process validation is defined as the
collection and evaluation of data, from the process design stage
through commercial production, which establishes scientific
evidence that a process is capable of consistently delivering
quality product.
Process validation involves a series of activities taking place over the lifecycle of the
product and process. This guidance describes the process validation activities in three
stages.
• Stage 1 – Process Design: The commercial process is defined during this stage based
on knowledge gained through development and scale-up activities.
• Stage 2 – Process Qualification: During this stage, the process design is evaluated to
determine if the process is capable of reproducible commercial manufacturing.
• Stage 3 – Continued Process Verification: Ongoing assurance is gained during routine
production that the process remains in a state of control.
This guidance describes activities typical in each stage, but in practice, some activities in
different stages might overlap.
7. 7
Stage 3 and process drift
• The goal of the third validation stage is
continual assurance that the process
remains in a state of control (the validated
state) during commercial manufacture. A
system or systems for detecting
unplanned departures from the
process as designed is essential to
accomplish this goal.
8. 8
Process Drift in the 2008 Draft PV GFI
• Stage 3 ―
“Adherence to the CGMP requirements,
specifically including the collection and
evaluation of information and data about the
performance of the process (see below), will
allow detection of process drift. The evaluation
should determine whether action must be taken
to prevent the process from drifting out of
control (§ 211.180(e)).”
9. 9
Replaced “drift” with variability in
the PV Guidance to be finalized
• Stage 3 ― Continued Process Verification
– CGMP requirements, specifically, the collection and
evaluation of information and data about the
performance of the process, will allow detection of
undesired process variability. Evaluating the
performance of the process identifies problems and
determines whether action must be taken to correct,
anticipate, and prevent problems so that the process
remains in control (§ 211.180(e)).
10. 10
• Drift is one of five statistical changes:
1.A gradual change to or away from a target.
2.Sudden change in the average
3.Outliers
4.Increase or decrease in the variability
5.Reoccurring cycles
11. 11
Process Drift Away from the Target of 100%
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time
Process
12. 12
A Suddden Change in the Average
95
97
99
101
103
105
107
109
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time
Result
16. 16
Process drift and process variability
• In order to detect process drift, normal
(common cause) variability has to be
understood and measured where possible.
• Range of input variability a process may
encounter in commercial production may not be
fully known during the process design stage.
– E.g., excipients–
– Laboratory or pilot-scale models that are
representative of the commercial process can be used
to estimate variability but need to obtain data from
commercial manufacturing experience to confirm
predictions.
18. 18
PV Stage 3
• An ongoing program to collect and analyze
product and process data that relate to product
quality must be established (§ 211.180(e)). The
data collected should include relevant process
trends and quality of incoming materials or
components, in-process material, and finished
products. The data should be statistically
trended and reviewed by trained personnel. The
information collected should verify that the
quality attributes are being appropriately
controlled throughout the process.
19. 19
Changes - 211.180(e)
• (e) Written records required by this part shall be
maintained so that data therein can be used for
evaluating, at least annually, the quality
standards of each drug product to determine
the need for changes in drug product
specifications or manufacturing or
control procedures.
– If actual manufacturing experience signals the need
for change, companies are obligated under CGMP to
evaluate and address the issue(s).
20. 20
ICH Guidelines Q6A and Q6B-
Setting Specifications
ICH Q6A - SPECIFICATIONS: TEST PROCEDURES AND
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR NEW DRUG SUBSTANCES
AND NEW DRUG PRODUCTS: CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
ICH Q6B - …FOR BIOTECHNOLOGICAL/ BIOLOGICAL
PRODUCTS
• 3.1.1 Definition of Specifications
– A specification is defined as a list of tests, references to analytical
procedures, and appropriate acceptance criteria which are numerical
limits, ranges, or other criteria for the tests described. It establishes the
set of criteria to which a new drug substance or new drug product
should conform to be considered acceptable for its intended use.
"Conformance to specifications" means that the drug substance and / or
drug product, when tested according to the listed analytical procedures,
will meet the listed acceptance criteria.
21. 21
ICH Guidelines Q6A and Q6B-
Setting Specifications
• ….When a specification is first proposed, justification should be
presented for each procedure and each acceptance criterion
included. …..Additionally, a reasonable range of expected
analytical and manufacturing variability should be
considered.
• …
• If multiple manufacturing sites are planned, it may be valuable to
consider data from these sites in establishing the initial tests and
acceptance criteria. This is particularly true when there is limited
initial experience with the manufacture of the drug substance or
drug product at any particular site. If data from a single
representative manufacturing site are used in setting tests and
acceptance criteria, product manufactured at all sites should still
comply with these criteria.
22. 22
Suitable Statistical Procedures
• 211. 110 - Sampling and testing of in- process
materials and drug products
• 211.110(b)
Valid in-process specifications for such
characteristics shall be consistent with drug
product final specifications and shall be
derived from previous acceptable process
average and process variability estimates
where possible and determined by the
application of suitable statistical
procedures where appropriate.
23. 23
A tool – Statistical Process Control
• These process average statistic is used in control
charting to calculate the control limits, the Voice
of the Process.
• Compare the Voice of the Process, graphically
displayed by the calculated control limits, with
the desired specifications, Voice of the
Customer. Can the process, with its inherent
(common cause) variability, consistently
produce the drug with attributes the patients
needs?
25. 25
• Developing a strategy for trending and
monitoring.
– What is the goal?
– For example, to determine machine-to-machine
variability, within a machine? May need to tailor
approaches, use different tools, for different products
and processes.
• Obtain expertise in the use of statistical tools in
manufacturing.
• Further refine the control strategy if necessary
26. 26
PV Guidance recommendation -
sampling/monitoring after Stage 2
• 2008 Draft lines 533-537:
– “We recommend continued monitoring and/or
sampling at the level established during the process
qualification stage until sufficient data is available to
generate significant variability estimates. Once the
variability is known, sampling and/or monitoring
should be adjusted to a statistically appropriate and
representative level. Process variability should be
periodically assessed and sampling and/or
monitoring adjusted accordingly.”
27. 27
Language to be finalized in PV Guidance
• …recommend continued monitoring and sampling of
process parameters and quality attributes at the level
established during the process qualification stage until
sufficient data are available to generate significant
variability estimates. These estimates can provide
the basis for establishing levels and frequency of
routine sampling and monitoring for the
particular product and process. Monitoring can
then be adjusted to a statistically appropriate and
representative level. Process variability should be
periodically assessed and monitoring adjusted
accordingly.
28. 28
PV Guidance recommendation -
sampling/monitoring after Stage 2
• Comment – Purpose of the recommendation?
– To establish the appropriate levels and frequency of
routine sampling and monitoring for that particular
product and process.
– Stepped down approach to monitoring, particularly
for new processes with no previous comparable
experience, or significant change.
– Objective basis to meet CGMPs requirement of
“statistically appropriate and representative levels”
29. 29
PV Guidance recommendation -
sampling/monitoring after Stage 2
• Consider complexity of product and
process
• Language to be finalized PV Guidance
– Considerations for the duration of the
heightened sampling and monitoring period
could include, but are not limited to, volume
of production, process complexity, level of
process understanding, and experience with
similar products and processes.
30. 30
“It met specifications”
• Conclusions from sampling and testing are
probabilistic.
• Interplay between sample size, process
variability, confidence desired and
probability.
• The outcome from conducting a single
USP test cannot be assumed for all the
untested units in the batch.
31. 31
USP-29 General Notices (2006)
• Test Results, Statistics, and Standards
– “Confusion of compendial standards with release tests
and with statistical sampling plans occasionally
occurs. Compendial standards define what is an
acceptable article and give test procedures that
demonstrate that the article is in compliance.
32. 32
USP-29 General Notices (2006)
Test Results, Statistics, and Standards – cont’d
• “Tests and assays in this Pharmacopeia
prescribe operation on a single specimen, that
is, the singlet determination, …
• “Some tests, such as those for Dissolution and
Uniformity of dosage units, require multiple
dosage units in conjunction with a decision
scheme. These tests, albeit using a number of
dosage units, are in fact the singlet
determinations of those particular attributes of
the specimen. (USP, 2006)
33. 33
Subpart E--Control of Components and
Drug Product Containers and Closures
• Sec. 211.84
• ( (b) Representative samples of each shipment of each lot
shall be collected for testing or examination. The
number of containers to be sampled, and the
amount of material to be taken from each
container, shall be based upon appropriate
criteria such as statistical criteria for component
variability, confidence levels, and degree of
precision desired, the past quality history of the
supplier, and the quantity needed for analysis and
reserve where required by 211.170.
34. 34
211.160(b)
• b) Laboratory controls shall include the
establishment of scientifically sound and
appropriate specifications, standards,
sampling plans, and test procedures
designed to assure that components, drug
product containers, closures, in-process
materials, labeling, and drug products conform
to appropriate standards of identity, strength,
quality, and purity. Laboratory controls shall
include:
35. 35
211.165(d)
• 21 CFR 211.165(d) Acceptance criteria for the
sampling and testing conducted by the quality
control unit shall be adequate to assure that
batches of drug products meet each
appropriate specification and appropriate
statistical quality control criteria as a
condition for their approval and release.
The statistical quality control criteria shall
include appropriate acceptance levels and/or
appropriate rejection levels.
36. 36
1978 preamble - statistics references
• 392. Several comments objected to or redefined
the concepts of acceptable quality level (AQL)
and unacceptable quality level (UQL) used in
establishing acceptance criteria and statistical
quality control criteria as proposed in 211.165(d).
The comments pointed out that the concepts of
AQL and UQL are not uniformly interpreted,
and their use in establishing acceptance criteria
and statistical quality control criteria is not
uniformly applied.
37. 37
1978 preamble - statistics references
Comments expressed concern that the concepts of AQL and UQL as
acceptance criteria are premature and not currently a part of
good manufacturing practice. One comment suggested that these
proposed CGMP regulations would require extensive changes in testing
procedures, facilities, and use of manpower. Several objections were
raised relative to the "usually 95 percent" level of high
probability of acceptance. Respondents pointed out that this figure
might be applicable for some pharmaceutical dosage forms, but would be
too high for others. As anticipated by the Commissioner, the
concepts of AQL and UQL in establishing acceptance and
statistical quality proved quite controversial. From an analysis of the
comments, the Commissioner believes that it is impractical at this time to
establish a uniform system of AQL and UQL as proposed in the regulations.
Section 211.165 is therefore modified to allow greater latitude in
establishing acceptance criteria, while retaining the basic
requirements that acceptance criteria for sampling and testing, and for
acceptance levels, be based on appropriate statistical quality control
criteria.
38. 38
1978 preamble - statistics references
Response to comments regarding 211.110(b): {CONTINUED}
The Commissioner is convinced that sound statistical
methodology should be applied to the procedures for
testing of attributes or variables that impact on the
quality of drug products and the evaluation of the results
of such testing to determine acceptance or rejection of
the lot. The uses of AQL and UQL are examples of
statistically derived levels for acceptance or
rejection. The Commissioner believes that more
study must be given to this aspect of
manufacturing practice and advises that in the
future FDA will invite additional industry
comment regarding revision of this section.
39. 39
1978 preamble
Title 21--Food and Drugs
CHAPTER I--FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT
OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
• SUBCHAPTER C--DRUGS: GENERAL
• [Docket No. 75N-0339]
• HUMAN AND VETERINARY DRUGS
• Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacture, Processing,
Packing, or Holding
• AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration.
• ACTION: Final rule.
• http://www.fda.gov/cder/dmpq/preamble.txt
40. 40
Acknowledgements
• Lynn Torbeck, Torbeck and Associates
• Alex Viehmann, Operations Research Analyst,
CDER/OPS
• David Hussong, Ph.D. Associate Director for New Drug
Microbiology, CDER