Daily weights provide a relative accurate assessment of a client’s fluid status.
while all routes of fluid intake and all routes of fluid loss or output are measured and recorded
Vital signs are measurements of the body's most basic functions. The four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and health care providers include the following:
Temperature
Pulse
Respiration
Blood pressure
The EINC initiative of the Philippine Department of Health- Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control-Family Health Office (DOH-NCDPC-FHO) and DOH Center for Health Promotions (NCHP), supported by the Joint Programme on Maternal and Neonatal Health (JPMNH), and being funded by AusAID, was piloted in 11 hospitals in the Philippines, and has yielded favorable results.
The recommended EINC practices during the intrapartum period include continuous maternal support by having a companion of choice during labor and delivery, freedom of movement during labor, monitoring progress of labor using the partograph, non-drug pain relief before offering labor anesthesia, position of choice during labor and delivery, spontaneous pushing in a semi-upright position, non-routine episiotomy, and active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL).
For newborns, four core steps were recommended in a time bound sequence. A social marketing handle, “The First Embrace,” accompanied the initiative for practice change among health workers.
Vital signs are measurements of the body's most basic functions. The four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and health care providers include the following:
Temperature
Pulse
Respiration
Blood pressure
The EINC initiative of the Philippine Department of Health- Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control-Family Health Office (DOH-NCDPC-FHO) and DOH Center for Health Promotions (NCHP), supported by the Joint Programme on Maternal and Neonatal Health (JPMNH), and being funded by AusAID, was piloted in 11 hospitals in the Philippines, and has yielded favorable results.
The recommended EINC practices during the intrapartum period include continuous maternal support by having a companion of choice during labor and delivery, freedom of movement during labor, monitoring progress of labor using the partograph, non-drug pain relief before offering labor anesthesia, position of choice during labor and delivery, spontaneous pushing in a semi-upright position, non-routine episiotomy, and active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL).
For newborns, four core steps were recommended in a time bound sequence. A social marketing handle, “The First Embrace,” accompanied the initiative for practice change among health workers.
it contains information about the important measurements , the vital signs, head, eyes, ears, nose , mouth and throat, neck, chest, breast and abdomen of a newborn. You'll find the normal and the abnormal findings on each category.
it contains information about the important measurements , the vital signs, head, eyes, ears, nose , mouth and throat, neck, chest, breast and abdomen of a newborn. You'll find the normal and the abnormal findings on each category.
Effective treatment for obesity in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur, Mum...Shewta shetty
"Obesity- Obesity refers to excessive fat accumulation in the body. Mindheal homeopathy induces the patient to make a dietary and lifestyle changes to control obesity"/>
Effective treatment for obesity in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur, Mum...Shewta shetty
"Obesity- Obesity refers to excessive fat accumulation in the body. Mindheal homeopathy induces the patient to make a dietary and lifestyle changes to control obesity"/>
Americans are obsessed with both food and dieting. As a nation, we love to eat. We eat out often, when meals are often higher in fat and calories than meals eaten at home; we eat larger portions; and we indulge in dozens of delicious “new” food products found on our grocery store shelves every year.
This slide emphasizes the significance of consuming a balanced diet for maintaining good health and well-being. It highlights the key components of a balanced diet, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, and healthy fats. The slide also discusses the benefits of a balanced diet, such as supporting growth and development, maintaining energy levels, and preventing chronic diseases.
The slide encourages individuals to prioritize whole, natural foods that are rich in essential nutrients and to avoid consuming too much processed and high-fat foods, as well as sugary drinks and snacks. It emphasizes the need to make healthy food choices and to develop a sustainable eating pattern to achieve a balanced diet.
Overall, this slide serves as a reminder of the importance of consuming a varied and balanced diet for improving overall health and quality of life. It encourages individuals to take a holistic approach to nutrition and prioritize healthy food choices to support their well-being.
Obesity refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of body fat.
This ppt contains a concise content regarding obesity for students of final year. I hope it will suffice you in your studies. Thank you spending your precious time in referring the same.
Eating disorders are complex, bio-psycho-social conditions, with multiple causes. Eating disorders arise from a combination of established social, psychological, biological, and interpersonal factors. While they may begin with preoccupations with food and weight, they are most often about much more than food. It is important to understand that the factors that contribute to eating disorders are complex and multifaceted; they are not simply about weight and they are certainly not choices.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Body Weight
Daily weights provide a relative accurate assessment of a
client’s fluid status.
Significant changes in weight over a short time (e.g.,
more than 5 pounds in a week or more than 2 pounds in 24
hours) are indicative of acute fluid changes.
3. Body Weight
Rapid losses or gains of 5% to 8% of total body weight indicate
moderate to severe fluid volume deficits or excesses.
To obtain accurate weight measurements, the scale should be
balanced before each use, and the client should be weighed
(a) at the same time each day (e.g., before breakfast and
after the first void),
(b) wearing the same or similar clothing, and
(c) on the same scale.
4. Body Weight
Regular assessment of weight is particularly important for
clients in the community and extended care facilities who are at
risk for fluid imbalance.
Maintaining a healthy or ideal body weight requires a balance
between the expenditure of energy and the intake of nutrients.
Generally, when energy requirements of an individual equate
with the daily caloric intake, the body weight remains stable.
5. Body Weight
Ideal body weight (IBW) is the optimal weight recommended
for optimal health. To determine an individual’s
approximate IBW, the nurse can consult standardized tables
or can quickly calculate a value.
The nurse should use great caution in suggesting that these
weights apply to all clients.
6. Body Mass Index (BMI)
Many health professionals consider the body mass index to
be a more reliable indicator of a person’s healthy weight.
For people older than 18 years, the body mass index (BMI)
is an indicator of changes in body fat stores and whether a
person’s weight is appropriate for height, and may provide
a useful estimate of malnutrition.
7. Body Mass Index (BMI)
*the results must be used with caution in people who have fluid
retention (e.g., ascites or edema), athletes, or older adults.
To calculate the BMI:
1. Measure the person’s height in meters, e.g., 1.7 m
2. Measure the weight in kilograms, e.g., 72 kg
3. Calculate the BMI using the following formula:
11. Body Mass Index (BMI)
Another measure of body mass is percent body fat.
Percent of body fat can be measured by underwater
weighing and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA),
but these methods are time consuming and expensive.
Other indirect, but more practical measures include waist
circumference
12. ?
The nurse is caring for clients with diabetes. After evaluating the
nutritional status of the clients, which client does the nurse
expect to be at risk of malnutrition?
1) Client 1
2.) Client 2
3) Client 3
4) Client 4
13. Beginning the Physical Examination:
General Survey
Once you understand the patient’s concerns and have
elicited a careful history, you are ready to begin the
physical examination.
At first you may feel unsure of how the patient will relate
to you. With practice, your skills in physical examination
will grow, and you will gain confidence.
14. Weight Changes.
Weight changes result from changes in body tissues or body fluid.
Good opening questions include
“How often do you check your weight?”
“How is it compared to a year ago?”
If there are changes, ask,
“Why do you think it has changed?”
If weight gain or loss appears to be a problem, ask about the
amount of change, its timing, the setting in which it occurred,
and any associated symptoms.
15. Weight Changes.
In patients who are overweight or obese, plan a thorough
assessment to avert the high risks of associated morbidity
and mortality. Ask when the weight gain began. Was the
patient overweight as a child? Are the parents overweight?
Explore any clinically significant weight loss, defined as
loss of 5% or more of usual body weight over a 6-month
period.
16. Weight Changes.
Mechanisms include decreased food intake due to anorexia,
depression, dysphagia, vomiting, abdominal pain, or financial
difficulties; defective gastrointestinal absorption or inflammation;
and increased metabolic requirements.
Ask about abuse of alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, or opiates, or
withdrawal from marijuana, all associated with weight loss. Heavy
smoking also suppresses appetite.
17. Weight Changes.
Throughout the history, be alert for signs of malnutrition.
Symptoms may be subtle and nonspecific, such as
weakness,
easy fatigability,
cold intolerance,
flaky dermatitis, and
ankle swelling.
18. Weight Changes.
Securing a good diet history of eating patterns and
quantities is essential. Ask general questions about intake
at different times throughout the day, such as
“Tell me what you typically eat for lunch.”
“What do you eat for a snack?”
“When?”
19. Obesity at a Glance
●◗ More than 68% of U.S. adults are overweight or obese
(BMI >25).
●◗ More than 17% of U.S. children and adolescents are
overweight and 15% are obese.
●◗ Health Disparities: the prevalence of overweight or
obese populations is higher in certain ethnic and income
groups:
●◗ Women: black women—77%; white women—59%
20. Obesity at a Glance
●◗ Women: women with an income <130% of the poverty threshold
are 50% more likely to be obese than those at higher income levels
●◗ Men: black men—71%; white men—72%
●◗ Adolescents: highest prevalence in Mexican-American boys and
girls (46%; 42%), black girls (46%), white boys from lower-income
families
●◗ Overweight and obesity increase risk of heart disease,
numerous types of cancers, type 2 diabetes, stroke, arthritis, sleep
apnea, infertility, and depression. Obesity may increase risk of
death.
21. Obesity at a Glance
●◗ More than 85% of people with type 2 diabetes and 20% of
people with hypertension or elevated cholesterol are overweight
or obese.
●◗ Obesity is increasing worldwide. In the world’s poorest
countries, being poor is associated with underweight and
malnutrition; but being poor in a middle-income country
adopting a Western lifestyle increases the risk of obesity.
22. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Although the nutritional content of food is an important
consideration when planning a diet, an individual’s food
preferences and habits are often a major factor affecting
actual food intake. Habits about eating are influenced by
23. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Development
People in rapid periods of growth (i.e., infancy and
adolescence) have increased needs for nutrients.
24. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Sex
Nutrient requirements are different for men and women
because of body composition and reproductive functions
25. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Ethnicity and Culture
Ethnicity often determines food preferences. Traditional
foods (e.g., rice for Asians, pasta for Italians, curry for
Indians) are eaten long after other customs are abandoned.
26. Selected Variations in Nutritional Practices
and Preferences Among Different Cultures
AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE
■ Gifts of food are common and should never be rejected.
■ Diets are often high in fat, cholesterol, and sodium.
■ Being overweight may be viewed as positive.
■ Many are lactose intolerant (Gaskin & Ilich, 2009).
27. Selected Variations in Nutritional Practices
and Preferences Among Different Cultures
ARAB HERITAGE
■ Many spices and herbs are used such as cinnamon, allspice, cloves,
mint, ginger, and garlic.
■ Meats are often skewer roasted or slow simmered; most common
are lamb and chicken.
■ Bread is served at every meal.
■ Muslims do not eat pork, and all meats must be cooked well done.
■ Beverages are drunk after the meal, not during; alcohol is
prohibited.
28. Selected Variations in Nutritional Practices
and Preferences Among Different Cultures
CHINESE HERITAGE
■ Foods are served at meals in a specific order.
■ Each region in China has its own traditional diet.
■ Traditional Chinese may not want ice in their drinks.
Foods are chosen to balance yin and yang in order to avoid
indigestion.
29. Selected Variations in Nutritional Practices
and Preferences Among Different Cultures
JEWISH HERITAGE
■ Dietary laws govern killing, preparation, and eating of
foods.
■ Meat and milk are not eaten at the same time; dairy
substitutes (e.g., margarine) are permitted.
■ Pork is one meat that is forbidden to eat.
■ All blood must be drained from meats.
■ Always wash hands before eating.
30. Selected Variations in Nutritional Practices
and Preferences Among Different Cultures
MEXICAN HERITAGE
■ Rice, beans, and tortillas are core, essential foods.
■ Many are lactose intolerant. Leafy green vegetables and
stews with bones provide calcium.
■ Larger body size may be viewed as a positive attribute.
■ Sweet fruit drinks, including adding sugar to juice, are
popular.
31. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Beliefs About Food
Beliefs about effects of foods on health and well-being can
affect food choices. Many people acquire their beliefs about
food from television, magazines, and other media.
32. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Personal Preferences
People develop likes and dislikes based on associations with
a typical food. A child who loves to visit his grandparents
may love pickled crabapples because they are served in the
grandparents’ home. Another child who dislikes a very strict
aunt grows up to dislike the chicken casserole she often
prepares.
33. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Religious Practices
Religious practice also affects diet. Some Roman Catholics
avoid meat on certain days, and some Protestant faiths
prohibit meat, tea, coffee, or alcohol. Both Orthodox
Judaism and Islam prohibit pork.
34. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Lifestyle
Certain lifestyles are linked to food-related behaviors.
People who are always in a hurry probably buy convenience
grocery items or eat restaurant meals.
35. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Economics
What, how much, and how often a person eats are
frequently affected by socioeconomic status. For example,
people with limited income, including some older adults,
may not be able to afford meat and fresh vegetables.
36. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Medications and Therapy
The effects of drugs on nutrition vary considerably. They
may alter appetite, disturb taste perception, or interfere
with nutrient absorption or excretion. Nurses need to be
aware of the nutritional effects of specific drugs when
evaluating a client for nutritional problems.
37. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Health
An individual’s health status greatly affects eating habits and
nutritional status. Missing teeth, ill-fitting dentures, or a
sore mouth makes chewing food difficult.
38. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Alcohol Consumption
The calories contained in alcoholic drinks include both those
of the alcohol it self and of the juices or other beverages
added to the drink. In total, these can constitute large
numbers of calories
39. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Advertising
Food producers try to persuade people to change from the
product they currently use to the brand of the producer.
Popular actors are often used to influence television
viewers’ or radio listeners’ choices.
40. Factors Affecting Nutrition
Psychological Factors
Although some people overeat when stressed, depressed, or
lonely, others eat very little under the same conditions.
Anorexia and weight loss can indicate severe stress or
depression.
41. Types of Weighing Scales In Hospitals
Due to the sensitive nature of work conducted by
professional medical organisations, achieving high levels
of weighing accuracy is vital in order to provide successful
operations, diagnoses and other services.
42. Types of Weighing Scales In Hospitals
Theatre, Swab and Mortuary Scales
46. Other Types of Weighing Scales In Hospitals
Salter scale
47. Other Types of Weighing Scales In Hospitals
Physician weighing scale
48. ?
Body mass index (BMI)
a) is a way to measure central obesity
b) is synonymous with obesity
c) of 27 corresponds to morbid obesity
d) is a measure of lean body mass to fat mass.
e) measures obesity by considering both
weight and height..
49. ?
Complications of obesity include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Arthritis
b) coronary artery disease
c) gall stones
d) obstructive sleep apnea
e) type I (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus
50. INTAKE AND OUTPUT
All routes of fluid intake and all routes of fluid loss or output
are measured and recorded
51. Fluid Intake and Output.
Measurement and recording of all fluid intake and output (I &
O) during a 24-hour period provides important data about a
client’s fluid and electrolyte balance.
Generally, I & O are measured for hospitalized clients,
particularly those at increased risk for fluid and electrolyte
imbalance.
52. Fluid Intake and Output.
The unit used to measure I & O is the milliliter(mL). In
household measures, 30mL is roughly equivalent to1fluid
ounce, 500mL to 1pint, and 1,000mL to 1quart.
To measure fluid intake, nurses convert household
measures such as a cup or soup bowl to metricunits.
53. Fluid Intake and Output.
It is important to inform clients, family members, and all
caregivers that accurate measurements of the client’s
fluid I & O are required, explaining why and emphasizing
the need to use a:
bedpan, urinal, commode, or in-toilet collection device
(unless a urinary drainage system is in place).
54. Measuring I&O
To measure fluid intake, each item of fluid consumed or
administered is recorded, specifying the time and type of
fluid. All of the following fluids need to be recorded:
55. Measuring I&O
Oral fluids:
Water, milk, juice, soft drinks, coffee, tea, cream, soup, and
any other beverages. Include water taken with medications.
56. Measuring I&O
Ice chips:
Record the fluid volume as approximately one-half the
volume of the ice chips. For example, if the ice chips fill a
cup holding 200 mL and the client consumed all of the ice
chips, the volume consumed would be recorded as 100 mL.
57. Measuring I&O
Foods that are or become liquid at room temperature:
These include ice cream, sherbert, custard.
58. Measuring I&O
Tube feedings:
Remember to include the volume of water used for flushes
before and after medication administration, intermittent
feedings, residual checks, or any other water given via a
feeding tube
59. Measuring I&O
Parenteral fluids:
The exact amount of IV fluid administered must be
recorded, since some fluid containers may be overfilled.
60. Measuring I&O
IV medications:
IV medications that are administered as an intermittent or
continuous infusion must also be included (e.g., ceftazidime
1 g in 50 mL of sterile water). Most IV medications are mixed
in 50 to 100 mLof solution.
61. Measuring I&O
Catheter or tube irrigants:
Fluid used to irrigate urinary catheters, nasogastric tubes,
and intestinal tubes must be recorded if not immediately
withdrawn as part of the irrigation.
62. Measuring I&O
Urinary output:
Following each voiding, pour the urine into a measuring
container, note the amount, and record the amount and time
on the I &O form.
For clients with retention catheters, empty the drainage bag
into a measuring container at the end of the shift (or at
prescribed times if output is to be measured more often).
*urine output often is measured hourly*
63. Measuring I&O
Vomitus and liquid feces:
The amount and type of fluid and the time need to be
specified.
65. Measuring I&O
Wound and fistula drainage:
Drainage may be recorded by documenting the type and
number of dressings or linen saturated with drainage, or by
measuring the exact amount of drainage collected in a
vacuum drainage (e.g., Hemovac) or gravity drainage
system.
66. I & O Documentation
Fluid I & O measurements are totaled at the end of the
shift (every 8 to 12 hours), and the totals are recorded in
a client’s chart. In intensive care areas, nurses may record
I & O hourly.
Usually the staff on the night shift totals the amounts of I
& O recorded for each shift and records the 24-hour total.
67. I & O Documentation
Clients whose output substantially exceeds intake are at risk
for fluid volume deficit, whereas clients whose intake
substantially exceeds output are at risk for fluid volume
excess.
In assessing a client’s fluid balance it is important to consider
additional factors that may affect I&O
68. ?
The following items are on your client's lunch tray; pick the ones
that would be included as intake:
a) Milk.
b) Bread
c) Carrots
d) Roast beef
e) Vegetable soup.
f) Jell-o.
69. ?
Intake and output is measured over a period of:
a) 2 hours
b) 12 hours
c) 1 week
d) 24 hours.
70. ?
When a client is on restricted fluids, which of the
following would you NOT do:
a) Alternate fluids
b) Give frequent oral hygiene
c) Record on I&Q slip
d) Give frequent sips of fluid.
71. References:
Audrey Berman . . . [et al.]. – 9th ed. (2012)
KOZIER & ERB’S Fundamentals of NURSING
Concepts, Process, and Practice.
Bickley, Lynn S. -11TH ED. (2013) Bates’ guide
to physical examination and history-taking.
Editor's Notes
5-8% increase may signify or an indicative of acute fluid changes.
The good doctor case
(1 meter 3.3 ft, or 39.6 in.)
(1 meter 3.3 ft, or 39.6 in.)
72kg / (1.7 x 1.7) = 24.9
Because BMI uses only height and weight, it can give misleading results for certain groups of clients such as athletes, the frail elderly, and children
skinfold testing
24.6
17.7
21.32
24.7
Through study and repetition, the examination will flow more smoothly
Muscle-men -> protein
Women -> iron
Pregnant -> more calories
Drinking alcohol can lead to weight gain through the addition of these calories to the regular diet plus the effect of alcohol on fat metabolism
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are severe psychophysiological conditions seen most frequently in female adolescent
Gelatin? A liquid diet or solid?
Blood transfusions are included in the total.
For pedia: use diaper
Voiding in diaper with feces? Count the number not the measurement
usual range is 1,500 to 2,000 mL in 24 hours, or 40 to 80 mL in 1 hour (0.5 mL/kg per hour)