The document explores food habits and eating disorders, highlighting the influence of individual, cultural, social, religious, economic, environmental, and political factors on dietary choices among Nepalese people, who often face issues like malnutrition and obesity. It discusses various eating disorders, including anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder, emphasizing their serious health implications and the biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to their development. Additionally, the document addresses food fads and taboos, illustrating how cultural beliefs can restrict dietary practices and impact nutrition in different communities.

1. 1:-Food Habit And Eating Disorders
2:-Food Taboos And Fads
Presented by:- Aaryan Khan Ajit Sapkota
Aleena Thakuri Alisha Sen
Ashmita kc
alisa
1. Food Habit And Eating Disorder
#Food Habit refers to
• Why and how people eat
• What people eat
• Nature of obtaining, storing, using and discarding of food
• Exposures to foods
As far as Nepalese people are concerned, they are very bad in their food
habits. Disease like ulcer and diabetes are rampant along Nepalese people.
Moreover, there are areas in the country where there is a severe
malnutrition.
Factors influencing food habits
•Individual Preferences
Every individual has unique likes and dislikes concerning foods.
•Cultural Influences
A cultural group provides guidelines regarding acceptable foods, food
combinations, eating patterns, and eating behaviors.
•Social Influences
Members of asocial group depend on each other, share a common culture, and
influence each other's behaviors and values.
•Religious Influences

2. Religious proscriptions range from a few to many, from relaxed to highly
restrictive.
•Economic Influences
Money, values, and consumer skills all affect what a person purchases.
•Environmental Influences.
The influence of the environment on food habits derives from a composite of
ecological and social factors.
•Political Influences.
Political factors also influence food availability and trends. Food laws and
trade agreements affect what is available within and across countries, and also
affect food prices.
Food habits of Brahmins is mostly vegetarian. They eat a lot of rice and chapatti.
The Newars are used to eggs, chicken and a lot of alcohol in their diets. Tharus eat
all kind of food like the crustaceans found in Nepalese rivers of Terai. During the
harvesting season, Tharus draw out rats from the deep holes dug into the rice
paddies and eat them.
What Are Eating Disorders?
• Real, life-threatening illnesses with potentially fatal consequences.
• Involve extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding weight,
food, and size.
• Caused by a range of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Further examples of disordered eating include:
• Fasting or chronic restrained eating
• Binge eating
• Self-induced vomiting
• Unbalanced eating (e.g. restricting a major food group such as fats or
carbohydrates)
• Laxative, diuretic, enema misuse

3. • Steroid and creatine use
• Using diet pills
Ashmita
Who Do Eating Disorders Affect?
• Everyone. People of all genders, ages, races, religions, ethnicities, and
sexual orientations can be affected.
As many as 20 million women and 10 million men will struggle with an eating
disorder at some point in their lives.
Some people out of anxiety and fear eat a lot of too little. This sometimes
causes obesity. Nowadays, the personal trainers and the gym house of
Kathmandu are teaching people to consume protein shakes, creatinine etc in
their diet. They prepare a diet plan for their customers.
Biopsychosocial Disorders
Eating disorders are complex, bio-psycho-social conditions, with multiple causes.
Eating disorders arise from a combination of established social, psychological,
biological, and interpersonal factors. While they may begin with preoccupations
with food and weight, they are most often about much more than food. It is
important to understand that the factors that contribute to eating disorders are
complex and multifaceted; they are not simply about weight and they are certainly
not choices.
Biological factors include:
Irregular hormone functions
Genetics (the tie between eating disorders and one’s genes is still being heavily
researched, but we know that genetics is a part of the story).
Nutritional deficiencies
Psychological factors include:
Negative body image
Poor self-esteem
Environmental factors :

4. Dysfunctional family dynamic
Professions and careers that promote being thin and weight loss, such as modeling
The 9 Truths About Eating Disorders
1. Many people with eating disorders look healthy, yet may be extremely
ill.
2. Families are not to blame, and can be the patients’ and
Providers’ best allies in treatment.
3. An eating disorder diagnosis is a health crisis that disrupts
personal and family functioning.
4. Eating disorders are not choices, but serious biologically
influenced illnesses.
5. Eating disorders affect people of all genders, ages, races,
ethnicities, body shapes and weights, sexual orientations, and
socioeconomic statuses.
6. Eating disorders carry an increased risk for both suicide and
medical complications.
7. Genes and environment play important roles in the development of
eating disorders.
8. Genes alone do not predict who will develop eating disorders.
9. Full recovery from an eating disorder is possible. Early detection
and intervention are important.
Risk Associated With Disordered Eating And Dieting

5. • The term eating disorders covers a variety of conditions. What they all have
in common is that they involve extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors
surrounding weight, food, and size.
• Eating disorders are rooted in uniquely low self-esteem and disruption in
one’s relationship with self.
• Eating disorders are extremely serious and potentially life-threatening. They
have both emotional and physical effects, and they can affect anyone,
regardless of gender, age, race, or any other descriptor.
• The eating disorders we will be talking about are anorexia, bulimia, binge
eating disorder, avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder, and other specified
feeding or eating disorder. Please keep in mind that this list is not
exhaustive, and many of these conditions have variations, such as atypical
anorexia. We won’t be able to cover every eating disorder but we do
encourage you to look into them further; you can visit the NEDA website for
more information.
• A clinical eating disorder (Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge
Eating or Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders (OSFED))
• Weight gain
• Osteoporosis - a condition that leads to bones becoming fragile and
easily fractured
• Fatigue and poor sleep quality
• Constipation and/or diarrhoea
• Headaches
• Muscle cramps
Ajit
Anorexia Nervosa
• Characterized primarily by self-starvation and excessive weight loss
• Symptoms include:-
• Inadequate food intake leading to a weight that is clearly too low
• Disturbance in the experience of body weight or shape

6. • Intense fear of weight gain, obsession with weight, and persistent
behavior to prevent weight gain
• Inability to appreciate the severity of the situation
Age Range
• Most cases are in women ranging in age from early teens to mid-
twenties
• Recently there have been more cases of women and men in 30’s and 40’s
suffering from an eating disorder
• 40% of newly identified cases are in girls 15-19
• Significant increase in women aged 15-24
Prevalence in Population
• 0.5%-1% of women from late adolescence to early adulthood meet the
full criteria for anorexia
• Even more are diagnosed under a subthreshold
• Limited data on number of males with anorexia
• 10 million people have been diagnosed with having an eating disorder of
some type
Bulimia Nervosa (BN)
• Characterized by binge eating and compensatory behaviors, such as
self-induced vomiting, in an attempt to undo the effects of binge eating.
• Symptoms include:-
• Frequent episodes of consuming very large amounts of food
followed by behaviors to prevent weight gain, such as vomiting,
laxative abuse, and excessive exercise
• Feeling of being out of control during the binge-eating episodes
• Extreme concern with body weight and shape
• Most people are of a normal weight

7. Age range
• The average onset of Bulimia begins in late adolescence or early adult
life
• Usually between the ages of 16 and 21
• However, more and more women in their 30s are reporting that they
suffer from Bulimia
• rarely occurs in females over age 40
#Prevalence
• The prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa among adolescent and young adult
females is approximately 1%-3%.
• The rate of occurrence in males is approximately one-tenth of that in
females.
Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
• Characterized by recurrent binge eating without the regular use of
compensatory measures to counter the binge eating.
• Symptoms include:-
• Indications that the binge eating is out of control, such as eating
when not hungry, eating to the point of discomfort, or eating
alone because of shame about the behavior
• Feelings of strong shame or guilt regarding the binge eating
Alina
Orthorexia
• Orthorexics often eat only organic foods, eliminate entire food groups, or
refuse to eat anything that isn't "pure“ in quality,
• They don't necessarily think they're fat or strive to be thin; some are
motivated by a fear of bad health, affixation with complete control, or the
desire to improve their owns elf-esteem.
• Ironically, severe orthorexia can lead to malnourishment.

8. Pregorexia
• Extreme dieting and exercising while pregnant to avoid gaining
• There's more social pressure on women to look thin during and after
pregnancy
• Starving moms-to-be are at risk for depression, anemia, and
hypertension, while their malnourished babies are often miscarried or
born with birth defects.
Drunkorexia
• Restricting food intake in order to reserve those calories for alcohol and
binge drinking
• A University of Missouri study found that almost 30 percent of female
college students exhibit drunkorexic behavior, "saving" their calories for
booze in order to avoid gaining weight or to get drunk faster.
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED)
• A feeding or eating disorder that causes significant distress or
impairment, but does not meet the criteria for another feeding or eating
disorder.
• Atypical Anorexia Nervosa: criteria for AN met but weight is not below
normal
• Subthreshold Bulimia Nervosa: criteria for BN met but with less
frequent occurrences
• Subthreshold Binge Eating Disorder: criteria for BED met but occurs at
a lower frequency
• Purging Disorder: purging without binge eating
• Night Eating Syndrome: excessive nighttime food consumption
Prevention And Control
• Genuine awareness will help you avoid judgmental or mistaken
attitudes about food, weight, body shape and eating disorders.

9. • Make the choice to challenge the false ideas that thinness and weight
loss are great, and that body fat and weight gain are horrible or indicate
laziness, worthlessness or immorality.
• Avoid categorizing foods as ‘good/safe’ vs. ‘bad/dangerous.’ Remember
that we all need to eat a balanced variety of foods.
• Stop judging others and yourself based on body weight or shape. Turn
off the voices in your head that tell you that a person’s body weight is an
indicator of their character, personality or value as a person.
Aaryan
2. FOOD FAD AND FOOD TABOO
#Food fad:-
A fad is a food habit that people become interested in for a
relatively short period of time or food fads are some practices about food,
engaged in by people for relatively short period e.g. fried rice was very
popular some time ago.
What makes a diet a “fad?”
• Quick solution to long term problem
• Focuses on elimination, fat, carbs.
• Focuses on eating substantially more of certain nutrients, fat, protein.
• The author may not be necessarily trained in Nutrition
• Lower in calories, usually the foods you’re cutting out reduces your
calorie intake, hence weight loss.
Disadvantages
• Rapid initial weight loss due to abrupt change in diet
• Rebound weight gain when diet is stopped
• Difficult to choose meals when not at home due to restrictions
• Sketchy science behind the theories

10. • False hope
• Feeling of failure when discontinued or dieter eats a forbidden food
• Loss of money
• Avoiding real change
Advantages
• Focus on real foods for the most part
Decreased processed foods
More whole foods
No junk food
• Participants are more aware of what they are eating
#Food taboo:-
• Food taboos are foods that are forbidden to be eaten by a group of
people or tribe for one reason or the other due to religious, cultural or
other reasons.
• Restrictions on certain foods due to symbolism, religious ideology, or
health factors
• anything from vegetarianism to cannibalism
• Papa New Guinea Tribes- women are "sick" during menstruation and
can't eat fresh meat, bananas, red fruit. If she eats a banana the tree it
came from is now "diseased".
• found in virtually all cultures
• Mid-West Nigeria- children can't eat meat because it will encourage
them to steal. Men can't eat snails or it will weaken them. Men are
served first.
• Indigenous Polynesia- women cannot prepare food for men. They have
separate ovens for both genders. Women cannot touch men's food. Sons
can't eat in front of fathers and elder men.

11. • Hindu widows can't eat fish or meat (if their caste permits it) in order to
keep passions low.
The Ultimate Food Taboo
Cannibalism: the practice of eating one's species
• dates back to early Neanderthals
• practiced for spiritual reasons in ancient cultures
• existed until the 1960s in Papua, New Guinea
• Might still exist in North Korea and Congo
Reasons for avoiding the food items during pregnancy
Reasons for avoiding food during lactation
Food preferred during pregnancy and benefits

12. Pregnant women love eating spicy food. They are well fed with poultry etc during
their pregnancy here in Nepal. Ritualistically, Hindu women are invited to their
father’s or brother’s home few months before delivery to nourish them well and
prepare for welcoming the new baby.
Risk of Food taboo
• Children do not receive protein in areas where they can't eat meat
• Children are prone to disease and health issues, many die young as a
result of malnutrition.
• Many pregnancy restrictions also cause the mother to be malnourished.
• Men eating first sometimes doesn't. leave enough for women to ear
• Unfortunately it is difficult to educate people on the risks involved in
their taboos, since they are important to their culture
THANK YOU
(Aryan Khan is a Muslim from Nepalgunj. Alisha Sen Thakuri is from Palpa
district. They are all BPH students from CIST College affiliated to Pokhara
University. )