Privatisation content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Privatisation
Limitations of Privatisation
Deregulation content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Deregulation
Pros & Cons of Deregulation
Deregulation content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Deregulation
Pros & Cons of Deregulation
Introduction to Privatization in India
Modes of Privatization
Modes of Privatization by Government
Advantages of Privatization
Disadvantages of Privatization
Examples
LJMC company after Privitization
Conclusion
Describes the process,need and benefits of privatisation in a developing country ,traces its history in Pakistan and how it has befitted the state and the society.Ends with a suggested strategy of privatisation
privatisation : "Though privatisation is important ,the role of public sector...Guru Aarat
this presentation is a critical evaluation of privatisation in the economy and the evaluation of the statement "Though privatisation is important ,the role of public sector cannot be ignored "
Nationalisation content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Nationalisation
Limitations of Nationalisation
Introduction to Privatization in India
Modes of Privatization
Modes of Privatization by Government
Advantages of Privatization
Disadvantages of Privatization
Examples
LJMC company after Privitization
Conclusion
Describes the process,need and benefits of privatisation in a developing country ,traces its history in Pakistan and how it has befitted the state and the society.Ends with a suggested strategy of privatisation
privatisation : "Though privatisation is important ,the role of public sector...Guru Aarat
this presentation is a critical evaluation of privatisation in the economy and the evaluation of the statement "Though privatisation is important ,the role of public sector cannot be ignored "
Nationalisation content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Nationalisation
Limitations of Nationalisation
Competition Policy content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Competition Policy
The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA)
Evaluation of Competition Policy
Privatization is considered to bring more efficiency and objectivity to the company, something that a government company is not concerned about. India went for privatization in the historic reforms budget of 1991, also known as 'New Economic Policy or LPG policy'.
Policies to Correct Current Account ImbalancesHugo OGrady
Policies to Improve Current Account Imbalance content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Expenditure Reducing Policies
Expenditure Switching Policies
Supply Side Policies
Current Account Influences and Impacts content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Factors Influencing the Current Account
Impacts of Current Account Deficits
Causes and Impacts of Unemployment content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Causes of Unemployment
Costs of Unemployment
Causes and Impacts of Inflation content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Causes of Inflation
Costs of Inflation
Why do we not want Zero Inflation?
Deflation
Impacts of Economic Growth content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Positive Impacts
Negative Impacts
Causes of Economic Growth content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Actual & Potential Economic Growth
Demand side Causes of Economic Growth
Supply side Causes of Economic Growth
Constraints on Economic Growth
Export-led Growth
Regulation content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Regulation
Price Capping: RPI-X & RPI+K
Profit Capping: Rate-of-Return
Performance Targets
Self-Regulation
Government Failure content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Government Failure
Causes of Government Failure
Buffer Stock Schemes content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Buffer Stock Schemes
Limitations of Buffer Stock Schemes
Maximum & Minimum prices content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Maximum Prices
Minimum Prices
Pros & Cons of Maximum & Minimum Prices
Limitations of Maximum & Minimum Prices
Alternatives to Maximum & Minimum Prices
Volatile Commodity Markets content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Volatile Commodity Markets
Impacts of Market Volatility
Information Provision content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Information Provision
Pros and Cons of Information Provision
State Provision content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro and Analysis of State Provision
Pros and Cons of State Provision
Information Gaps content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Information Gaps
Information Gaps & Merit goods
Information Gaps & Demerit goods
Adverse Selection: Akerlof's Market for Lemons
Moral Hazard & the Principal-Agent Problem
Public Goods content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Public Goods
Under-Provision of Public Goods (Marginal Analysis)
Under-Provision of Public Goods (No Marginal Analysis)
Regulation to Correct Market Failure content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro and Analysis of Regulation
Pros and Cons of Regulation
Tradable Pollution Permits content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro and Analysis of Tradable Pollution Permits
Pros and Cons of Tradable Pollution Permits
Subsidies to Correct Market Failure content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Recap and Analysis of Subsidies
Pros and Cons of Subsidies
Externalities content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Externalities
Marginal Analysis
Consumption Externalities
Production Externalities
Types of Market Failure content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Market Failure
Different Types of Market Failure
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. Privatisation
Definition: The sale of state-owned businesses to the private sector
Aim of Privatisation: To open firms up to market discipline by:
1. Creating a profit motive
2. Implementing an ownership structure that has directors monitored by shareholders
(corporate discipline), who hold them to account at the AGM
Notable examples: BT, British Gas, Royal Mail, British Airways
Advantages of privatisation:
Dynamic Efficiency: Incentive to cut costs in order to
maximise profits improves efficiency
This could reduce consumer prices too!
Innovation: Incentive to firm to innovate new
products or new processes
Variety: incentive for firms to offer more choice and
improve quality to attract customers
Gov. revenue: Privatisation can raise billions of
pounds through the sale of assets
This can fund government spending or tax cuts
Quantity
C/R
MCState-owned
D = AR
MR
QPrivate
pState
pPrivate
MCPrivate
*Constant MC assumed for
simplicity*
QState
4. Disadvantages of Privatisation
Change of firm’s objective: Public monopolies
simply become private monopolies, but with a
profit motive!
If there are no efficiency gains, price will rise and
consumers suffer as firm’s objectives change from
welfare max. (Allocatively efficient, P = MC) to profit
max (MR = MC)
Falling investment and job cuts are also possible as
private firm seeks to maximise profits
Quantity
C/R
AC
MC
D = AR
MR
QPM
pPM
pWM
QWM
Equity issues (fairness): would a private firm treat all consumers the fairly?
A private business is free to serve the highest bidder and has no obligation to provide for all members of
society
Negative externalities: less focus on society welfare over private welfare
A private business has profits, rather than society’s welfare at its core
6. Limitations of Privatisation
Needs robust regulation
Limited liability allows private investors to leave markets, leaving the public without a core
service
Need to ensure privatisation doesn’t just enrich a few rich insiders
Assets should be sold through IPOs (Initial Public Offering) or competitive tenders to get the
best price
Otherwise government revenues may not be maximised
Effectiveness depends upon current efficiency level
If the business was highly efficient when owned by the public, there will be limited cost
savings and benefits to pass on to consumers
Effectiveness depends upon nature of the business
If the state owned enterprise had already faced limited competition when part of the public
sector, transfer of ownership merely replaces a public sector monopoly with a private sector
one that now requires regulation
7. Where next?
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