Principles of ict concepts and data processing

BWIRE SEDRICK
ICT Concepts & Data
Processing
Wednesday, August 31, 2016 1Agile Computing Uganda

ICT Concepts & Data Processing
Topic Learning Outcome
 ICT and IS defined
 Data and Information defined
 Reasons for studying ICT and IS
 Data Processing defined & its cycle
 Data Processing Modes /Strategies /Methods
 Advantages & Disadvantages of each modes
 Choice of the best mode / method / strategy

Information defined
 Information can be defined as data that have
been converted into meaningful and useful
context for specific end users. It is processed
data which has been placed in a context that
gives it value for specific end users.
 Examples of information include a payroll
processed from number of hours worked by
an employee, accounts balances in
alphabetical order etc.

ICT defined:
 ICT is being defined by many scholars and
technology specialists as consisting of
hardware, software, telecommunications,
database management, and other
information processing technologies used
in computer-based information systems.
 It involves the dynamic interaction of
computer-based information systems while
telecommunications forms the backbone of
ICT.Wednesday, August 31, 2016 4Agile Computing Uganda

IS defined
 Information system is defined as any organized
combination of people, hardware, software,
communications network, and data resources
to perform the activities of input, processing,
output, and control activities that collect,
transform data resources into information
products in an organization or disseminates
information in an organization.
 Examples include:

Data defined
 Data are raw facts, unprocessed facts or
observations, typically about physical phenomena
or business transactions.
 Data can be stored, transmitted, and presented in
an infinite variety of forms and formats, including
numbers, words, pictures, sounds, electronic
pulses etc.
 Examples of data might include; registration
numbers of students at MUBS, account balances of
a company’s debtors etc.

Why Data is Critical
 TPS for gathering about internal operations
and corporate data bases to support planning
and control activities.
 Data and information about each transaction
has to be recorded so that the business can
be properly managed.
 At the planning stage, data and information is
important as a key ingredient in decision
making.

Cont’ Why Data is Critical
 Organizations engage in EDI. These data
become input to the TPS and may be used
to update corporate databases.
 Data is used as the main way of
measuring performance in order for a
business to succeed.
 In order to monitor progress against the
plan and control resources, we need data.

Information system (IS) defined
 Information system is defined as any
organized combination of people, hardware,
software, communications network, and data
resources to perform the activities of input,
processing, output, and control activities that
collect, transform data resources into
information products in an organization or
disseminates information in an organization.
 Examples of IS include:

Reasons for studying ICT in the
University
 To ensure ICT supports the organization’s
corporate strategy.
 To identify strategic competitive advantage
opportunities.
 Ensure linkage between business and ICT.
 Provide leadership for ICT projects.

Strategic Uses of ICT / IS
 Improving Business Processes and Cost Reduction.
 Promote Business Innovation.
 Locking in Customers and Suppliers.
 Creating Switching Costs.
 Raising Barrier to Entry.
 Leveraging a Strategic IT Platform.
 Developing a Strategic Information Base.
 Training. Aids in training and retaining workers using
multimedia which

Strategic Uses of IT
Wednesday, August 31, 2016 12
Improving
Business
Process
Promote
Business
Innovation
Locking in
Customers
and Suppliers
Use IT to
reduce costs
of doing
business
a)Use IT to
improve quality
b)Use IT to link
business to
customers and
suppliers
Use IT to
create new
products or
services
Enhance
Efficiency
Create New
Business
Opportunities
Maintain Valuable
Customers and
Relationships
Strategy
IT Role
Outcome
Agile Computing Uganda

Strategic Uses of IT Cont’
Raise
Barriers
to Entry
Build a
Strategic IT
Platform
Build a
Strategic
Information Base
Increase
amount of
investment or
complexity of
IT needed to
compete
Use IT to provide
information to
support firm’s
competitive
strategy
Leverage
investment in
IS resources
from
operational
uses to
strategic uses
Increase
Market Share
Create New
Business
Opportunities
Enhance
Organizational
Collaboration
Strategy
IT Role
Outcome

Top 10 ICT Trends
 Below are the top ten (10) ICT business
trends during the past three years in
their order of dominance.
 Cloud computing, rich content,
collaboration, mobile computing, data
Security, location-based services, data
breach notification, risk reporting,
standards convergence and health IT.

Data Processing defined
 Data processing is the process of producing
meaningful information by collecting all items
of data together and performing operation on
them to extract the required information about
them.
 The major types of data processing modes
today are batch processing, distributed,
centralized and real-time or online processing
modes.

Data Processing Cycle / Process
 Origination of data which looks at the sources
of data e.g. customer orders; goods received
notes, price lists, etc.
 Preparation of data; that is, getting the data
ready for input e.g. thru sorting, editing, etc.
 Input of data which is the act of passing the
data to the processor in the processing stage.
This could be by the clerk on the computer
through the use of the keyboard.

Data Processing Cycle / Process
Cont’
 Processing which includes all the necessary
operations to arrive at the end-product
(information) and to keep data up to-date.
 Lastly, output which involves the production
of the end product e.g. annual reports,
financial statements, payroll, etc.

Data Processing Modes /
Methods or Strategies
 Batch Processing. In batch processing,
transactions data is accumulated over a period
of time and processed periodically. Provide e.g.
 On-line Processing. This is a processing
mode whereby all the computer peripherals and
other equipments are under control of the
central processor. It describes a situation in
which computer devices are in direct
communication with the CPU. Give an
example.

Modes / Strategies Cont’
 Time Sharing Processing. This is a processing
mode in which case the central processor serves
two or more users with different processing tasks
or requirements. Mention where it is more
applicable in day-to-day life.
 Real-Time Processing. Real-time processing
involves immediate processing of data after a
transaction occurs. Transaction data are processed
immediately, without the delay of accumulating
them into a batch allowing the user to update the
master files immediately. Give an example.

Modes / Strategies Cont’
 Distributed Processing. This is a data
processing mode where the system includes
multiple computers linked by a communication
network, allowing the processing to be “distributed”
around the system. Give its characteristics.
 Centralized Processing. This involves all data
or information being processed in a central place,
such as a computer centre at Head Office. Many
users are able to access the central computer at
the same time and process data simultaneously.

Advantages of Batch Processing
 Relatively easy to develop.
 Timing of the reports is not necessary.
 Less processing power is required as it
deals with similar updates.
 Checks in place as part of the system is
being run.
 It’s cheaper since less hardware may
be required.

Disadvant. of Batch Processing
 They operate inefficiently and unreliably.
 They are inflexible and difficult to modify to
meet changing business needs.
 They cannot provide rapid access to key
information.
 Management information is often incomplete
due to out of date data.
 Often master access may not always be
available.

Advantages & disadvantages of
Online Processing
 The files are maintained up-to-date.
 Information is readily available for current
decisions.
 File inquiries possible through the terminals
(work-stations).
 However, these systems are complex to
develop and are costly in terms of hardware,
software, storage media, operating system
communication facilities, etc.

Factors Determinig Data Processing Strategies
and Methods
 The ability to have updates.
 Usage of the Computer.
 Organ’al needs & Quality of Output.

Factors Determinig Data Processing Strategies
and Methods Cont’
 Cost / financial ability.
 The Scale of Operation.
 Accuracy Concerns and Reliability.
 Business Size and Nature.
 Urgency in Feedback.
 Link between applications.

Questions:
 Distinguish between real-time and
online modes of data processing. Under
what circumstances would you prefer
one data processing mode to another?
 What is meant by information and ICT?
Briefly explain the significance of ICT to
an individual; organization, and
business organization as a whole.

Information Products &
Information Quality
 Information product: Information product
is the degree to which information has the
appropriate information that is useful for
users e.g. messages, reports, forms, &
graphic images.
 Information quality: Information quality is
the degree to which information has content,
form, and time characteristics that gives it
value to specific end users.

Characteristics/Attributes of Information
 Time Dimension: Timeliness;
currency; frequency and time period.
 Content Dimension: accuracy;
relevance; completeness; auditability;
conciseness and performance.
 Form Dimension: clarity; detail;
order; presentation and media.

Elements/Aspects of Information Quality or
Characteristics / Qualities of a good information
 Accurate for purpose; managers rely on
information to effectively manage their 'value-
adding' activities and free of errors.
 Currency, that is, information should be up-to-
date when it is provided.
 Communicated in an appropriate channel; for
a manager to use information effectively it
must be transmitted in the communication
process.

Qualities Cont’
 Understandable; managers can only use
information to good effect if they understand
its purpose.
 Relevance for purpose; information should
always be relevant to the issue being
considered.
 Auditability; that is, auditability of data refers
to the ability to verify the accuracy and
completeness of the data.

Qualities Cont’
 Timely; for effective decisions to be taken,
information needs to be reported to
management on a timely basis.
 Ease to understand or clarity, that is,
information should be provided in a form that
is easy to understand.
 Completeness; it is desirable that all
information required for decision making is
made available.

Qualities Cont’
 Communicated to the right person; managers
have a clear & defined level of responsibility &
must achieve their predetermined objectives.
 Cost-effective; the costs of providing the
information must not outweigh the 'value-
added' benefits derived from its use.
 Others include: frequency, reputable source,
volume, conciseness, performance, detail,
order, presentation, scope and media etc.

Computer Acquisition
 This refers to the way or method ICT products
and services can be acquired for use by
individuals or organizations.
 There are several ways for example through:
 Outright purchase
 Leasing
 Renting computer facilities
 Using an ASP

Computer Acquisition
 Students are advised to read and
prepare own notes in Computer
Acquisition as a topic.

References
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Uganda OR My Website
www.agilecu.com
BWIRE SEDRICK
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