Presentation by David Austin, an analyst in CBO’s Microeconomics Studies Division, at the 91st Annual Conference of the Western Economic Association International.
Although freight transport contributes significantly to the productivity of the U.S. economy, it also involves sizable costs to society. Those “external” costs include wear and tear on roads and bridges; delays caused by traffic congestion; injuries, fatalities, and property damage from accidents; and harmful effects from exhaust emissions. No one pays those costs directly—neither freight haulers, nor shippers, nor consumers. The unpriced external costs of transporting freight by truck (per ton-mile) are around eight times higher than the costs for rail; those costs net of existing taxes represent about 20 percent of the cost of truck transport and about 11 percent of the cost of rail transport. This presentation examines policy options to address those unpriced external costs.
Presentation by David Austin, an analyst in CBO’s Microeconomics Studies Division, at the Georgetown Freight Rail Colloquium.
Although freight transport contributes significantly to the productivity of the U.S. economy, it also involves sizable costs to society. Those costs include wear and tear on roads and bridges; delays caused by traffic congestion; injuries, fatalities, and property damage from accidents; and harmful effects from exhaust emissions. No one pays those external costs directly—neither freight haulers, nor shippers, nor consumers. The unpriced external costs of transporting freight by truck (per ton-mile) are around eight times higher than by rail; those costs net of existing taxes represent about 20 percent of the cost of truck transport and about 11 percent of the cost of rail transport. This presentation examines policy options to address those unpriced external costs.
Presentation by David Austin, an Analyst in CBO’s Microeconomics Studies Division, at the 2016 Allied Social Science Associations Meetings.
Although freight transport contributes significantly to the productivity of the U.S. economy, it also involves sizable costs to society. Those costs include wear and tear on roads and bridges; delays caused by traffic congestion; injuries, fatalities, and property damage from accidents; and harmful effects from exhaust emissions. No one pays those external costs directly—neither freight haulers, nor shippers, nor consumers. The unpriced external costs of transporting freight by truck (per ton-mile) are around eight times higher than by rail; those costs net of existing taxes represent about 20 percent of the cost of truck transport and about 11 percent of the cost of rail transport. This presentation examines policy options to address those unpriced external costs.
This document summarizes a Congressional Budget Office analysis of how taxing external costs of freight transport could shift shipping from truck to rail. The analysis found that taxing external costs under four policy options could increase rail shipping costs 12-16% and truck costs 19-19%, shifting 3-4% of ton-miles from truck to rail. This could reduce truck trips by 3-3.3 million and external costs by $2-2.4 billion annually while generating $26-70 billion in tax revenues.
The document discusses the current policy approach to reducing transport-related air pollution in the EU, which has largely followed a regulatory approach through product standards and rules to meet air quality standards. It notes that while effective, this approach has limitations given the significant variations in causes and effects of air pollution across different regions and cities in Europe. Economic instruments could provide more flexibility to address this differentiation. Specifically, the document examines alternatives like adjusting taxes on fuels and vehicles to better reflect their environmental performance to further internalize the costs of air pollution.
This study used micro-simulation traffic modeling (Paramics) coupled with an emissions prediction model (Versit+) to examine the impact of two traffic management schemes on vehicle emissions in Antwerp, Belgium. Reducing the network speed limit was found to decrease CO2 emissions by 23-41% and NOx and PM by 27-45%, while removing green wave traffic signal coordination increased emissions by around 10%. The models provided an effective way to evaluate potential traffic and air quality impacts of management strategies at a network level.
DMUG 2016 - Dr Ben Marner, Air Quality ConsultantIES / IAQM
The document presents results from real-world emissions tests of modern diesel vehicles. It finds that Euro 6 diesel cars emit significantly higher NOx than regulatory tests suggest, with a weighted average conformity factor of 5 across multiple studies. For heavy diesel vehicles, measurements show substantial reductions from Euro V to Euro VI standards of around 80%, but little improvement from Euro III to V. The document advocates uplifting older heavy vehicle standards to match Euro III levels and adjusting Euro VI standards to represent a 20% reduction from Euro III levels.
Presentation by David Austin, an analyst in CBO’s Microeconomics Studies Division, at the 91st Annual Conference of the Western Economic Association International.
Although freight transport contributes significantly to the productivity of the U.S. economy, it also involves sizable costs to society. Those “external” costs include wear and tear on roads and bridges; delays caused by traffic congestion; injuries, fatalities, and property damage from accidents; and harmful effects from exhaust emissions. No one pays those costs directly—neither freight haulers, nor shippers, nor consumers. The unpriced external costs of transporting freight by truck (per ton-mile) are around eight times higher than the costs for rail; those costs net of existing taxes represent about 20 percent of the cost of truck transport and about 11 percent of the cost of rail transport. This presentation examines policy options to address those unpriced external costs.
Presentation by David Austin, an analyst in CBO’s Microeconomics Studies Division, at the Georgetown Freight Rail Colloquium.
Although freight transport contributes significantly to the productivity of the U.S. economy, it also involves sizable costs to society. Those costs include wear and tear on roads and bridges; delays caused by traffic congestion; injuries, fatalities, and property damage from accidents; and harmful effects from exhaust emissions. No one pays those external costs directly—neither freight haulers, nor shippers, nor consumers. The unpriced external costs of transporting freight by truck (per ton-mile) are around eight times higher than by rail; those costs net of existing taxes represent about 20 percent of the cost of truck transport and about 11 percent of the cost of rail transport. This presentation examines policy options to address those unpriced external costs.
Presentation by David Austin, an Analyst in CBO’s Microeconomics Studies Division, at the 2016 Allied Social Science Associations Meetings.
Although freight transport contributes significantly to the productivity of the U.S. economy, it also involves sizable costs to society. Those costs include wear and tear on roads and bridges; delays caused by traffic congestion; injuries, fatalities, and property damage from accidents; and harmful effects from exhaust emissions. No one pays those external costs directly—neither freight haulers, nor shippers, nor consumers. The unpriced external costs of transporting freight by truck (per ton-mile) are around eight times higher than by rail; those costs net of existing taxes represent about 20 percent of the cost of truck transport and about 11 percent of the cost of rail transport. This presentation examines policy options to address those unpriced external costs.
This document summarizes a Congressional Budget Office analysis of how taxing external costs of freight transport could shift shipping from truck to rail. The analysis found that taxing external costs under four policy options could increase rail shipping costs 12-16% and truck costs 19-19%, shifting 3-4% of ton-miles from truck to rail. This could reduce truck trips by 3-3.3 million and external costs by $2-2.4 billion annually while generating $26-70 billion in tax revenues.
The document discusses the current policy approach to reducing transport-related air pollution in the EU, which has largely followed a regulatory approach through product standards and rules to meet air quality standards. It notes that while effective, this approach has limitations given the significant variations in causes and effects of air pollution across different regions and cities in Europe. Economic instruments could provide more flexibility to address this differentiation. Specifically, the document examines alternatives like adjusting taxes on fuels and vehicles to better reflect their environmental performance to further internalize the costs of air pollution.
This study used micro-simulation traffic modeling (Paramics) coupled with an emissions prediction model (Versit+) to examine the impact of two traffic management schemes on vehicle emissions in Antwerp, Belgium. Reducing the network speed limit was found to decrease CO2 emissions by 23-41% and NOx and PM by 27-45%, while removing green wave traffic signal coordination increased emissions by around 10%. The models provided an effective way to evaluate potential traffic and air quality impacts of management strategies at a network level.
DMUG 2016 - Dr Ben Marner, Air Quality ConsultantIES / IAQM
The document presents results from real-world emissions tests of modern diesel vehicles. It finds that Euro 6 diesel cars emit significantly higher NOx than regulatory tests suggest, with a weighted average conformity factor of 5 across multiple studies. For heavy diesel vehicles, measurements show substantial reductions from Euro V to Euro VI standards of around 80%, but little improvement from Euro III to V. The document advocates uplifting older heavy vehicle standards to match Euro III levels and adjusting Euro VI standards to represent a 20% reduction from Euro III levels.
The document discusses methodology for calculating natural gas transportation tariffs in Russia. It proposes establishing inlet and outlet zones of no more than 100km and 400km respectively. Tariffs would have two components: 1) a per-unit distance-based "payment for transport" covering 20-30% of costs, and 2) a nonlinear "user fee" based on weighted average distances between zones. The methodology aims to increase predictability while addressing issues like cross-subsidization and route discrimination. However, challenges remain due to Gazprom's dominant role and lack of transparency. Further improvements could establish rules for zone formation and cost calculation.
The document discusses potential economic instruments to better align transportation charges with costs related to heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) in the EU. It suggests revising taxes and permits for HGVs outlined in the Eurovignette directive to allow more differentiation based on infrastructure costs and vehicle characteristics. It also proposes investigating an electronic kilometer charge for HGVs that could vary based on axle weight, vehicle type, time, and location to more closely link charges with road damage costs. The Commission intends to study possibilities and advantages of transitioning to an electronic kilometer charge system for HGVs.
Transportation Facts (Transportation Engineering)Hossam Shafiq I
This document provides transportation statistics and figures for various modes of transportation in the United States and Washington State from sources like the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and Federal Highway Administration. It includes data on airports, passengers, railroads, ports, highways, vehicles, traffic, financing, and public transit ridership in Seattle. The document is from a 2006 CEE320 class that outlines different sections on air, rail, sea, and vehicle transportation.
Environmental fiscal reform and the proposed carbon tax Tristan Wiggill
A presentation by Mr Cecil Morden (Chief Director: Economic Tax Analysis: National Treasury), at the Transport Forum SIG: "Sustainable Transport" on 6 August 2015 hosted by University of Johannesburg's Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies (Africa), or ITLS (Africa). The theme of the presentation was: "Environmental Fiscal Reform and the proposed Carbon Tax".
The document discusses how infrastructure and congestion costs are currently charged for in the EU. It notes that no country explicitly charges for congestion, though some toll systems vary rates by peak periods. Infrastructure costs are recovered through annual vehicle taxes and fuel duties. There are significant differences between member states in these rates. The document argues for developing telematics-based pricing systems to allow charges to be differentiated based on costs which vary by vehicle, time, and location. This would better link charges to costs. In the short-term, it recommends aligning road haulage charges across member states and improving how the current system accommodates cost differentiation.
The document discusses Austria's traffic model which is used to plan infrastructure projects. It considers passenger and cargo traffic on road and rail networks. The model is made up of interconnected sub-models and forecasts traffic volumes based on demographic and economic data. It also maps actual and projected origin-destination flows. The iMOVE project aims to improve the model by combining different traffic surveys, incorporating toll data, and calibrating origin-destination matrices using traffic counts. This will help create a repeatable process for producing more accurate transportation data and forecasts.
UK Airport Competition_Published Article_57(2016) pp155-167__060816Ian Thompson
This document analyzes changes to the delivery of terminal air navigation services (TANS) in the UK using Porter's five forces model. It summarizes that the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) has sought to create a competitive market for TANS to meet government goals. Recently, Gatwick Airport awarded its aerodrome control service to Air Navigation Solutions and Birmingham Airport decided to self-supply TANS, providing evidence that market conditions now exist. The document examines the competitive dynamics of the TANS market at the nine largest UK airports using industry data and interviews. Competition is intense among a small number of providers, and airport operators require services that optimize costs and provide greater value through performance alignment and integration with other functions.
Cam presentation current status & master plan_rd_05_jan18Sok-Tharath CHREUNG
The document discusses Cambodia's railway system. It provides background on Cambodia including its size, population, GDP, and major ports. It then discusses Cambodia's railway master plan which includes rehabilitating the existing northern line from Phnom Penh to Poipet and future plans to construct additional main lines and branches. It notes the northern line rehabilitation is ongoing and aims to upgrade sections to support 20 tonne axle loads. The document also provides organizational details about Cambodia's Railway Department which oversees railway development and concessions.
This document discusses the potential for introducing a kilometre tax on vehicles based on electronic odometers or tachographs to more accurately charge for road use compared to existing fuel tax systems. It notes that if costs of electronic systems decrease, applying such taxes to private vehicles could also be considered. The technical devices used for kilometre taxes may evolve over time and could eventually coincide with future electronic road pricing systems. The document also discusses modulating existing charges in other modes like rail and aviation based on environmental impacts.
The heavy highway vehicle use tax form 2290 is used to report the highways use taxes to the IRS. Schedule -1 copy is returned as proof for filing and paying this highway use tax 2290's. This 2290 tax is due by July of the year and valid till June of successive year. For the vehicle operated from July this tax is due by August 31st. 2290's can be paid directly to the IRS through EFTPS or EFW (Direct debit method). Electronic filling option is available and tax return with 25 or more vehicle should be filed electronically. IRS encourage every one to choose e-file as it is simple, safe and fast.
Presentation by Tom Worsley, Visiting Research Fellow, delivered as part of the annual series of Beesley lectures, organised by the Institute of Economic Affairs at the Institute of Directors in London.
Presentation by Prof. Meng Xu & Dr Susan Grant Muller, presented at TRB 2015.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/m.xu
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/s.grant-muller
http://pressamp.trb.org/aminteractiveprogram/Program.aspx
The document summarizes a market study justifying investments in Kazakhstan's public transport sector. It finds that many cities have high air pollution levels and aging bus fleets that are mostly diesel-powered. The legal framework supports replacing buses older than 7-12 years with newer models. A state program aims to cut the share of worn buses by 50% by 2019. The study recommends a program to replace old buses with modern compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, or diesel buses, which would reduce emissions and costs while supporting domestic bus production.
https://youtu.be/Hfq6J29BLnc
Presentation by Dr James Tate to IAQM Air Quality Conference October 2015.
http://iaqm.co.uk/event/routes-to-clean-air-air-quality-conference-2015
https://youtu.be/1WVelwAEg-c
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/j.tate
Uses of vehicle emissions remote sensing data for emission factor developmentIES / IAQM
Vehicle emissions remote sensing (VERS) is a method to measure pollutants in vehicle exhaust through roadside sensors. VERS data can be used to develop emission factors and estimate emissions. The document discusses how VERS emission factors can be calculated in units of grams per second or grams per kilometer based on vehicle speed and acceleration. It also outlines applications of VERS data such as verifying national emission inventories, examining effects of vehicle manufacturers, and characterizing European vehicle fleets. Remote sensing is a useful tool that complements other emissions measurement methods.
This document summarizes the economic evaluation of proposed road improvement projects in Cambodia. Traffic studies were conducted in 2015 on 5 roads proposed for improvement projects, including traffic counts and origin-destination surveys. An economic analysis from 2017-2037 was conducted using the HDM-4 model to evaluate costs and benefits with and without the improvement projects. The results of the cost-benefit analysis showed economic internal rates of return ranging from 12.2-32.5% for individual road sections and 20.4% for all road sections combined, with an overall benefit-cost ratio of 1.58 and net present value of $45.55 million. A sensitivity analysis found the economic internal rate of return to be most sensitive to variations in traffic
The document summarizes key findings from the Massachusetts Vehicle Census 2009-2014 conducted by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council. It found that (1) vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per household has declined slightly statewide but increased in some outlying suburbs, (2) the effective fuel efficiency of the state's vehicle fleet has improved by 1.5 miles per gallon even as vehicles age, and (3) the number of hybrid and electric vehicles registered in the state has grown substantially. The census data can help track progress on greenhouse gas reduction goals and inform transportation planning at local levels.
Light vehicle dynamics and NOx emissions on the motorway networkIES / IAQM
This document summarizes a presentation on light vehicle dynamics and NOx emissions on motorways. It discusses previous UK guidance on assigning speed bands and corresponding emissions. It then analyzes real-world vehicle dynamics and emissions data to develop a more accurate understanding of emissions in different speed ranges. Specifically, it finds higher emissions occur in certain speed ranges due to traffic dynamics and at higher speeds. This informs revisions to the UK's speed band structure and emissions estimates to better reflect real-world conditions.
Development of On-Road Emissions for the 2011 National Emissions InventoryJennifer Sharp
1) The document summarizes the development of on-road mobile emissions estimates for the 2011 National Emissions Inventory (NEI), which relied solely on the EPA's MOVES model for the first time.
2) Key aspects included a state submission process of MOVES County Databases, quality assurance checks on the submitted data, and improvements to default data informed by research projects including new datasets for vehicle age distributions and long-haul truck vehicle miles traveled.
3) Large-scale MOVES modeling runs were performed in a cloud computing environment to generate emission factor lookup tables needed for nationwide estimates in the SMOVES emissions modeling system.
The document discusses methodology for calculating natural gas transportation tariffs in Russia. It proposes establishing inlet and outlet zones of no more than 100km and 400km respectively. Tariffs would have two components: 1) a per-unit distance-based "payment for transport" covering 20-30% of costs, and 2) a nonlinear "user fee" based on weighted average distances between zones. The methodology aims to increase predictability while addressing issues like cross-subsidization and route discrimination. However, challenges remain due to Gazprom's dominant role and lack of transparency. Further improvements could establish rules for zone formation and cost calculation.
The document discusses potential economic instruments to better align transportation charges with costs related to heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) in the EU. It suggests revising taxes and permits for HGVs outlined in the Eurovignette directive to allow more differentiation based on infrastructure costs and vehicle characteristics. It also proposes investigating an electronic kilometer charge for HGVs that could vary based on axle weight, vehicle type, time, and location to more closely link charges with road damage costs. The Commission intends to study possibilities and advantages of transitioning to an electronic kilometer charge system for HGVs.
Transportation Facts (Transportation Engineering)Hossam Shafiq I
This document provides transportation statistics and figures for various modes of transportation in the United States and Washington State from sources like the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and Federal Highway Administration. It includes data on airports, passengers, railroads, ports, highways, vehicles, traffic, financing, and public transit ridership in Seattle. The document is from a 2006 CEE320 class that outlines different sections on air, rail, sea, and vehicle transportation.
Environmental fiscal reform and the proposed carbon tax Tristan Wiggill
A presentation by Mr Cecil Morden (Chief Director: Economic Tax Analysis: National Treasury), at the Transport Forum SIG: "Sustainable Transport" on 6 August 2015 hosted by University of Johannesburg's Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies (Africa), or ITLS (Africa). The theme of the presentation was: "Environmental Fiscal Reform and the proposed Carbon Tax".
The document discusses how infrastructure and congestion costs are currently charged for in the EU. It notes that no country explicitly charges for congestion, though some toll systems vary rates by peak periods. Infrastructure costs are recovered through annual vehicle taxes and fuel duties. There are significant differences between member states in these rates. The document argues for developing telematics-based pricing systems to allow charges to be differentiated based on costs which vary by vehicle, time, and location. This would better link charges to costs. In the short-term, it recommends aligning road haulage charges across member states and improving how the current system accommodates cost differentiation.
The document discusses Austria's traffic model which is used to plan infrastructure projects. It considers passenger and cargo traffic on road and rail networks. The model is made up of interconnected sub-models and forecasts traffic volumes based on demographic and economic data. It also maps actual and projected origin-destination flows. The iMOVE project aims to improve the model by combining different traffic surveys, incorporating toll data, and calibrating origin-destination matrices using traffic counts. This will help create a repeatable process for producing more accurate transportation data and forecasts.
UK Airport Competition_Published Article_57(2016) pp155-167__060816Ian Thompson
This document analyzes changes to the delivery of terminal air navigation services (TANS) in the UK using Porter's five forces model. It summarizes that the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) has sought to create a competitive market for TANS to meet government goals. Recently, Gatwick Airport awarded its aerodrome control service to Air Navigation Solutions and Birmingham Airport decided to self-supply TANS, providing evidence that market conditions now exist. The document examines the competitive dynamics of the TANS market at the nine largest UK airports using industry data and interviews. Competition is intense among a small number of providers, and airport operators require services that optimize costs and provide greater value through performance alignment and integration with other functions.
Cam presentation current status & master plan_rd_05_jan18Sok-Tharath CHREUNG
The document discusses Cambodia's railway system. It provides background on Cambodia including its size, population, GDP, and major ports. It then discusses Cambodia's railway master plan which includes rehabilitating the existing northern line from Phnom Penh to Poipet and future plans to construct additional main lines and branches. It notes the northern line rehabilitation is ongoing and aims to upgrade sections to support 20 tonne axle loads. The document also provides organizational details about Cambodia's Railway Department which oversees railway development and concessions.
This document discusses the potential for introducing a kilometre tax on vehicles based on electronic odometers or tachographs to more accurately charge for road use compared to existing fuel tax systems. It notes that if costs of electronic systems decrease, applying such taxes to private vehicles could also be considered. The technical devices used for kilometre taxes may evolve over time and could eventually coincide with future electronic road pricing systems. The document also discusses modulating existing charges in other modes like rail and aviation based on environmental impacts.
The heavy highway vehicle use tax form 2290 is used to report the highways use taxes to the IRS. Schedule -1 copy is returned as proof for filing and paying this highway use tax 2290's. This 2290 tax is due by July of the year and valid till June of successive year. For the vehicle operated from July this tax is due by August 31st. 2290's can be paid directly to the IRS through EFTPS or EFW (Direct debit method). Electronic filling option is available and tax return with 25 or more vehicle should be filed electronically. IRS encourage every one to choose e-file as it is simple, safe and fast.
Presentation by Tom Worsley, Visiting Research Fellow, delivered as part of the annual series of Beesley lectures, organised by the Institute of Economic Affairs at the Institute of Directors in London.
Presentation by Prof. Meng Xu & Dr Susan Grant Muller, presented at TRB 2015.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/m.xu
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/s.grant-muller
http://pressamp.trb.org/aminteractiveprogram/Program.aspx
The document summarizes a market study justifying investments in Kazakhstan's public transport sector. It finds that many cities have high air pollution levels and aging bus fleets that are mostly diesel-powered. The legal framework supports replacing buses older than 7-12 years with newer models. A state program aims to cut the share of worn buses by 50% by 2019. The study recommends a program to replace old buses with modern compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, or diesel buses, which would reduce emissions and costs while supporting domestic bus production.
https://youtu.be/Hfq6J29BLnc
Presentation by Dr James Tate to IAQM Air Quality Conference October 2015.
http://iaqm.co.uk/event/routes-to-clean-air-air-quality-conference-2015
https://youtu.be/1WVelwAEg-c
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/j.tate
Uses of vehicle emissions remote sensing data for emission factor developmentIES / IAQM
Vehicle emissions remote sensing (VERS) is a method to measure pollutants in vehicle exhaust through roadside sensors. VERS data can be used to develop emission factors and estimate emissions. The document discusses how VERS emission factors can be calculated in units of grams per second or grams per kilometer based on vehicle speed and acceleration. It also outlines applications of VERS data such as verifying national emission inventories, examining effects of vehicle manufacturers, and characterizing European vehicle fleets. Remote sensing is a useful tool that complements other emissions measurement methods.
This document summarizes the economic evaluation of proposed road improvement projects in Cambodia. Traffic studies were conducted in 2015 on 5 roads proposed for improvement projects, including traffic counts and origin-destination surveys. An economic analysis from 2017-2037 was conducted using the HDM-4 model to evaluate costs and benefits with and without the improvement projects. The results of the cost-benefit analysis showed economic internal rates of return ranging from 12.2-32.5% for individual road sections and 20.4% for all road sections combined, with an overall benefit-cost ratio of 1.58 and net present value of $45.55 million. A sensitivity analysis found the economic internal rate of return to be most sensitive to variations in traffic
The document summarizes key findings from the Massachusetts Vehicle Census 2009-2014 conducted by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council. It found that (1) vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per household has declined slightly statewide but increased in some outlying suburbs, (2) the effective fuel efficiency of the state's vehicle fleet has improved by 1.5 miles per gallon even as vehicles age, and (3) the number of hybrid and electric vehicles registered in the state has grown substantially. The census data can help track progress on greenhouse gas reduction goals and inform transportation planning at local levels.
Light vehicle dynamics and NOx emissions on the motorway networkIES / IAQM
This document summarizes a presentation on light vehicle dynamics and NOx emissions on motorways. It discusses previous UK guidance on assigning speed bands and corresponding emissions. It then analyzes real-world vehicle dynamics and emissions data to develop a more accurate understanding of emissions in different speed ranges. Specifically, it finds higher emissions occur in certain speed ranges due to traffic dynamics and at higher speeds. This informs revisions to the UK's speed band structure and emissions estimates to better reflect real-world conditions.
Development of On-Road Emissions for the 2011 National Emissions InventoryJennifer Sharp
1) The document summarizes the development of on-road mobile emissions estimates for the 2011 National Emissions Inventory (NEI), which relied solely on the EPA's MOVES model for the first time.
2) Key aspects included a state submission process of MOVES County Databases, quality assurance checks on the submitted data, and improvements to default data informed by research projects including new datasets for vehicle age distributions and long-haul truck vehicle miles traveled.
3) Large-scale MOVES modeling runs were performed in a cloud computing environment to generate emission factor lookup tables needed for nationwide estimates in the SMOVES emissions modeling system.
This summary outlines key points from a Congressional Budget Office presentation on the design of a revenue-neutral carbon tax:
- The presentation discusses various design considerations for a carbon tax, including how it would interact with existing regulations, the initial tax level and rate of increase, potential revenue raised, and economic and distributional impacts.
- Most studies find that a carbon tax would be regressive without considering how revenue is used, but the degree of regressivity varies. The ultimate distributional impact depends on how revenue is spent.
- Potential uses of revenue include reducing deficits, lowering other tax rates, and providing tax credits. Each option involves different tradeoffs between economic impacts, distributional effects, and incentives to reduce emissions
LTC, Annual Forum, Greener California: Impacts of Senate Bill 375 and Winning...LTC @ CSUSB
This document discusses the role of geographic information systems (GIS) in implementing California's Senate Bill 375 (SB375). SB375 aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles by coordinating land use and transportation planning. GIS can help manage the large amounts of spatial data required, perform necessary analyses and modeling, and visualize results for stakeholders involved in the SB375 implementation process, such as cities, counties, metropolitan planning organizations, and the California Air Resources Board. The document provides examples of how GIS has supported SB375 efforts, including regional visioning projects, transportation and land use modeling, and climate action planning at various geographic scales.
1) The document discusses a proposal to reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality in New York City through a congestion pricing plan.
2) The plan would charge a daily fee for vehicles traveling within a designated zone in Manhattan during peak hours and use the revenue to fund transit improvements.
3) Similar congestion pricing programs in other cities like London have been shown to significantly reduce traffic and travel times while improving air quality.
LTC, Jack R. Widmeyer Transportation Research Conference, 11/04/2011, Dohyung...LTC @ CSUSB
This document summarizes the challenges of mapping crash data from Riverside County onto a roadway map. Only 23% of crashes could be automatically geocoded due to incomplete address information. A customized application helped map an additional 44% by accounting for distance and direction from intersections. Manual review mapped another 12%. Multiple candidate matches, differences between state and local road names, and human errors in the crash data contributed to the remaining unmapped crashes. Better data quality procedures and custom mapping software can help reduce errors and improve crash location mapping.
Per capita rates of vehicle miles traveled have fallen, and the recession is not the only reason. A U.S. PIRG report examines the end of the "driving boom."
This document summarizes a presentation on regional redevelopment and smart growth given by Geoff Anderson of Smart Growth America. The presentation discusses changes in federal policy under the new administration that are significant for redevelopment, including issues around climate change, transportation, infrastructure, and the economy. It outlines evidence that compact development can reduce vehicle miles traveled and greenhouse gas emissions compared to continued urban sprawl. The presentation advocates for policy changes to shift land development patterns from sprawl to more compact, mixed-use development centered around public transportation. It argues that with ongoing education and outreach, as well as a focused political agenda, opportunities exist to advance these smart growth goals.
How our cities can plan for driverless cars JumpingJaq
The document discusses how cities can plan for driverless cars. It begins with an overview of driverless car technology and definitions. It then discusses potential impacts on society and timelines for adoption. The document proposes two potential future scenarios regarding levels of vehicle and ride sharing. It concludes by recommending actions for state and local governments, such as updating policies and infrastructure to manage impacts, and establishing communications with technology stakeholders.
Also see: http://bit.ly/1vjtYg8
Professor Chris Nash spoke on heavy goods vehicle charging at the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Conference on regulation in Brisbane on 8th Aug 2014.
www.accc.gov.au/about-us/conferences-events/accc/aer-regulatory-conference/accc-aer-regulatory-conference-2014
A kilometre based road user charge system proof of concept studyTristan Wiggill
A presentation by Johann van Rensburg delivered during the 2016 Southern African Road Transport Conference in Pretoria, South Africa.
Johann van Rensburg is a lecturer in Transport Economics at Stellenbosch University. He holds a HonsBCom degree from Stellenbosch University and an MPhil degree from the University of Cape Town.
He is currently a Ph.D. candidate with a research focus on transport infrastructure financing.
Cindy Burbank's Presentation to the 2009 Highway Users Annual MeetingJames Barnes
Climate change is real and already occurring, according to scientific evidence. Significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 60-80% below 1990 levels are needed by 2050 to mitigate climate change. For the transportation sector, a fair target would be a 60-80% reduction below current levels. Transportation GHG reductions can come from five areas: vehicle efficiency, low-carbon fuels, reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT), improving vehicle and system operations, and making construction and maintenance more sustainable. Vehicle and fuel technology improvements can achieve most reductions for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) through 2030, but additional strategies are needed like lowering VMT growth, improving traffic flow, expanding carpooling and transit, and
The document discusses implementing a kilometre charge system for vehicles in the Netherlands to replace the current vehicle ownership tax system. Key objectives of the new system are to reduce congestion and emissions by pricing vehicle use. It proposes a base kilometre charge of €0.067 per km that is estimated to reduce vehicle kilometres driven by 12-15% and improve traffic safety and the environment. Careful implementation is recommended, including testing and a long transition period, to gain public support while meeting multiple policy goals.
The positive externalities of road transport technologyTristan Wiggill
- The talk questions some key assumptions underlying South Africa's strategy of shifting freight from road to rail, including that it is being done successfully elsewhere, will lower business costs, and that rail's lower externalities make it preferable.
- Four scenarios for expanding freight capacity between Gauteng and Durban were analyzed, finding a dedicated freight highway scenario and a new standard gauge mixed freight railway to be most cost-effective and fundable alternatives compared to solely upgrading the existing railway.
- The talk argues for considering radically alternative institutional models and investing in rail projects only where intrinsic viability and value-add can be demonstrated, rather than assuming road-to-rail shifts or chasing unprofitable market share from road transport.
Routes to Clean Air 2016 - Paul Drummond, UCLIES / IAQM
Talk Title: Tackling NOx Emissions from diesel cars through tax: Options for the UK
Routes to Clean Air is a two-day conference from the IAQM where academics, professionals and policy makers share their experiences of improving traffic emissions.
This event highlights the importance of public communication and behavioural change surrounding road transport and air quality issues.
Exploration of cross-sector emissions benefits of medium- and heavy-duty vehi...IEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research exploring the air pollution and emissions benefits of electrifying medium- and heavy-duty vehicles using the EPAUS9rT-TIMES energy system model. The research finds that adopting a target of 100% zero-emission medium- and heavy-duty vehicles by 2050 results in net carbon dioxide reductions despite increasing electricity demand. It also finds marginal reductions in other air pollutants from the transportation sector, though reductions are smaller than declines seen in the power and industrial sectors. A carbon tax can further reduce emissions but is not necessary for the zero-emissions vehicle target to provide benefits.
The document discusses urban transportation and examines two main components: the automobile/highway system and urban mass transit. Chapter 19 describes problems caused by automobiles, including congestion, pollution, and accidents. Chapter 20 deals with commuter transportation choices such as automobile, bus, or light rail. The chapters examine congestion issues and potential policies to address congestion such as taxes, subsidies, and highway construction. Urban mass transit options and factors influencing commuter choices are also discussed.
The document summarizes insights from an International Transport Forum case study that modeled low-emission freight pathways in Argentina. It discusses:
- The importance of accurate data for defining effective policies and measuring their impacts.
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This document discusses decarbonizing transport and green financing opportunities. It outlines the objective of bringing transport to carbon neutrality by 2050 through a modeling framework covering all transport modes. Global transport volumes and emissions are projected to grow without new action. Sustainable transport ensures safety, low emissions, and access for all. More than 50 partners are involved in the project. Green investments in transport infrastructure, vehicles and systems represent large opportunities for the financial sector. Shared urban mobility solutions like shared taxis and busses could significantly reduce emissions and congestion. Autonomous vehicles will transform transport but require managed transitions. Remote monitoring of driverless vehicles is one approach. Overall, systems dynamics modeling is needed given complex changes across transport.
STEP Annual Conference 2017 - Vincent McInallly, Glasgow City Council - CAFS ...STEP_scotland
The document discusses air quality issues in Glasgow, including high levels of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter that contribute to an estimated 300 premature deaths per year. It outlines Glasgow City Council's plans to introduce a low emission zone by 2018 to reduce emissions, with a focus on replacing older diesel buses, vans, trucks and cars with newer, cleaner models. Challenges to implementing the low emission zone are also examined, such as funding, timelines for vehicle upgrades, and developing technical guidance.
This document discusses transport externalities such as congestion, accidents, and air pollution costs and proposes pricing policies to better align prices with real transport costs. It notes that these externalities currently cost the EU around 250 billion euros annually, with over 90% related to road transport. The document explores using price signals through measures like road tolls and differentiated taxes to reduce negative impacts while making the transport system more efficient and fair. It argues for a community-wide discussion to ensure consistency across policies set at national and EU levels.
The document discusses the need to change how transportation infrastructure is funded in the United States from the current gas tax system to a mileage-based user fee (VMT) system. It notes that the gas tax is becoming obsolete due to more fuel efficient vehicles and that the Highway Trust Fund will be insolvent by 2012. It advocates for voluntary pilot trials of various VMT technologies to study their viability as an alternative to the gas tax before any system is implemented nationally. The goal of the trials would be to determine how to implement a VMT system that is fair, maintains privacy, and accounts for differences between urban and rural drivers.
CO2 EMISSION RATING BY VEHICLES USING DATA SCIENCE
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The document discusses Japan's development of a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test procedure. It provides background on why RDE testing was introduced, outlines Japan's planned RDE schedule, and describes modifications made to the European Commission's RDE method to better suit driving conditions in Japan. Key modifications include adjusting the threshold speeds and requirements for the Moving Average Window method, setting the Conformity Factor value to 2.0, and modifying factors like temperature ranges. The document also shares results of investigating on-road emissions in Japan that found higher NOx levels than chassis dynamometer tests for some models.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Presentation by Mark Hadley, CBO's Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel, at the 2nd NABO-OECD Annual Conference of Asian Parliamentary Budget Officials.
Presentation by Daria Pelech, an analyst in CBO’s Health Analysis Division, at the Center for Health Insurance Reform McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University.
This slide deck highlights CBO’s key findings about the outlook for the economy as described in its new report, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034.
Presentation by CBO analysts Rebecca Heller, Shannon Mok, and James Pearce, and Census Bureau research economist Jonathan Rothbaum at the American Economic Association Annual Meeting, Committee on Economic Statistics.
Presentation by Eric J. Labs, an analyst in CBO’s National Security Division, at the Bank of America 2024 Defense Outlook and Commercial Aerospace Forum.
Presentation by Elizabeth Ash, William Carrington, Rebecca Heller, and Grace Hwang of CBO’s Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis and Health Analysis divisions to the Children’s Health Group, American Academy of Pediatrics.
Presentation by Molly Dahl, Chief of CBO’s Long-Term Analysis Unit, at a meeting of the National Conference of State Legislatures’ Budget Working Group.
In the President’s 2024 budget request, total military compensation is $551 billion, including veterans' benefits. That amount represents an increase of 134 percent since 1999 after removing the effects of inflation.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
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Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
UN WOD 2024 will take us on a journey of discovery through the ocean's vastness, tapping into the wisdom and expertise of global policy-makers, scientists, managers, thought leaders, and artists to awaken new depths of understanding, compassion, collaboration and commitment for the ocean and all it sustains. The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
Contributi dei parlamentari del PD - Contributi L. 3/2019Partito democratico
DI SEGUITO SONO PUBBLICATI, AI SENSI DELL'ART. 11 DELLA LEGGE N. 3/2019, GLI IMPORTI RICEVUTI DALL'ENTRATA IN VIGORE DELLA SUDDETTA NORMA (31/01/2019) E FINO AL MESE SOLARE ANTECEDENTE QUELLO DELLA PUBBLICAZIONE SUL PRESENTE SITO
The Antyodaya Saral Haryana Portal is a pioneering initiative by the Government of Haryana aimed at providing citizens with seamless access to a wide range of government services
Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHO
Pricing Freight Transport to Account for External Costs
1. Congressional Budget Office
Pricing Freight Transport to
Account for External Costs
3rd Annual Michigan Rail Conference
Grand Rapids, Michigan
August 20, 2015
David Austin,
Microeconomic Studies Division
The information in this presentation is preliminary and is being circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment as
developmental work for analysis for the Congress.
2. 1CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
What This Project Addresses
■ External costs of freight transport include the effects of
accidents, damage to roads, air pollution, traffic congestion,
and emissions of carbon dioxide.
■ If such external costs were taxed, how would the choice of
mode of transportation—truck vs. rail—be affected?
■ To what extent are resources (including infrastructure)
misallocated because prices do not reflect all costs?
3. 2CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Typical External Costs May Be Eight Times Higher for
Transport by Truck Than by Rail
Type of Cost Truck Rail
Accident Risk 0.8 to 2.3 0.1 to 0.25
Pavement Damage 0.7 to 1.0 0.05 to 0.06
Particulates + NOx 0.6 to 0.8 0.1 to 0.2
Traffic Congestion 0.4 to 0.9 0 to 0.03
CO2 0.02 to 0.22 to 0.9 0.01 to 0.05 to 0.2
Total of Median Costs 4.0 0.5
2014 Cents Per Ton-Mile
Note: For damages from CO2, three numbers are shown to describe the distribution of estimates of external
costs; values toward the middle of the range are much more likely to be selected. For other sources of external
costs, two numbers are shown; all of the values in the range are equally likely to be selected.
4. 3CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Policies to Reflect External Costs in Transport Prices
Would Shift Some Shipping From Truck to Rail
Adding external costs to shipping rates would increase shipping
costs for both modes. External costs for trucks are greater.
5. 4CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Outline of the Approach
■ Construct economic model of mode-choice response to
changes in shipping costs
– Model is based on observed price elasticities by mode and commodity
■ Initial conditions: Truck, rail market shares (ton-miles)
from 2007 Freight Analysis Framework (FAF) data
■ Experiment: Change transport prices by adding external costs
(as taxes) to rates charged by truck and rail carriers
■ Outcomes predicted by repeated simulation of the model:
– Changes in ton-miles for each mode
– Reductions in external costs
– Tax revenue generated by each policy
6. 5CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Four Policy Options
■ Average-external-cost (AEC) tax
– A weight-distance tax on average costs per ton-mile, from accidents, pavement
damage, traffic congestion plus a fuel tax on NOx, PM, CO2 emissions
– Trucking tax rates: 2.3¢ per ton-mile, $1.50 per gallon
– Rail tax rates: 0.3¢ per ton-mile, $1.50 per gallon
■ A distance tax (vehicle miles traveled, or VMT, tax) plus a fuel tax
– Trucking tax rates: 30¢ per mile, $1.50 per gallon
– Rail tax rates: 12¢ per mile, $1.50 per gallon
■ VMT tax only
■ Fuel tax only
7. 6CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Who Will or Will Not Switch Modes?
■ Shippers who only weakly prefer trucking to rail will switch
when relative prices change.
■ Many shippers will not switch even if prices change substantially.
– Shippers for whom only one mode is available
– Shippers for whom one mode is ideally suited (truck shippers in
markets where rail service is slow or sporadic and bulk-commodity
shippers)
■ On the margin, a shipper will switch depending on how
much the tax affects trucking prices, on a percentage basis,
relative to rail prices.
8. 7CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Average Shipping Rates, 2007
Type of Service Truck Rail
Carload/Truckload 14.6 4.7
Bulk 13.6 3.5
Intermodal 17.4 5.6
Auto Transport 13.8 9.6
Estimated Average Cents per Ton-mile Measured in Constant 2014 Dollars
9. 8CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Overview of Findings: AEC Tax
■ The ratio of truck to rail external costs is 8:1.
■ The AEC tax has a much smaller effect on relative prices.
– Shippers willing to pay more for truck transport than for rail
– New tax is in addition to existing taxes on diesel fuel
■ There is an average predicted increase in shipping costs from
the AEC tax.
– Trucks: 19%
– Rail: 12%
10. 9CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Overview of Findings: AEC Tax (Continued)
■ Predicted effects vary by commodity and route.
– Little effect for short-haul (mostly truck) and bulk transport (mostly rail)
■ There is a 3.6% overall predicted shift in ton-miles from truck
to rail, 0.8% decline in total tons shipped.
■ There are 3 million fewer truck trips and 0.8 million more
railcar trips in 2007 under the simulated policy than under
existing policy.
– Diesel fuel savings of almost 700 million gallons
– Roughly$2billion reduction inexternal costs
11. 10CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Results That Would Have Occurred in 2007 Under the
Four Policy Options
AEC Tax
VMT Tax Plus
Fuel Tax VMT Tax Fuel Tax
Average Cost Increase, Rail (Percent) 12.1 15.9 10.1 5.9
Average Cost Increase, Truck (Percent) 18.9 19.3 12.6 6.6
Shift in Ton-Miles From Truck to Rail (Percent) 3.6 3.9 3.8 0.8
Reduction in Total Tons Shipped (Percent) -0.8 -0.7 -0.5 -0.3
Reduction in Number of Truck Trips (Millions) -3.2 -3.3 -2.7 -0.9
Increase in the Number of Railcar Trips (Millions) 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.2
Gallons of Fuel Saved (Millions) 669 696 623 176
Reduction in External Costs (Billions of dollars) 2.3 2.4 2.1 0.6
Revenues From theTaxin2007 (Billionsofdollars) 68 70 43 26
12. 11CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Discussion of Findings
■ The effects of the VMT tax plus the fuel tax are generally a
little larger than those of the AEC tax.
– The AEC tax is a more accurate reflection of external costs.
– By ignoring weight, the VMT tax is higher on lighter shipments and
lower on heavier shipments, compared with a tax on weight and
distance.
– The drawback is a trade-off for lower administrative costs.
■ By itself, the VMT tax has effects nearly as large as the
combination of VMT tax plus fuel tax, but it raises $27 billion
less in revenues.
13. 12CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Likely Range of Outcomes and Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity Analysis Based on Alternative Model Parameters
Policy Effect
AEC Tax
(Average
result)
Likely
Range
Double Rail
Accident Risk
No
Drayage or
Lift Costs
Alternate
Elasticities
Reduce
Truck
Rates by
5%
Raise
Truck
Rates by
5%
Change in External Costs
(Percent) -3.3 -3.0 to -3.5 -2.0 -3.7 -2.7 -3.6 -3.0
Fuel Savings (Percent) 2.9 2.6 to 3.2 2.0 3.3 2.5 3.2 2.6
Shift in Ton-Miles From
Truck to Rail (Percent) 3.6 3.4 to 3.8 2.1 4.1 2.9 4.1 3.2
Reduction in Tons
Shipped (Percent) -0.8 -0.8 to -0.8 -0.8 -1.0 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7
Reduction in the Number
of Truck Trips (Millions) -3.2 -3.1 to -3.3 -2.5 -4.7 -3.0 -3.4 -3.0
Increase in the Number
of Railcar Trips (Millions) 0.8 0.8 to 0.8 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.9 0.7
14. 13CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Likely Range of Outcomes and Sensitivity Analysis (Continued)
■ Results are based on 1,000 iterations of the simulation model.
■ Variation in model predictions over those iterations is
summarized as the “likely range” of values that the modeled
outcomes might take.
– That range is defined as containing two-thirds of the model’s
predictions, centered on the median prediction.
■ The influence of individual parameters on the model’s
predictions is examined by varying the parameters’ values.
– Many of those sensitivity tests yield predictions that lie slightly outside
of the likely range.
15. 14CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Data and Parameters
■ The unit of observation for freight shipping is total ton-miles
and tons shipped in 2007.
– By state pair, each of 39 commodities, and two transport modes
– Almost 76,000 observations
– Data come from the Freight Analysis Framework, based primarily on
the 2007 Commodity Flow Survey
■ The model’s parameters are specified as ranges of possible values.
– Shipping rates, drayage costs, transport share of production and
distribution costs, demand elasticities, rail route circuity, empty
returns, tax pass-through, and payload capacities
■ In simulations, a specific value is drawn at random from each
parameter’s specified range.
16. 15CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Mode-Choice Elasticities
Commodity Rail-Truck Elasticity
Bulk Commodities/Raw Materials
Bulk Farm Products 0.02 to 0.03
Bulk Food Products 0.6 to 0.8
Lumber and Wood 0.6 to 0.7
Pulp and Paper 0.7 to 0.9
Bulk Chemicals 0.5 to 0.7
Primary Metals 1.2 to 1.5
Waste and Scrap 0.17 to 0.22
All Other Bulk 0.14 to 0.19
Finished Goods
Finished Farm Products 3.5 to 3.7
Finished Food Products 2.0 to 2.2
Furniture 4.0 to 4.7
Finished Chemicals 3.2 to 3.5
Fabricated Metals 5.2 to 7.3
Machinery 3.7 to 4.8
Electrical Machinery 4.1 to 4.8
Motor Vehicles 0.2 to 0.3
Motor Vehicle Parts 1.1 to 1.4
All Other Finished 3.9 to 4.5
17. 16CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Alternatives to the AEC Tax
■ Among the policy options analyzed, the AEC tax most
accurately reflects external costs, but it would be the most
costly to administer.
– The government must know the weight and distance of every shipment.
■ The VMT tax requires distance only, not weight.
■ The fuel tax is least costly to administer.
– A collection mechanism is already in place.
■ The VMT and fuel taxes have lower administrative costs but
reflect external costs less accurately or less comprehensively.
– The policy simulations examine the importance of that trade-off.
18. 17CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Sources for Numeric Values
■ External costs
– Particulates/NOx: Matthews et al., J. Infrastructure Systems (2001)
– CO2: Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Carbon (2014)
– All other external costs: Government Accountability Office (2011)
■ Carrier rates (prices per ton-mile)
– Department of Transportation, Surface Transportation Board, and
Congressional Budget Office
■ Mode-choice elasticities
– Jones, Nix, and Schwier (1990), from “NCHRP Report 388: A Guidebook for
Forecasting Freight Transportation Demand,” Transportation Research
Board (1997)
■ Ton-miles of freight shipped in 2007
– Freight Analysis Framework, based on the Commodity Flow Survey