Erving Goffman was a Canadian-American sociologist born in 1922 in Alberta, Canada. He is considered one of the most influential microsociologists of the 20th century. Goffman viewed social life as a dramatic performance and developed the idea of impression management, where people attempt to control the perceptions others have of them. He argued that people act as performers playing roles on a social stage. Some of Goffman's most influential works include The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959), Asylums (1961), and Frame Analysis (1974). Goffman saw individuals managing their public identities through techniques of impression management and viewed social interaction as a strategic ritual managed through facework.
Goffman and the online worldApproaching Goffman's Presentation of Self
Duncan Chapple
Who?
Erving Goffman ‘22-’83
Important, long-lasting impact
Field work mid-century in Shetlands
Became interested in micro-sociology
What’s happening in the kitchen
Goffman describes the offline world
Social interaction: “that which uniquely transpires in social situations—in environments in which two or more individuals are physically in one another’s response presence.”
Situation: “any physical area anywhere within which two or more persons find themselves in visual and aural range of one another.”
Framework
The stage
Helps understand what’s happening
Belief in the role one is playing
Impression management
Character is the process added to individuals to turn them into persons
Masks
Status
Setting: the spaces are controlled
Appearance: non-verbal communications
Manner: also shows status and comfort
Framework
Dramatic realisations
In the present of others, there are signals and signs
Dependent on setting
Members stress their habits and routines
Idealisation
Individuals incorporate and exemplify officially accredited values
Our own intentions are idealised: we think we are meeting society’s expectations
The debate: Is Goffman’s framework still applicable to the online world?
The stage
Status
Dramatic realisations
Idealisation
Comparison of different views on the contemporaneity of Goffman’s ideas
Rethinking central assumptions of Goffman
Global situations (e.g. foreign exchange market) change forms of the Goffmanian interaction order
New concepts needed to explain global situations
Synthetic situation: People received by machine (phone etc); no co-location
Time transaction: Asyncronous
Globally-oriented interactionism abandons assumptions of Goffman
Physical presence
Focus on human interaction and human mutual monitoring
Local focus of a situation
What constitutes global andsynthetic situations?
Global situations are synthetic situations... “that include electronically transmitted on-screen projections that add informational depth and new response requirements to the “ecological huddle” (Goffman 1964:135) of the natural situation”
Synthetic situations are defined as…“an environment augmented (and temporalized) by fully or partially scoped components—in which we find ourselves in one another’s and the scopic components’ response presence, without needing to be in one another’s physical presence.”
In-depth look at synthetic situations
Different types of synthetic situations involve different systematics of reciprocity, accountability, rule-governedness etc.
Features of synthetic situations
Informational (perhaps less contextual, more on the matter at hand)
Temporal nature
Symbolic interaction partners (participants interact through symbolic ‘faces’ of both individuals and also the ‘collective’ as a mar
Goffman and the online worldApproaching Goffman's Presentation of Self
Duncan Chapple
Who?
Erving Goffman ‘22-’83
Important, long-lasting impact
Field work mid-century in Shetlands
Became interested in micro-sociology
What’s happening in the kitchen
Goffman describes the offline world
Social interaction: “that which uniquely transpires in social situations—in environments in which two or more individuals are physically in one another’s response presence.”
Situation: “any physical area anywhere within which two or more persons find themselves in visual and aural range of one another.”
Framework
The stage
Helps understand what’s happening
Belief in the role one is playing
Impression management
Character is the process added to individuals to turn them into persons
Masks
Status
Setting: the spaces are controlled
Appearance: non-verbal communications
Manner: also shows status and comfort
Framework
Dramatic realisations
In the present of others, there are signals and signs
Dependent on setting
Members stress their habits and routines
Idealisation
Individuals incorporate and exemplify officially accredited values
Our own intentions are idealised: we think we are meeting society’s expectations
The debate: Is Goffman’s framework still applicable to the online world?
The stage
Status
Dramatic realisations
Idealisation
Comparison of different views on the contemporaneity of Goffman’s ideas
Rethinking central assumptions of Goffman
Global situations (e.g. foreign exchange market) change forms of the Goffmanian interaction order
New concepts needed to explain global situations
Synthetic situation: People received by machine (phone etc); no co-location
Time transaction: Asyncronous
Globally-oriented interactionism abandons assumptions of Goffman
Physical presence
Focus on human interaction and human mutual monitoring
Local focus of a situation
What constitutes global andsynthetic situations?
Global situations are synthetic situations... “that include electronically transmitted on-screen projections that add informational depth and new response requirements to the “ecological huddle” (Goffman 1964:135) of the natural situation”
Synthetic situations are defined as…“an environment augmented (and temporalized) by fully or partially scoped components—in which we find ourselves in one another’s and the scopic components’ response presence, without needing to be in one another’s physical presence.”
In-depth look at synthetic situations
Different types of synthetic situations involve different systematics of reciprocity, accountability, rule-governedness etc.
Features of synthetic situations
Informational (perhaps less contextual, more on the matter at hand)
Temporal nature
Symbolic interaction partners (participants interact through symbolic ‘faces’ of both individuals and also the ‘collective’ as a mar
Presentation of Erving Goffman`s dramaturgical approach.
SEMINAR FOR FIRST-YEAR PHD/EDD STUDENTS - FALL 2009 & WINTER 2010 University of Calgary
I will be happy to share the full text for this presentation if you need it. Contact me avatarnadezda@gmail.com
DRAMATURGICAL-THEORY.pptx (People are giving a performance, showing one of th...ejemjunrex
When an individual enters the presence of others, they commonly seek to acquire information about him or to bring into play information about him already possessed. They will be interested in his general socio-economic status, his conception of self, his attitude toward them, his competence, his trustworthiness, etc.
1- Discuss Cooley and his theory of socialization 2-Define the co.pdfinfo824691
1- Discuss Cooley and his theory of socialization ?
2-Define the concept of socialization in detail?
3- Discuss Goffman and his theory of socialization. Discuss four of the phrases he used in his
analysis of social structure.such as front stage ,back stage impression management
4- Discuss the concept of anticipatory socialization and relate it to your life on campus ?
Solution
Ans 1 :Cooley and his theory of socialization :
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept, created by Charles Horton Cooley in
1902 (McIntyre 2006), stating that a person\'s self grows out of society\'s interpersonal
interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping their self-concepts
based on their understanding of how others perceive them. Cooley clarified that society is an
interweaving and inter-working of mental selves. The term \"looking glass self\" was first used
by Cooley in his work, Human Nature and the Social Order in 1902.
There are three main components of the looking-glass self:
1. First, we imagine how we must appear to others.
2. Second, we imagine the judgment of that appearance.
3. Finally, we develop our self through the judgments of others.
Ans 2 : Concept of socialization :
Socialisation is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political
scientists, and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating
norms, customs, values and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits
necessary for participating within their own society. Socialization is thus \"the means by which
social and cultural continuity are attained\".
Socialisation describes a process which may lead to desirable outcomes—sometimes labeled
\"moral\"—as regards the society where it occurs. Individual views on certain issues, for instance
race or economics, are influenced by the society\'s consensus and usually tend toward what that
society finds acceptable or \"normal\". Many socio-political theories postulate that socialization
provides only a partial explanation for human beliefs and behaviors, maintaining that agents are
not blank slates predetermined by their environment; scientific research provides evidence that
people are shaped by both social influences and genes. Genetic studies have shown that a
person\'s environment interacts with his or her genotype to influence behavioral outcomes.
Ans 2 : Goffman and his theory of socialization :
Dramaturgy is a sociological perspective commonly used in microsociological accounts of social
interaction in everyday life. The term was first adapted into sociology from the theatre by Erving
Goffman, who developed most of the related terminology and ideas in his 1959 book,The
Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
In dramaturgical sociology it is argued that the elements of human interactions are dependent
upon time, place, and audience. In other words, to Goffman, the self is a sense of who one is, a
dramatic effect emergin.
Presentation of Erving Goffman`s dramaturgical approach.
SEMINAR FOR FIRST-YEAR PHD/EDD STUDENTS - FALL 2009 & WINTER 2010 University of Calgary
I will be happy to share the full text for this presentation if you need it. Contact me avatarnadezda@gmail.com
DRAMATURGICAL-THEORY.pptx (People are giving a performance, showing one of th...ejemjunrex
When an individual enters the presence of others, they commonly seek to acquire information about him or to bring into play information about him already possessed. They will be interested in his general socio-economic status, his conception of self, his attitude toward them, his competence, his trustworthiness, etc.
1- Discuss Cooley and his theory of socialization 2-Define the co.pdfinfo824691
1- Discuss Cooley and his theory of socialization ?
2-Define the concept of socialization in detail?
3- Discuss Goffman and his theory of socialization. Discuss four of the phrases he used in his
analysis of social structure.such as front stage ,back stage impression management
4- Discuss the concept of anticipatory socialization and relate it to your life on campus ?
Solution
Ans 1 :Cooley and his theory of socialization :
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept, created by Charles Horton Cooley in
1902 (McIntyre 2006), stating that a person\'s self grows out of society\'s interpersonal
interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping their self-concepts
based on their understanding of how others perceive them. Cooley clarified that society is an
interweaving and inter-working of mental selves. The term \"looking glass self\" was first used
by Cooley in his work, Human Nature and the Social Order in 1902.
There are three main components of the looking-glass self:
1. First, we imagine how we must appear to others.
2. Second, we imagine the judgment of that appearance.
3. Finally, we develop our self through the judgments of others.
Ans 2 : Concept of socialization :
Socialisation is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political
scientists, and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating
norms, customs, values and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits
necessary for participating within their own society. Socialization is thus \"the means by which
social and cultural continuity are attained\".
Socialisation describes a process which may lead to desirable outcomes—sometimes labeled
\"moral\"—as regards the society where it occurs. Individual views on certain issues, for instance
race or economics, are influenced by the society\'s consensus and usually tend toward what that
society finds acceptable or \"normal\". Many socio-political theories postulate that socialization
provides only a partial explanation for human beliefs and behaviors, maintaining that agents are
not blank slates predetermined by their environment; scientific research provides evidence that
people are shaped by both social influences and genes. Genetic studies have shown that a
person\'s environment interacts with his or her genotype to influence behavioral outcomes.
Ans 2 : Goffman and his theory of socialization :
Dramaturgy is a sociological perspective commonly used in microsociological accounts of social
interaction in everyday life. The term was first adapted into sociology from the theatre by Erving
Goffman, who developed most of the related terminology and ideas in his 1959 book,The
Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
In dramaturgical sociology it is argued that the elements of human interactions are dependent
upon time, place, and audience. In other words, to Goffman, the self is a sense of who one is, a
dramatic effect emergin.
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Define the processes of socialization and resocialization;
2. Describe how we come to develop a social self;
3. Explain Goffman's theory of dramaturgy;
4. Identify the primary agents of socialization;
5. Relate examples of re/socialization that fall within the disciplinary field of criminology
SocializationWhat is SocializationSocializa.docxsamuel699872
Socialization
What is Socialization?
Socialization
Socialization is the lifelong process through which people learn attitudes, values and behaviors to a particular culture. Internalizing culture = socialization
In short, socialization is a constant learning process.
Socialization (or learning) is both formal and informal.
Formal: Police officers are formally taught in the academy.
Informal: Police officers learn informal behavior from the streets and their veteran partners.
Isolation & Socialization
Isolation: To cut off from groups and individuals.
To what extent was Isabelle cut off from others?
For her first 6 years, Isabelle lived in a dark room, a storage room.
Isabelle’s mother could not speak or hear.
Isabelle’s grandparents were ashamed and kept her hidden.
When found, Isabelle could not speak, laugh, cry or smile.
She had no verbal, and few non-verbal skills.
Isabelle’s case reveals that w/out social experience, an individual remains more of an object than a person.
Emotionless
Emotional
Socialization and Isolation
Note the cases of isolation with Genie and Danielle.
Such children have difficulty recovering from the lack of socialization.
Genie (13 years) was discovered by California authorities in 1970.
Genie had been kept in isolation since she was 20 months old.
In Plant City, Florida (2005), Danielle was discovered.
Danielle lived was in a trash-filled house, in a room filled with dirty diapers.
When found, she was almost 7 and weighed 46 pounds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_IBGS1FQw4
Oprah update on Danielle
Danielle
Danielle & Socialization
Danielle represents the importance of socialization, the importance of social interaction.
Isolation raises questions of child abuse and ethics.
It is difficult to be socialized in a state of isolation.
What should be done with parents who isolate children?
Danielle & Genie reveal that w/out social experience, an individual remains more of an object than a person.
Babies Experimenting with Sound
Babies mimick what they hear even before they know any words.
See YouTube video “Talking Twin Babies – Part 2.”
Two 17-month-olds “talk” back and forth, saying little more than “da da da”.
They “talked” with expression, hand gestures, turn taking and laughter.
They knew what language sounded like.
They learned (socialization) through interaction with family, friends and others. Page 71…
Nature and Nurture
Nature: Human behavior is instinctive. Significance of Heredity.
Charles Darwin supports naturalistic explanations (instinctive human competitiveness).
Examples: People are born criminals, women are naturally emotional & men are naturally rational.
Nurture: Human behavior is learned.
John B Watson supports nurture; he developed a theory called behaviorism.
Behaviorism suggest that human behavior is learned, not instinctive.
Human behavior is shaped by people’s environments.
Nature/Nurture Interplay
What role does biology play in human development?.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
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2. Born in 1922 in Mannville, Alberta
From Ukrainian Jewish parents
From 1937 Goffman
attended St. John's
Technical High
School in Winnipeg
In 1939 he enrolled
at the University of
Manitoba,
majoring in
chemistry
Early 1940s – first
encountours with
sociology (Dennis
Wrong)
He interrupted his
studies and moved
to Ottawa to work
in the film industry
1945 – BA in
sociology and
anthropology
graduated at
University of Toronto
1949 – MA
1951 _ PhD in
sociology
1952 married Angelica Choate
3. 1958 Became a faculty member at the University of California in Berkley
1959 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
•He used the imagery of the theater to portray the importance of human and social
action
1961 Asylum: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates
• examined the nature and effects of being hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital
1962 Full professor
1964 His wife commited suicide
1968 Received Benjamin Franklin Chair in Sociology and anthropology at the
university of Pennsylvania
1971
&
1974
Relations in Public (his ideas about everyday life, seen from a sociological
perspective
Frame Analysis (The study of the organization of social experiences)
1981 73rd president of American Sociological Association
Forms of Talk (includes five essays Each addresses both verbal and nonverbal
communication through a sociolinguistic model)
Goffman married sociolinguist Gillian Sankoff. The following year, their
daughter Alice was born
5. Goffman’s Prominent Theories
•Dramaturgy
•Self
•Impression management
•Interaction order
•Total institutions
•Symbolic interactions
-Emphasises the conscious involvement of the actor in social life
-Recognises that social contact is meaningful
-Identifies the need for understanding action in social situations
•Social stigma:
an attribute, behavior, or reputation which is socially discrediting in a particular way: it
causes an individual to be mentally classified by others in an undesirable, rejected
stereotype rather than in an accepted, normal one.
•Roles
•Gender
6. GOFFMAN, ERVING (1922–82)
the best known and most accessible micro sociologist.
Goffman’s approach centered on his analysis of dramaturgy
a view of social life as a series of dramatic performances, and he was
interested in how the self is shaped by the dramatic interactions between
social actors and their audiences.
Basic unit of
analysis
team
any set of individuals who
cooperate in staging a
single act or routine.
the ways in which people routinely monitor the presentation of their
selves – almost like actors on a stage – in social situations.
7. Stigma
when there is a gap between a
person's virtual social identity and
actual social identity.
emerges
Frames
rules that constrain social
action and function to
organize experience.
Central theme
impression
management
The techniques that social
actors use to maintain
particular images of
themselves when they
encounter problems during
interactions
We control the view the audience
have of us because we are worried
what they will think of us
8. Goffman's Books
The Presentation of
Self in Everyday Life
1959
Asylum
1961
Relations in
public 1971
Frame analysis
1974
Forms of Talk
1981
9. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
Life is a dramatic performance
for us
We ‘perform’ for others.
We present a kind of ‘act’ to
them.
We perform differently in
different situations - and the
world is our ‘stage.
“Life itself is a dramatically enacted thing”
10. In social interactions, humans are actors on a stage playing
a performance for an audience. The only time that
individuals can be themselves and get rid of their role or
identity in society is backstage where no audience is present.
“The World is like a stage”
No matter where you are,
you always “put a mask” to
get where you want and to
be part of something.
11. Politeness developed by Brown and Levinson, who extended Goffman's
dramaturgical approach by proposing a heuristic of politeness strategies people
use to manage face-threatening acts
Face: How people manage their public identities.
Goffman Facework: The process by which people maintain face
Impression Management/ Self Presentation
Face Lose face: To have one's face invalidated by others
Have face: To have it sanctioned
When in the presence of others, one's face is always
on display and others will form impressions and
respond to these impressions
Cooperative
mechanism
Interaction
order
12. BACK STAGE OR REGION
In Erving Goffman’s dramaturgy
Back stage Front stage
Ex: In a restaurant, the kitchen is the back stage area in which waiters can joke,
mock customers and toy with the food. When they come through the door into
the restaurant’s front stage, they are supposed to slip effortlessly into the
controlled performance of the attentive waiter.
13. We present ‘ourselves’ in
six different ways:
Persona Performance staging teams role
Personal
style
14. Persona
“The aspect of someone’s character that is presented to or
perceived by others” or “a role or character adopted by an
author or an actor”
The different personality ‘masks’ we wear in
different situations, for different people.
Formal: Job interviews, meetings
These could include Informal: Being surrounded by friends,
Family: Parent, child, sibling, long
distant relative, etc.
Ex: For instance, the way we behave with our
family on a picnic is different to how we would
behave with prisoners if we worked as a Prison
Warden.
15. Performance
This refers to how we wear our persona or
personality mask.
for example: we could be deadly serious or
likewise laugh with joy.
Performance describes the extent to which the
core self is engaged in the act of self
presentation.
We might be ‘sincere’ in how we behave. We are
honest in what we say and do.
or
We might be ‘cynical’ – and not really believe in
our performance.
16. Staging/ Dramaturgy
Goffman insinuated that people could use
their surroundings when ‘staging’ our
performance of our personae.
What do we need for our ‘performance’?
1. A physical locations.
2. Props/objects.
3. Costume/uniform.
These form the context for our performance.
17. Teams
The group of people we associated in a
social interaction or likewise support in an
event/ circumstance1
Goffman’s suggested that our teams’ are the
company we enlist or support; our friends
and fellow actors
18. Role
‘The function assumed or part played by a person or
thing in a particular situation’.
Our social role plays a massive part of the persona we
give off and the way we perform. It allows us to fit into
the social norms of society, through our primary and
secondary socialisation.
Roles could include; parent, child, sibling, friend,
enemy, teacher, etc.
He argued that we moved from role to role depending
on who we were speaking to, especially given the fact
we had to respect the social hierarchy.
This refers to the individual ‘jobs’ or
responsibilities we have in a ‘team’.
19. Personal style
Personal Style takes into account our own individual
styles. Rather than conforming to the social norms
of a situation or group.
“If we accept everything as it is, we would not leave
room for individuality”
Goffman argues, personal style acts as a glue that
ties and supports together all the rest of the elements
• Without personal style, our performance loses the
chance will have no fluidity and no confidence - we
would become ‘bad actors’
This is what makes you different to others
20. Unusual approach
Unsystematic collection
of his materials
(Small groups)
Insufficient detail to let
others check his
observations
Avoided theory but in
Frame Analysis he set
out the basis for a
systematic framework
Short comings