The document discusses tablets, which are defined as compressed solid dosage forms containing medicaments with or without excipients. Tablets are the most popular dosage form, comprising 70% of total medicines dispensed. They have advantages like precise dosing, low cost, stability, and masking of taste, but can be difficult to swallow for some patients. The document describes the ingredients that make up tablets, including diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, and others. It also classifies tablets based on their route of administration such as oral, vaginal, and others and whether they are coated or uncoated.

3. TABLET IS DEFINED AS A COMPRESSED SOLID
DOSAGE FORM CONTAINING MEDICAMENTS WITH OR
WITHOUT EXCIPIENTS. ACCORDING TO THE INDIAN
PHARMACOPOEIA PHARMACEUTICAL TABLETS ARE
SOLID, FLAT OR BICONVEX DISHES, UNIT DOSAGE
FORM, PREPARED BY COMPRESSING A DRUGS OR A
MIXTURE OF DRUGS, WITH OR WITHOUT DILUENTS.
THEY VARY IN SHAPE AND DIFFER GREATLY IN SIZE
AND WEIGHT, DEPENDING ON AMOUNT OF MEDICINAL
SUBSTANCES AND THE INTENDED MODE OF
ADMINISTRATION. IT IS THE MOST POPULAR DOSAGE
FORM AND 70% OF THE TOTAL MEDICINES ARE
DISPENSED IN THE FORM OF TABLET. ALL
MEDICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE IN THE TABLET FORM
EXCEPT WHERE IT IS DIFFICULT TO FORMULATE OR
ADMINISTER.

4. ADVANTAGES
OF TABLETS

5. THE ADVANTAGES OF THE TABLET
DOSAGE FORM ARE:
1. THEY ARE UNIT DOSAGE FORM AND OFFER THE
GREATEST CAPABILITIES OF ALL ORAL DOSAGE FORM
FOR THE GREATEST DOSE PRECISION AND THE LEAST
CONTENT VARIABILITY.
2. COST IS LOWEST OF ALL ORAL DOSAGE FORM.
3. LIGHTER AND COMPACT.
4. EASIEST AND CHEAPEST TO PACKAGE AND STRIP.
5. EASY TO SWALLOWING WITH LEAST TENDENCY FOR
HANG-UP.
6. SUSTAINED RELEASE PRODUCT IS POSSIBLE BY
ENTERIC COATING.
ADVANTAGES OF TABLETS

6. 7.Objectionable odor and bitter taste can be
masked by coating technique.
8. Suitable for large scale production.
9. Greatest chemical and microbial stability over
all oral dosage form.
10. Product identification is easy and rapid
requiring no additional steps when employing an
embossed and/or monogrammed punch face
11. Product identification is easy and rapid
requiring no additional steps when employing an
embossed and/or monogrammed punch face.

7. DISADVANTAGES OF
TABLETS

8. DISADVANTAGES OF TABLETS
Disadvantages of Tablet dosage form are:
1. Difficult to swallow in case of children and unconscious
patients.
2. Some drugs resist compression into dense compacts,
owing to amorphous nature, low density character.
3. Drugs with poor wetting, slow dissolution properties,
optimum absorption high in GIT may be difficult to formulate
or manufacture as a tablet that will still provide adequate or
full drug bioavailability.
4. Bitter testing drugs, drugs with an objectionable odor or
drugs that are sensitive to oxygen may require encapsulation
or coating. In such cases, capsule may offer the best and
lowest cost.

9. 1. A tablet should have elegant product identity while
free of defects like chips, cracks, discoloration, and
contamination.
2. Should have sufficient strength to withstand
mechanical shock during its production packaging,
shipping and dispensing.
3. Should have the chemical and physical stability to
maintain its physical attributes over time
4. The tablet must be able to release the medicinal
agents in a predictable and reproducible manner.
5. Must have a chemical stability over time so as not to
follow alteration of the medicinal agents.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF DRUGS

10. TABLET
INGREDIENTS:
Tablet Ingredients include:
1.Diluent.
2.Binder and Adhesive.
3.Disintegrants
4.Lubricants and Glidants.
5.Colouring Agent.
6.Flavouring Agents.
7.Sweetening Agent.

11. Diluents are filters used to make required bulk of the tablet
when the drug dosage itself is inadequate to produce a bulk. A
diluents should have following properties:
1.They must be non toxic.
2.Their cost must be low.
3.They must be colour compatible.
4.They must be free from all microbial contamination.
COMMONLY USED TABLET DILUENTS:
Sorbitol
Mannitol
Dextrose
Calcium sulphate dihydrate
Sucrose-sugartab
DILUENTS:

12. “These materials are added
either dry or in wet-form to
form granules or to form
cohesive compacts for directly
compressed tablet”
Example: Acacia, tragacanth-
Solution for 10-25% Conc.
-Gelatin-10-20% solution.
-Glucose-50% solution.
-Sodium aliginate.
-Sorbitol.
Added to a tablet formulation to
facilitate its breaking or
disintegration when it contact in
water in the GIT.
-EXAMPLE: Starch 5-20% of tablet
weight.
“Superdisintegrants swells up to ten
fold within 30 seconds when contact
water”
A portion of disintegrants is added
before granules and a portion before
compression, which as glidants or
lubricant.
BINDERS AND
ADHESIVE
DISINTEGRANTS:

13. Lubricants are intended to prevent adhesion of the
tablet materials to the surface of dies and
punches,reduce inter particle friction and may
improve the rate of flow of the tablet granulation.
Glidants are intended to promote flow of granules or
powder material by reducing the friction between the
particles.
-Example: Lubricants-Stearic acid,stearic acid salt,
magnesium stearate, Talc, Surfactants,
PEG(Polyethylene glycols)
-GLIDANTS-Corn Starch 5-10% conc, Talc 5%conc,
silica derivative-Collodial silicas etc.
LUBRICANTS AND GLIDANTS:

14. COLORING AGENT
Coloring agent: The use of colors and dyes in a tablet has
three purposes: (1) Masking of off color drugs (2) Product
Identification (3) Production of more elegant product All
coloring agents must be approved and certified by FDA. Two
forms of colors are used in tablet preparation – FD &C and D
& C dyes. These dyes are applied as solution in the
granulating agent or Lake form of these dyes. Lakes are
dyes absorbed on hydrous oxide and employed as dry
powder coloring. Example: FD & C yellow 6-sunset yellow
FD & C yellow 5- Tartrazine FD & C green 3- Fast Green FD
& C blue 1- Brilliant Blue FD & C blue 2 - Indigo carmine D &
C red 3- Erythrosine. D & C red 22 – Eosin Y

15. FLAVORING AGENT
For chewable tablet- flavor oil are used

16. SWEETING AGENT
For chewable tablets: Sugar, mannitol.
Saccharine (artificial): 500 time’s sweeter
than sucrose
Disadvantage: Bitter aftertaste and
carcinogenic Aspartame (artificial)
Disadvantage: Lack of stability in presence
of moisture.

17. CLASSIFICAT
ION OF
TABLETS

18. Tablets are classified on the
basis of
Route of Drug Delivery System And Route Of
Administration
Coating And Uncoating Tablets
dosage Form

19. Route of Drug Delivery System And
Route Of Administration

20. 1. ORALLY INGESTED
TABLETS
Over 90% of tablets are
manufactured are ingested
orally. These are designed to
be swallowed intact, with
exception of chewable tablets.

21. A.COMPRESSED TABLETS OR STANDARD COMPRESSED TABLETS:FOR
EXAMPLE: ANTACIDS AND ADSORBENTS.
B. MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLETS: FOR
EXAMPLE LEVODOPA AND CARBIDOPA

22. C. Delayed Action and
Enteric
Coated Tablets: For
Example aspirin or
potassium chloride

23. D. Sugar-Coated Tablets: They are
utilizing in preparing many
multivitamin and multivitamin
mineral combinations. For
example: Perphenazine tablets
E. Film-Coated Tablets: These are an
alternative to sugar coated tablets in
which
drug is not required in the coating.
For
example : Erythrocin and Elavil

24. Chewable Tablets:
Intended to be
chewed in the
mouth prior to
swallowing and
are
not intended to be
swallowed intact.

25. 2. Tablets
Used In
The Oral
Cavity

26. A. Buccal And
Sublingual
TAblets:
For Example:
Infatabs and Amoxil

27. B. Troches and Lozenges: They intended to exert local effect in mouth and
throat.For
example: Strepsils, Tunes and Vicks
C. Dental Cones: They are designated to be placed in the empty socket
remaining
following a tooth extraction. Use to prevent multiplication of bacteria in the
socket and reduce bleeding.

28. 3. Tablets Administered By Other
Routes

29. A. Vaginal Tablets / Inserts:
These
are uncoated bullet shaped or
ovoid tablets. They are
designated to undergo slow
dissolution and drug release in
vaginal cavity. Used to treat
antibacterial,
antiseptic,vaginitis,
antifungals like candidiasis or
to release steroids for systemic
absorption. For Example:
Estring, Femring and Premarin

30. B. implantation/ Depot
Tablets: They are not
more than 8mm in
length. THey are
designed for
subcutaneous
implantation provide
constant drug delivery
rate. For Example:
Clopixol and Piportil

31. 4. Tablets
Used To
Prepare
Solutions

32. A. Effervescent Tablets: They are designed to produce a
solution rapidly with the
simultaneously realases of CO2 with mixture of organic acids
like citric acid,
tartaric acid and NAHCO3. Examples are Aspirin and Saline
cathartics.
B. Dispensing Tablets: Intended to be added to a given volume
of water by the
pharmacist or the consumer, to produce a solution of a given
drug concentration.
C. Hypodermic Tablets: They are composed of one or more
drugs with other readily
soluble water soluble ingredients and are intended to be added
to sterile water or
WFI.

33. Dosage Form Of Tablets Are
A. Pill: Today, pills include tablets, capsules, and variants thereof like
caplets—essentially anything with medication that can be digested, minus the
liquid forms, colloquially falls into the pill category.
B. Caplet: A caplet is a smooth, coated, oval-shaped medicinal tablet in the
general
shape of a capsule. Many caplets have an indentation running down the middle so
they may be split in half easier.[3]
C. Orally disintegrating tablet (ODT): An orally disintegrating tablet or
orodispersible
tablet (ODT), is a drug dosage form available for a limited range of
over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications.

34. 3. Classification On
The Basis of Coated
And Uncoated Tablets

35. A. Coated Tablets
Coated tablets are enteric coated
They may be film coated
They may be implanted
They are modified release tablets of sugar coating
B. Uncoated Tablets
They are chewable tablets
They may b effervescent tablets
They are of lozenge tablet
They are sublingual tablet

36. ORAL INGESTED TABLETS:
Over 90% of tablets manufactured are
ingested orally.
These are designed to be swallowed
intact, with exception of chewable
tablets.

37. DIFFERENT TYPE OF TABLETS:
TABLETS INGESTED
ORALLY:

38. COMPRESSED TABLETS:
DEFINITION:
A tablets prepared, usually as a
large-scale production, by means of great
pressure; most compressed tablets consist of the
active ingredient and a diluent, binder
disintegrator ,and lubricant.
Example: Paracctamol tablet.

39. It provide rapid disintegration and drug release.
Mostly intended to exert local action in GIT.
Typically includes water insoluble drugs such as
antacids and absorbents.
Other drugs having systemic effect have some
aqueous solubility, dissolved from tablets and
disintegrate tablet fragments in GI contents and are
then absorbed and distributed in the body.
PROPERTIES OF
COMPRESSED TABLETS:

40. MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLETS:
DEFINITION:-
Multiple compressed tablets are compressed tablets
made by more than one compression cycle.
 LAYERED TABLETS: are tablets prepared by
compressing additional tablet granulation on a previously
compressed tablet. This operation may be repeated a
number of time to produce a multi-layered tablet.
COMPRESSION-COATED TABLETS: are tablets
prepared by feeding a previously compressed tablets
into a special tablet machine and compressing
another layer around this performed tablets.

41. SUGAR COATED TABLETS:
DEFINITION:
Sugar coated tablets are coating that
cover up medicinal objectionable tastes and
odours, and protect sensitive medicinals subjects
to deterioration. Sugar-coated may be coated
with a colored or an uncolored sugar. The
process includes seal coating(waterproofing),
sub-coating, syrup coating(for smoothing and
coloring), and polishing. Sugar-coated tablets
may be 50% larger and heavier than the usual
tablet.
Example: Multivitamin tablet.

42. An elegant , glossy, easy-to-swallow tablet
dosage form.
They permit separation of incompatible
ingredients between coating and core , and
utilized in preparing many multivitamin and
minerals combinations.
PROPERTIES OF SUGAR
COATED TABLETS:

43. The process is time consuming and require skilled
coating artisans.
Sugar coatings typically double tablet weight.
They are easily mistaken for a candy by children.
DISADVANTAGES:

44. FILM COATED TABLETS:
These are alternative to sugar coated tablets in which
drug is not required in the coating.
The film coating composition consists of one or more
polymers, a plasticizer for the polymer and a surfactent,
all delivered to the tablets in solution from an organic or
aqueous solvent.
POLYMER USED: hydroxypropyl cellulose,
hydroxypropyl, methylcellulose, 30% ethylcellulose
dispersion (aquacoat).
Example: Metronidazole tablet.

45. Tasteless.
Tablet coating operation takes only one or more
hours.
Little increase in table weight than sugar-
coated.
Avoidance of sugar, which is contraindicated in
diet of some people.
ADVANTAGES:

46. MAJOR DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN SUGAR &
FILM COATING
FEATURES FILM COATING SUGAR COATING
APPEARANCE Retain countour of original
core. usually not as shiny
as sugar coat type.
Rounded with high degree
of polish.
WEIGHT INCREASE BECAUSE
OF COATING MATERIAL.
2-3 % 30-50 %
LOGO OR “BREAK LINES” Possible Not Possible
PROCESS STAGE Usually single stage. Multistage process
TYPICAL BATCH COATING
TIME.
1.5 to 2.0 hours. Eight hours but easily
longer.
FUNCTIONAL COATINGS Easily adaptable for
controlled release.
Not usually possible apart
from enteric coating.

47. CHEWABLE TABLETS:
DEFINITION :
Chewable tablets are tablets that
disintegrate smoothly and quickly when chewed
or allowed to dissolve in the oral cavity, giving a
creamy base from specially colored and flavored
mannitol. This formulation is terrific for children
that commonly applied to multivitamin tablets.

48. Provide a unit dosage form of medication which can be easily
administered to infants and children or to the elderly, who may have
difficulty swallowing a tablet intact.
Bitter or foul tasting drugs can not be given by this dosage form.
ADVANTAGE:
DISADVANTAGE:

49. ENTERIC-COATED TABLETS
(ECT):
DEFINITION:
These are compressed tablets coated with
substance that resist solution in gastric fluid but
disintegrate in the intestine. It can be used for tablets
containing drug substance which are inactivated or
destroyed in the stomach, for those which irritate the
mucosa or as a means of delayed release of the
medication.

50. Enteric coated tablets are used for drug such as:
Drugs irritating to gastric mucosa which include aspirin
and strong electrolytes such as NH4CL.
Drugs that are destroyed by low pH of stomach.
Drugs that cause nausea and vomiting if released in
stomach.
Drugs that are to be released undiluted and in highest
possible concentration within intestine.
ADVANTAGES:

51. TABLETS USE TO PREPARE
SOLUTION
MADE BY:AMMARA AKRAM

52. EFFERVESCENT TABLETS
Effervescent Tablet Are
Designed To Produce A
Solution Rapidly With
The Simultaneous
Release Of CO2
Prepared By
Compressing The
Active Ingredient With
The Mixture Of Organic
Acid & NaHCO3

53. PACKAGING…….
Packed In Hermetic Type
Foil Pouches Or Stack
Packed In Cylindirical
Tubes With Minimal Air
Space
E.G Aspirin & Saline
Cathartics

54. DISPENSING TABLETS
Dispensing Tablet A Tablets
Prepared By Molding Or
Compression Used By The
Dispensing Pharmacist To
Obtain Certain Potent
Substances In A
Convenient Form For
Accurate Compounding
Formerly Used To Prepare
Bulk Solutions Of
germicidal Chemical
Not Intended For Internal
Used

55. HYPODERMIC
TABLETS
A Tablet That
Dissolve
Completely In
Water To Forman
Injectible Solution

56. TRITURATE
TABLETS,……….
A Small Usually
Cylinderic Molded Or
Compressed Disk Of
Varying Size
Contaning Diluent
Usually Dextrose Or
Mixture Of Lactose
Powder Sucrose &
Moistening Agent Or
Excipient Such As
Dilute Alcohal

57. ADVANTIGES……
Provide A Mean Of Extemporaneously
Preparing A Solution Contaning Accurate Drug
Dose.
They Produce Pleasantly Flavored
Carbonated Drink Which Assists In masking
The Taste Of Certain Drugs.

58. DISADVANTAGES……
Difficulty Of Producing A Chamically Stable Product.
Moisture In Air During Product Preparation May Be
Adequate To Initiate Effervescent Reactivity.
During The Course Of Reaction , Water Is Liberated
Which Autocatalyzes The Reaction.
Compression Of Tablet In The Hands Of The
Consumer.

59. TABLETS ADMINISTERED BY OTHER
ROUTES

60. These are uncoated bullet shaped
or ovoid tablets. They are
designated to undergo slow
dissolution and drug release in
vaginal cavity. Used to treat
antibacterial, antiseptic,vaginitis,
antifungals like candidiasis or to
release steroids for systemic
absorption.
VAGINAL TABLETS /
INSERTS

61. They are small, cylinderical or rossete
shaped forms, not more than 8mm in
length. THey are designed for
subcutaneous implantation provide
constant drug delivery rate.
IMPLANTATION/ DEPOT
TABLETS

62. TABLETS USED IN ORAL
CAVITY

63. TABLET USED IN ORAL CAVITY
The tablets under this group are aimed release API in
oral cavity or to provide local action in this region. The
tablets under this category avoids first-pass metabolism,
decomposition in gastric environment, nauseatic
sensations and gives rapid onset of action. The tablets
formulated for this region are designed to fit in proper
region of oral cavity.

64. LOZENGES AND TROUCHES
The tablet is a flat faced at least about 18mm in diameter and meant to suck and
dissolves in the mouth. The compressed tablet is called troches and the tablets
produced by fusion or candy molding process are called lozenges. Flavours and
sweeteners are added to make tablets palatable. The tablet generally contains sucrose
or lactose and gelatin solution to impart smooth taste. Lozenges for local action in
mouth/ throat are: antiseptics, antibiotics, demulcents, antitussive agents or
astringents. To produce systemic action: multivitamin tablet
EXAMPLE
CHLORHEXIDINE

66. SUBLINGUAL TABLET
The drug which is destroyed or inactivated within the gastrointestinal tract but can be absorbed
through the mucosal tissue of the oral cavity is usually given in this formulation. The tablet is
required to be placed below the tongue for the slow release of drug. But for immediate effect some
medicaments are formulated in such a way to dissolve within 1 to 2 minutes. Nitroglycerin is
prepared in this formulation
After the tablet is placed in the mouth below the tongue, the patient should avoid eating, drinking,
smoking and possibly talking in order to keep the tablet in place. Swallowing of saliva should also be
avoided since the saliva may contain dissolved drug
Bland excipients are used to avoid salivary stimulation. Due to inconvenience in administration, this
dosage form is prepared only for those API(s) for which the only satisfactory nonparenteral method is
this route. For example, Glyceryl trinitrate (vasodilator) and Isoprinosine sulphate (bronchodilator).

68. BUCCAL TABLET
Completeness of drug absorption is desired but fast drug
absorption is not intended. The tablets are designed not to
disintegrate. They are flat elliptical or capsule shaped tablets
as it can be easily held between gum and cheek. It's placed
near the opening of parotid duct to provide the medium to
dissolve the tablet.
Since this tablet is to be kept for 30-60 minutes in oral cavity,
care should be taken to see that all the ingredients are finely
divided to avoid gritty or irritating sensation. This tablet is
most often used when replacement hormonal therapy is to be
administered. Antifungal drugs are preferred to be
administered by this route. e.g., Miconazole - under
preclinical trial - still not in market

70. DENTAL CONES
These tables are designed to be loosely packed in the
empty socket remaining following a tooth extraction
Main purpose behind the use of this tablet is either to
prevent multiplication of bacteria in the socket by
employing a slow releasing antibacterial compound or
to reduce bleeding by an astringent or coagulant
containing tablet. It's formulated to dissolve or erode
slowly in presence of a small volume of serum or fluid
over 20-40 minutes period