This document discusses different types of displacement and position sensors. It describes potentiometers, linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), inductive proximity sensors, and rotary encoders as common position sensing technologies. Rotary encoders are further categorized as incremental encoders, which provide a pulse count relative to the starting position, and absolute encoders, which output a unique code for every position.
The L298 Driver is a high voltage, high current dual ful bridge driver designed to accept standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such relays, solenoids, DC and stepping motors. Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device independently of the input signals. The emitters of the lower transistors of each bridge are connected together the corresponding external terminal can be used for the connection of an external sensing resistor.
The document provides an overview of optical encoders from Grayhill Inc., including how they work, common parameters, and applications. It describes incremental and absolute encoders, as well as human interface, general purpose, special function, and machine interface encoder products. Specific encoder models are detailed along with their typical resolution, features, and suitable applications.
Infrared IR Sensor Circuit Diagram and Working Principleelprocus
An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations.
This document discusses different types of actuation systems used in control systems, focusing on pneumatic and hydraulic systems. It describes how directional control valves are used to direct fluid flow through pneumatic and hydraulic systems. Common types of directional control valves include spool valves, rotary spool valves, and poppet valves. Process control valves are also discussed, along with how diaphragm actuators are used to control fluid flow rates. Finally, the document briefly covers single-acting and double-acting cylinders used in pneumatic and hydraulic systems.
The document discusses different types of sensors based on their output and principles of operation. There are discrete (digital) sensors that provide a single logical output and proportional (analog) sensors that provide an output such as voltage or current. Optical, inductive, reed, magnetic, and capacitive sensors are described in terms of their operating principles, outputs, advantages, and limitations. Symbols are provided for common sensor types.
The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET). It has an insulated gate, whose voltage determines the conductivity of the device. This ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. Although FET is sometimes used when referring to MOSFET devices, other types of field-effect transistors also exist.
The ultrasonic sensor transmits ultrasonic waves above 20 kHz and detects the reflected waves with a receiver to measure distance. The HC-SR04 module can measure distances from 2 to 400 cm with 5V power and works by sending a 10 microsecond trigger signal to initiate a transmission, then measuring the echo pulse width to calculate the distance. Ultrasonic sensors can be used to measure distance, level, presence and more without contact and have applications in obstacle detection robots, parking assistance systems and more.
This document discusses an optical encoder which converts rotational motion into an electrical signal. It consists of a light emitting diode (LED), slotted disk, and phototransistors. As the disk rotates, light pulses from the LED pass through its slots and are detected by the phototransistors, generating a sine wave. This wave is converted into a square wave and measured to determine pulses per revolution and revolutions per minute (RPM) using a LabVIEW program, allowing rotational speed to be monitored.
The L298 Driver is a high voltage, high current dual ful bridge driver designed to accept standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such relays, solenoids, DC and stepping motors. Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device independently of the input signals. The emitters of the lower transistors of each bridge are connected together the corresponding external terminal can be used for the connection of an external sensing resistor.
The document provides an overview of optical encoders from Grayhill Inc., including how they work, common parameters, and applications. It describes incremental and absolute encoders, as well as human interface, general purpose, special function, and machine interface encoder products. Specific encoder models are detailed along with their typical resolution, features, and suitable applications.
Infrared IR Sensor Circuit Diagram and Working Principleelprocus
An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations.
This document discusses different types of actuation systems used in control systems, focusing on pneumatic and hydraulic systems. It describes how directional control valves are used to direct fluid flow through pneumatic and hydraulic systems. Common types of directional control valves include spool valves, rotary spool valves, and poppet valves. Process control valves are also discussed, along with how diaphragm actuators are used to control fluid flow rates. Finally, the document briefly covers single-acting and double-acting cylinders used in pneumatic and hydraulic systems.
The document discusses different types of sensors based on their output and principles of operation. There are discrete (digital) sensors that provide a single logical output and proportional (analog) sensors that provide an output such as voltage or current. Optical, inductive, reed, magnetic, and capacitive sensors are described in terms of their operating principles, outputs, advantages, and limitations. Symbols are provided for common sensor types.
The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET). It has an insulated gate, whose voltage determines the conductivity of the device. This ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. Although FET is sometimes used when referring to MOSFET devices, other types of field-effect transistors also exist.
The ultrasonic sensor transmits ultrasonic waves above 20 kHz and detects the reflected waves with a receiver to measure distance. The HC-SR04 module can measure distances from 2 to 400 cm with 5V power and works by sending a 10 microsecond trigger signal to initiate a transmission, then measuring the echo pulse width to calculate the distance. Ultrasonic sensors can be used to measure distance, level, presence and more without contact and have applications in obstacle detection robots, parking assistance systems and more.
This document discusses an optical encoder which converts rotational motion into an electrical signal. It consists of a light emitting diode (LED), slotted disk, and phototransistors. As the disk rotates, light pulses from the LED pass through its slots and are detected by the phototransistors, generating a sine wave. This wave is converted into a square wave and measured to determine pulses per revolution and revolutions per minute (RPM) using a LabVIEW program, allowing rotational speed to be monitored.
This document discusses signal conditioning circuits. It defines signal conditioning as the manipulation of an analog signal to meet the requirements of subsequent processing stages. Some key functions of signal conditioning circuits include amplification, filtering, attenuation, and linearization. Operational amplifiers are commonly used to amplify signals in signal conditioning stages. The document provides examples of signal conditioning circuits and discusses their use in applications like analog to digital conversion and control engineering.
The document discusses servomotors, which are motors used in closed-loop control systems. Servomotors consist of a motor, feedback sensor, and control circuitry. The feedback sensor constantly monitors the motor's position and sends signals to compare with the desired position. If a difference is detected, an error signal is sent to adjust the motor until the desired position is reached. Common feedback sensors include potentiometers, resolvers, and encoders. Continuous rotation servomotors can control speed and direction but not precise position.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic components of a PLC including the central processing unit, input and output modules, power supply, and programming software. PLCs were developed to provide flexibility compared to traditional hardwired control systems. The document discusses PLC applications, advantages such as ease of programming and modification, as well as some disadvantages like proprietary aspects. It also covers PLC size, history, and leading manufacturers.
The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, with sensors detecting signals from the real world and actuators generating signals. Electronic sensors typically use primary transducers to convert a parameter into an electrical signal, and secondary transducers to further process the signal. Common sensor components and configurations are described such as op-amps, instrumentation amplifiers, and connecting sensors to microcontrollers and networks. The document also covers transducer types including mechanical, thermal, optical, and chemical. Sensor calibration techniques are discussed to address non-ideal sensor effects.
The document discusses the electrical interface of sensors, dividing it into power (operating voltage) and output signal type. It describes discrete outputs like PNP and NPN transistors that function like a switch, and analog outputs that can represent measurement or position as a varying voltage, current, or digital pulse width. Discrete sensors are generally preferred over 2-wire AC/DC types. The document provides examples of analog applications and reviews the key aspects of a sensor's electrical interface.
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. It detects An Object When The Object Approaches Within The Detection Range And Boundary Of The Sensor. Proximity Sensor Includes All The Sensor That Perform Non-Contact Detection In Comparison To Sensors Such As Limit Switch, That Detect The Object By Physically Contacting Them. It is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact
PLC Ladder Diagram basics, with two solved examples
For more information go to
http://shrutizpresentations.blogspot.in/2014/04/plc-ladder-diagram-basics.html
INFRARED SENSOR WORKING PRINCIPLE AND CIRCUITKaushal Shah
This document summarizes an active learning assignment on infrared sensors. It introduces the topic, explaining that IR sensors are used to detect obstacles like human vision. It then describes the basic components of an IR sensor including the IR LED transmitter, photodiode receiver, and comparator circuitry. The document explains that the IR LED transmits light which bounces off objects and is detected by the photodiode, with the output compared to a reference voltage. Finally, it outlines some common applications of IR sensors and their pros and cons.
well it is about the basics of plc and the working of the plc and the different types of the plc manufactures in the plc plc automation in industries and in the large scale companies.
Tactile sensors and their robotic applicationsAasheesh Tandon
This presentation discusses about artificial tactile sensors, it's comparison with human tactile senses. Further different types of tactile sensors are enlisted ,with a few given in more detail.
Robotic applications are also discussed and then finally future developments in this area is mentioned.
This document discusses inductive proximity sensors. It defines inductive proximity sensors as electronic devices that can detect metal objects without physical contact through the use of magnetic fields. It explains that inductive proximity sensors work by inducing eddy currents in nearby metal objects using a magnetic field, which are then detected. The document notes there are differences between shielded and non-shielded inductive sensors and provides examples of inductive sensor applications like position determination, camshaft interrogation, and use in wind power plants.
There are two main types of input/output modules for a PLC: analog and digital. Analog modules handle continuous signals like 0-10V, 4-20mA, and -20-20mA, while digital modules handle on/off signals represented as 1s and 0s. Common digital inputs include push buttons, switches, and sensors, while common digital outputs include relays, contactors, and lamps. Analog inputs include temperature and pressure sensors, and analog outputs control actuators, valves, and drives. The next video will discuss PLC programming languages.
This document provides an overview of different types of contact and non-contact sensors used in robotics. It discusses position sensors like potentiometers and linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), as well as non-contact sensors such as proximity sensors, encoders, velocity sensors, speed sensors, and accelerometers. These sensors are used to detect properties like position, acceleration, force, and distance without requiring physical contact with objects.
Sensors are devices that receive and respond to external stimuli. They can be classified as passive or active, absolute or relative, based on their operating principles and energy requirements. Sensors have characteristics like transfer function, span, accuracy, calibration, hysteresis, nonlinearity, repeatability, and resolution that describe their performance. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity can affect sensor stability and accuracy over time. An example temperature sensing application using a thermistor sensor interfaced with an analog to digital converter is provided.
This document provides an overview of sensors and actuators. It defines what sensors are, how they work by converting one type of energy to electrical energy. It also distinguishes sensors from transducers. The document discusses different types of sensors including passive and active sensors. It covers key sensor specifications and performance characteristics such as sensitivity, accuracy, bandwidth, resolution and noise. The document provides examples to illustrate sensor classification and performance evaluation.
The document discusses different types of encoders, including linear encoders, optical encoders, and rotary encoders. It describes the basic principles and components of encoders. It provides details on the construction, working, types, specifications, and applications of linear encoders, optical encoders, and rotary encoders. The presentation aims to educate engineers on the fundamentals of encoders.
We provide you Project Temperature Sensors – Types.You can choose the best of your choice and interest from the list of topics we suggested. All new project ideas that are appearing focuses to improve the knowledge of Engineering students.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Project Report Format for Final Year Engineering Students these ideas developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
This document discusses the use of sensors in robotics. It begins by introducing how sensors give robots human-like sensing abilities like vision, touch, hearing, and movement. It then describes several key sensors used in robotics - vision sensors that allow robots to see their environment, touch sensors that allow robots to feel contact and interpret emotions, and hearing sensors that allow robots to perceive speech. The document also lists and describes other common sensors like proximity, range, tactile, light, sound, temperature, contact, voltage, and current sensors and their applications in robotics.
This presentation introduces encoders. It discusses that an encoder is a combinational circuit that performs the reverse operation of a decoder, with a maximum of 2n inputs and n outputs. The simplest encoder is a 2n-to-n binary encoder, where one of the 2n inputs is 1 and the output is an n-bit binary number representing the activated input. An example of an 8-to-3 binary encoder is shown, where only one of the 8 inputs can be activated at a time, and the 3 outputs represent the activated input in binary code.
This document discusses signal conditioning circuits. It defines signal conditioning as the manipulation of an analog signal to meet the requirements of subsequent processing stages. Some key functions of signal conditioning circuits include amplification, filtering, attenuation, and linearization. Operational amplifiers are commonly used to amplify signals in signal conditioning stages. The document provides examples of signal conditioning circuits and discusses their use in applications like analog to digital conversion and control engineering.
The document discusses servomotors, which are motors used in closed-loop control systems. Servomotors consist of a motor, feedback sensor, and control circuitry. The feedback sensor constantly monitors the motor's position and sends signals to compare with the desired position. If a difference is detected, an error signal is sent to adjust the motor until the desired position is reached. Common feedback sensors include potentiometers, resolvers, and encoders. Continuous rotation servomotors can control speed and direction but not precise position.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic components of a PLC including the central processing unit, input and output modules, power supply, and programming software. PLCs were developed to provide flexibility compared to traditional hardwired control systems. The document discusses PLC applications, advantages such as ease of programming and modification, as well as some disadvantages like proprietary aspects. It also covers PLC size, history, and leading manufacturers.
The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, with sensors detecting signals from the real world and actuators generating signals. Electronic sensors typically use primary transducers to convert a parameter into an electrical signal, and secondary transducers to further process the signal. Common sensor components and configurations are described such as op-amps, instrumentation amplifiers, and connecting sensors to microcontrollers and networks. The document also covers transducer types including mechanical, thermal, optical, and chemical. Sensor calibration techniques are discussed to address non-ideal sensor effects.
The document discusses the electrical interface of sensors, dividing it into power (operating voltage) and output signal type. It describes discrete outputs like PNP and NPN transistors that function like a switch, and analog outputs that can represent measurement or position as a varying voltage, current, or digital pulse width. Discrete sensors are generally preferred over 2-wire AC/DC types. The document provides examples of analog applications and reviews the key aspects of a sensor's electrical interface.
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. It detects An Object When The Object Approaches Within The Detection Range And Boundary Of The Sensor. Proximity Sensor Includes All The Sensor That Perform Non-Contact Detection In Comparison To Sensors Such As Limit Switch, That Detect The Object By Physically Contacting Them. It is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact
PLC Ladder Diagram basics, with two solved examples
For more information go to
http://shrutizpresentations.blogspot.in/2014/04/plc-ladder-diagram-basics.html
INFRARED SENSOR WORKING PRINCIPLE AND CIRCUITKaushal Shah
This document summarizes an active learning assignment on infrared sensors. It introduces the topic, explaining that IR sensors are used to detect obstacles like human vision. It then describes the basic components of an IR sensor including the IR LED transmitter, photodiode receiver, and comparator circuitry. The document explains that the IR LED transmits light which bounces off objects and is detected by the photodiode, with the output compared to a reference voltage. Finally, it outlines some common applications of IR sensors and their pros and cons.
well it is about the basics of plc and the working of the plc and the different types of the plc manufactures in the plc plc automation in industries and in the large scale companies.
Tactile sensors and their robotic applicationsAasheesh Tandon
This presentation discusses about artificial tactile sensors, it's comparison with human tactile senses. Further different types of tactile sensors are enlisted ,with a few given in more detail.
Robotic applications are also discussed and then finally future developments in this area is mentioned.
This document discusses inductive proximity sensors. It defines inductive proximity sensors as electronic devices that can detect metal objects without physical contact through the use of magnetic fields. It explains that inductive proximity sensors work by inducing eddy currents in nearby metal objects using a magnetic field, which are then detected. The document notes there are differences between shielded and non-shielded inductive sensors and provides examples of inductive sensor applications like position determination, camshaft interrogation, and use in wind power plants.
There are two main types of input/output modules for a PLC: analog and digital. Analog modules handle continuous signals like 0-10V, 4-20mA, and -20-20mA, while digital modules handle on/off signals represented as 1s and 0s. Common digital inputs include push buttons, switches, and sensors, while common digital outputs include relays, contactors, and lamps. Analog inputs include temperature and pressure sensors, and analog outputs control actuators, valves, and drives. The next video will discuss PLC programming languages.
This document provides an overview of different types of contact and non-contact sensors used in robotics. It discusses position sensors like potentiometers and linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), as well as non-contact sensors such as proximity sensors, encoders, velocity sensors, speed sensors, and accelerometers. These sensors are used to detect properties like position, acceleration, force, and distance without requiring physical contact with objects.
Sensors are devices that receive and respond to external stimuli. They can be classified as passive or active, absolute or relative, based on their operating principles and energy requirements. Sensors have characteristics like transfer function, span, accuracy, calibration, hysteresis, nonlinearity, repeatability, and resolution that describe their performance. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity can affect sensor stability and accuracy over time. An example temperature sensing application using a thermistor sensor interfaced with an analog to digital converter is provided.
This document provides an overview of sensors and actuators. It defines what sensors are, how they work by converting one type of energy to electrical energy. It also distinguishes sensors from transducers. The document discusses different types of sensors including passive and active sensors. It covers key sensor specifications and performance characteristics such as sensitivity, accuracy, bandwidth, resolution and noise. The document provides examples to illustrate sensor classification and performance evaluation.
The document discusses different types of encoders, including linear encoders, optical encoders, and rotary encoders. It describes the basic principles and components of encoders. It provides details on the construction, working, types, specifications, and applications of linear encoders, optical encoders, and rotary encoders. The presentation aims to educate engineers on the fundamentals of encoders.
We provide you Project Temperature Sensors – Types.You can choose the best of your choice and interest from the list of topics we suggested. All new project ideas that are appearing focuses to improve the knowledge of Engineering students.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Project Report Format for Final Year Engineering Students these ideas developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
This document discusses the use of sensors in robotics. It begins by introducing how sensors give robots human-like sensing abilities like vision, touch, hearing, and movement. It then describes several key sensors used in robotics - vision sensors that allow robots to see their environment, touch sensors that allow robots to feel contact and interpret emotions, and hearing sensors that allow robots to perceive speech. The document also lists and describes other common sensors like proximity, range, tactile, light, sound, temperature, contact, voltage, and current sensors and their applications in robotics.
This presentation introduces encoders. It discusses that an encoder is a combinational circuit that performs the reverse operation of a decoder, with a maximum of 2n inputs and n outputs. The simplest encoder is a 2n-to-n binary encoder, where one of the 2n inputs is 1 and the output is an n-bit binary number representing the activated input. An example of an 8-to-3 binary encoder is shown, where only one of the 8 inputs can be activated at a time, and the 3 outputs represent the activated input in binary code.
This document discusses different types of sensors used in industry. It describes sensors such as trip switches, strain gauges, optical sensors like photodiodes, optoswitches, and proximity sensors including inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic, and optical varieties. Position sensors like potentiometric, LVDT, encoders, magnetic pickups, and linear sensors are also covered. The document provides details on operation and applications of these various sensors.
The document discusses various types of sensors and transducers used in mechatronics systems to measure physical quantities like displacement, temperature, pressure, and stress. It describes key elements like sensors that acquire physical parameters and transducers that convert one form of energy to another. Examples of different sensors are provided, like thermistors for temperature sensing and LVDTs for displacement measurement. Characteristics of transducers and sensors like range, sensitivity, accuracy, and response time are also defined.
This document presents a case study on Hall effect sensors and their applications. It begins with an overview of the operating principle of Hall effect sensors, which measure magnetic fields using the Lorentz force. It then discusses the transfer function, characteristics like sensitivity and noise, and various applications of Hall effect sensors in industries like automotive, aerospace, and power plants. Specifically, it explains how Hall effect sensors can be used to measure magnetic fields, linear and angular position, current, and voltage. Examples of different sensor configurations for measuring these parameters are also provided.
Proximity sensors detect the presence of nearby objects using various methods including capacitive, inductive, optical, ultrasonic, and radioactive techniques. Piezoresistive pressure sensors measure pressure changes by detecting changes in resistivity caused by bending of a piezoresistive diaphragm. Hall-effect sensors are used for applications including gear tooth sensing, direction detection, and speed sensing by measuring changes in a magnetic field.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs are solid-state devices that can store and execute instructions to control industrial machines and processes. The history of PLCs is covered from their development in the 1960s to standardization efforts in later decades. Advantages of PLCs like easier changes and documentation are presented. The basic components and functions of a PLC including I/O modules, ladder logic, and networking are described. Examples of PLC applications and implementation tips are also included.
This document provides information about the G7F-ADHA A/D-D/A module for use with GM7 and MASTER-K80S PLCs. It can convert analog inputs like voltage and current to 12-bit digital values, and convert digital values to analog outputs. Specifications and characteristics of the analog input and output are provided. Examples show how to control an inverter's frequency using 0-10VDC or 4-20mA control signals from the module. Wiring diagrams, programming examples, and attached documents are included to help interface the module with an inverter. Frequently asked questions about the module and interfacing with an inverter are also listed.
Chapter5 sensors of robots automation latestAdib Ezio
This chapter discusses sensors used in robot automation. It describes different types of sensors including velocity, acceleration, and position sensors. Velocity sensors measure medium to low frequencies and act as low-pass filters. Acceleration sensors measure the highest frequencies using piezoelectric, strain gage, or servo accelerometers. Position sensors include potentiometers, resolvers, optical encoders, and linear variable differential transformers (LVDT). The chapter concludes by discussing applications of robot sensors in industries like using contact sensors to detect welding seams or non-contact through-the-arc sensors to detect welding parameters.
The document discusses various types of velocity and speed sensors. It describes tachometers, which measure rotational speed using AC or DC generators. A laser surface velocimeter uses the Doppler effect to measure speed on moving surfaces without contact. Piezoelectric sensors convert changes in velocity, pressure, or other factors into an electrical charge. Accelerometers measure proper acceleration by detecting changes in velocity over time.
This document discusses two common pressure measurement devices: the thermocouple gauge and Pirani gauge. Both operate on the principle of detecting changes in thermal conductivity of a gas as pressure varies. The thermocouple gauge uses a thermocouple to sense temperature, while the Pirani gauge uses changes in a heated wire's resistance. The Pirani gauge is preferred over the thermocouple gauge as it is faster, can measure a wider pressure range, and typically offers better accuracy and response time.
Proximity sensors are sensors that can detect nearby objects without physical contact. They work by emitting electromagnetic fields or beams and detecting changes in the fields or returned signals. Common types include capacitive, inductive, ultrasonic, and photoelectric sensors. Proximity sensors are used in applications like parking sensors, aviation safety systems, engine sensors, conveyor systems, and automatic doors. They allow contactless object detection and adaptive control systems.
Actuators and optical speed sensor and application in automatic transmissionZIYAD AMBALANGADAN
This document discusses different types of actuators including hydraulic, pneumatic, and electric actuators. It provides details on the working principles and components of hydraulic actuators, which use pressurized fluids to transmit force via mechanisms like cylinders and pistons. Pneumatic actuators similarly use compressed air. Electric actuators include DC motors that use electromagnets and commutators, stepper motors that move in discrete steps, and optical speed sensors used in automatic vehicle transmissions. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are listed.
Proximity Sensor Detects An Object When The Object Approaches Within The Detection Range And Boundary Of The Sensor. Proximity Sensor Includes All The Sensor That Perform Non Contact Detection In Comparison To Sensors Such As Limit Switch, That Detect The Object By Physically Contacting Them. It is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal target. The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal range". Some sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or means to report a graduated detection distance. Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object. Proximity sensors are commonly used on smart phones to detect (and skip) accidental touch screen taps when held to the ear during a call.[1] They are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings. A change in the sensor's electric or magnetic field can also be used to determine proximity.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de encoders, incluyendo encoders incrementales que generan pulsos con cada ángulo de rotación sin referencia absoluta de posición, y encoders absolutos que proporcionan la posición absoluta mediante un bus paralelo. También discute las ventajas e inconvenientes de cada tipo, así como consideraciones de diseño como la resolución, tensión de alimentación, y tipo de salida.
Actuators are devices that produce motion or action in response to an input signal. Common types of actuators include solenoids, hydraulic cylinders, pneumatic cylinders, motors, and piezoelectric actuators. Actuators convert various energy sources like electrical, fluid, or mechanical energy into motion or force. Common applications include industrial machinery, vehicles, and automation equipment.
The document discusses various analog sensors and transducers used for motion measurement in control systems. It describes potentiometers, variable inductance transducers including linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), permanent magnet transducers, eddy current transducers, and piezoelectric transducers. It explains the operating principles and design considerations for these analog motion sensors.
Sensors are the first element in a measuring system that takes information about a variable being measured and transforms it into a suitable form. Sensors directly measure a physical quantity and transducers convert one form of energy into another. Sensors are essential in robotics for safety monitoring, work cell control, quality inspection, and collecting data. Common sensors used in robotics include position sensors like potentiometers and encoders, proximity sensors, force/torque sensors, and range finders. Temperature can be measured by resistive sensors like thermistors or thermocouples that relate a change in resistance or voltage to a change in temperature.
This document discusses several sensors used in an automatic cashewnut deshelling and packaging machine. It describes the functioning of a quadrature encoder, IR sensor, limit switches, and proximity switch. A quadrature encoder uses two channels to detect rotational position and direction. An IR sensor detects obstacles by emitting and receiving infrared light. Limit switches protect internal switches from external forces and indicate when a limit is reached. Proximity switches generate a magnetic field and detect targets through changes in oscillation caused by eddy currents in the target.
This document discusses different types of displacement, position, and proximity sensors. It describes various contact and non-contact sensors such as potentiometers, strain gauges, LVDTs, capacitive sensors, Hall effect sensors, optical encoders, eddy current sensors, inductive sensors and microswitches. It provides details on their working principles, construction, applications in automation, metrology and other fields. Selection of appropriate sensors depends on factors like required accuracy, resolution, displacement size and cost.
1. The document discusses different types of sensors including displacement sensors like potentiometers, proximity sensors like hall effect and optical sensors.
2. It also discusses velocity sensors including tachometers which measure rotational speed, optical encoders, and force sensors like piezoelectric sensors and strain gauges.
3. Additionally, it covers temperature sensors such as resistance temperature detectors and thermocouples, as well as fluid pressure sensors. The document provides details on the working principles and applications of these various sensors.
Tachogenerators and optical encoders are used to measure rotational movement. Tachogenerators use the principle that a voltage is induced when there is relative motion between a magnetic field and conductor. Optical encoders have a light source and sensor that detect patterns on a rotating disk to provide a digital output proportional to angular position. There are two main types: absolute encoders uniquely represent a given position, while incremental encoders count lines to determine position but not uniquely.
This document provides information about logical sensors and actuators used in industry. It defines logical sensors as devices that detect physical phenomena and return a true or false state. Key logical sensors discussed include contact sensors, proximity sensors, optical sensors, capacitive sensors, inductive sensors and ultrasonic sensors. The document also discusses different types of logical actuators like solenoids, valves, cylinders and electric motors. It provides details on the operation of devices like DC motors, induction motors, synchronous motors and stepper motors.
This document presents the design and working of a capacitive rotary position encoder. The encoder detects the angular position of a rotating body from 0 to 360 degrees. It consists of two parallel copper plates divided into four segments each, with a perspex plate in between that acts as a dielectric. Different dielectric materials like teflon and aluminum foil are used on segments of the perspex plate. As the perspex plate rotates, the capacitance between the copper plates changes depending on the dielectric material in each position. A signal conditioning circuit converts these capacitance changes into voltage variations, allowing the angular position to be determined. The circuit uses a LM324 op-amp to generate a square wave excitation signal and a differentiator circuit to
This document discusses sensors and transducers. It begins by defining sensors as devices that convert physical phenomena into electrical signals, and transducers as the interface between the physical world and electrical devices. It then describes several key performance characteristics of sensors, including transfer function, sensitivity, dynamic range, accuracy, precision, nonlinearity, resolution, stability, and hysteresis. Different types of sensors are classified based on their signal characteristics, power supply needs, and subject of measurement. Examples of common sensors like position, velocity, light, flow, and proximity sensors are provided.
Sensors-and-Actuators-working principle and types of sensorsRameshBabu920476
The document provides an overview of a presentation on sensors and actuators for a robotics club. It discusses:
1. The comparison between transducers, sensors, and actuators.
2. Descriptions and classifications of different sensor types including active vs passive sensors.
3. How actuators work and examples like motors.
4. The computer process control system and concepts like analog to digital conversion, sampling, quantization, and encoding.
Sensor characteristics are described by seven properties: sensitivity, resolution, accuracy, precision, backlash, repeatability, and linearity. Sensors can be classified based on their signal characteristics, power supply, mode of operation, and subject of measurement. Common sensors include those that measure acoustic, biological, chemical, electric, mechanical, optical, radiation, and thermal quantities. Examples of sensors discussed are potentiometers, LVDTs, tachometers, encoders, accelerometers, inertial systems, and strain gauges.
Types of Transducers
Analog and Digital Transducer
Characteristic of Transducer
Selection factor of Transducer
Measurement of Displacement
LVDT and RVDT
Different types of strain Gauges
Manometers
Pressure Measuring Elements
Hall Effect
Thermocouple
The document discusses various types of sensors and transducers, including how they work. It describes infrared (IR) sensors, photodiodes, light dependent resistors (LDRs), thermistors, thermocouples, strain gauges, load cells, potentiometers, encoders, Hall sensors, flex sensors, microphones, and ultrasonic sensors. For each sensor, it provides details on the basic components, working principles, and some common applications.
This document discusses various types of sensors used for robotics and control applications. It covers kinematic sensing technologies like resolvers, absolute encoders, and incremental encoders. It also discusses environmental sensors including contact sensors, tactile arrays, and proximity sensors. The key types of sensors are described in terms of their operating principles and how they provide positional or environmental feedback for robot control systems.
This document discusses different types of mechanical sensors including displacement, proximity, motion, and other sensors. It describes key concepts like transducers, sensors and actuators. Specific sensor types are explained in detail such as potentiometers, inductive sensors, eddy current sensors, capacitive sensors, LVDTs, and encoders. Applications of sensors in various industrial machinery are also mentioned.
Sensors are devices that detect and respond to some type of input from the physical environment. This document discusses several common sensors used in manufacturing, including proximity sensors, LVDT sensors, ultrasonic sensors, encoders, switches, inductive sensors, optical sensors, strain gauges, and pressure switches. It provides details on their functions and applications for tasks like distance sensing, contour tracking, machine vision, and process parameter monitoring. Essential features for sensors in manufacturing include precision, accuracy, response speed, operating range, reliability, ease of calibration, and cost.
cathode ray oscilloscope &function generatormegha agrawal
The document provides information about operating a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO). It describes the key components of a CRO including the cathode ray tube, electron gun, and horizontal and vertical deflection plates. It explains how a CRO works by deflecting an electron beam horizontally and vertically using sawtooth waveforms to display voltage signals on the screen as waveforms. It also lists and describes the main controls of a CRO including those for the vertical, horizontal and trigger sections.
2. • Displacement Measurement
• Measurement of displacement is the basis of
measuring:
• Position
• Velocity
• Acceleration
• Stress
• Force
• Pressure
• Proximity
• Thickness
4. Position Sensors
we will look at a variety of devices which are classed as
Input Devices and are therefore called "Sensors" and in
particular those sensors which are Positional in nature
which means that they are referenced either to or from
some fixed point or position. As their name implies,
these types of sensors provide a "position" feedback.
One method of determining a position, is to use either
"distance", which could be the distance between two
points such as the distance travelled or moved away
from some fixed point, or by "rotation" (angular
movement). For example, the rotation of a robots wheel
to determine its distance travelled along the ground.
Either way, Position Sensors can detect the movement of
an object in a straight line using Linear Sensors or by its
angular movement using Rotational Sensors.
5. The Potentiometer.
• The most commonly used of all the "Position
Sensors", is the potentiometer because it is an
inexpensive and easy to use position sensor. It has a
wiper contact linked to a mechanical shaft that can
be either angular (rotational) or linear (slider type) in
its movement, and which causes the resistance value
between the wiper/slider and the two end
connections to change giving an electrical signal
output that has a proportional relationship between
the actual wiper position on the resistive track and
its resistance value. In other words, resistance is
proportional to position.
6. • Potentiometers come in a wide range of designs and sizes
such as the commonly available round rotational type or the
longer and flat linear slider types. When used as a positional
sensor the moveable object is connected directly to the shaft
or slider of the potentiometer and a DC reference voltage is
applied across the two outer fixed connections forming the
resistive element while the output signal is taken from the
wiper terminal of the sliding contact as shown below thus
producing a potential or voltage divider type circuit output.
Then for example, if you apply a voltage of say 10v across the
resistive element of the potentiometer the maximum output
voltage would be 10 volts and the wiper will vary the output
signal from 0 to 10 volts, with 5 volts indicating that the
wiper or slider is at the half-way centre position.
The output signal (Vout) from the potentiometer is taken
from the centre wiper connection as it moves along the
resistive track, and is proportional to the angular position
of the shaft.
9. • When the armature is moved from one end to the other
through the centre position the output voltages changes
from maximum to zero and back to maximum again but in
the process changes its phase angle by 180 deg's. This
enables the LVDT to produce an output AC signal whose
magnitude represents the amount of movement from the
centre position and whose phase angle represents the
direction of movement of the core.
• A typical application of this type of sensor would be a
pressure transducers, were the pressure being measured
pushes against a diaphragm to produce a force.
• Advantages of the linear variable differential transformer,
or LVDT compared to a resistive potentiometer are that its
linearity, that is its voltage output to displacement is
excellent, very good accuracy, good resolution, high
sensitivity as well as frictionless operation and is sealed
against hostile environments.
10. Inductive Proximity Sensors.
• Another type of inductive sensor in common use is the
Inductive Proximity Sensor also called an Eddy current sensor.
While they do not actually measure displacement or angular
rotation they are mainly used to detect the presence of an
object in front of them or within a close proximity, hence the
name proximity sensors.
• Proximity sensors, are non-contact devices that use a magnetic
field for detection with the simplest magnetic sensor being the
reed switch. In an inductive sensor, a coil is wound around an
iron core within an electromagnetic field to form an inductive
loop. When a ferromagnetic material is placed within the eddy
current field generated around the sensor, such as a
ferromagnetic metal plate or metal screw, the inductance of the
coil changes significantly. The proximity sensors detection
circuit detects this change producing an output voltage.
Therefore, inductive proximity sensors operate under the
electrical principle of Faraday's Law of inductance.
11.
12. • An inductive proximity sensor has four main
components; The oscillator which produces the
electromagnetic field, the coil which generates the
magnetic field, the detection circuit which detects any
change in the field when an object enters it and the
output circuit which produces the output signal, either
with normally closed (NC) or normally open (NO)
contacts.
• Inductive proximity sensors allow for the detection of
metallic objects in front of the sensor head without any
physical contact of the object itself being detected.
This makes them ideal for use in dirty or wet
environments. The "sensing" range of proximity
sensors is very small, typically 0.1mm to 12mm.
13. Rotary Encoders.
• Rotary Encoders resemble potentiometers mentioned
earlier but are non-contact optical devices used for
converting the angular position of a rotating shaft into an
analogue or digital data code. In other words, they convert
mechanical movement into an electrical signal (preferably
digital). All optical encoders work on the same basic
principle. Light from an LED or infra-red light source is
passed through a rotating high-resolution encoded disk
that contains the required code patterns, either binary,
grey code or BCD. Photo detectors scan the disk as it
rotates and an electronic circuit processes the information
into a digital form as a stream of binary output pulses that
are fed to counters or controllers which determine the
actual angular position of the shaft.
• There are two basic types of rotary optical encoders,
Incremental Encoders and Absolute Position Encoders.
14. Incremental Encoder
• Incremental Encoders, also known as quadrature encoders or
relative rotary encoder, are the simplest of the two position
sensors. Their output is a series of square wave pulses
generated by a photocell arrangement as the coded disk,
with evenly spaced transparent and dark lines called
segments on its surface, moves or rotates past the light
source. The encoder produces a stream of square wave
pulses which, when counted, indicates the angular position
of the rotating shaft. Incremental encoders have two outputs
called quadrature outputs that are 90o out of phase and the
direction of rotation can be determined from output
sequence. The number of transparent and dark segments or
slots on the disk determines the resolution of the device and
increasing the number of lines in the pattern increases the
resolution per degree of rotation. Typical encoded discs have
a resolution of up to 256 pulses or 8-bits per rotation.
15. • The simplest incremental encoder is called a tachometer.
It has one single square wave output and is often used in
unidirectional applications where basic position or speed
information only is required. The "Quadrature" or "Sine
wave" encoder is the more common and has two output
square waves commonly called channel A and channel B.
This device uses two photo detectors, slightly offset from
each other by 90o thereby producing two separate sine
and cosine output signals.
16. • By using the Arc Tangent mathematical function the angle of the
shaft in radians can be calculated. Generally, the optical disk used in
rotary position encoders is circular, then the resolution of the
output will be given as: θ = 360/n, where n equals the number of
segments on coded disk. Then for example, the number of
segments required to give an incremental encoder a resolution of
1o will be: 1o = 360/n, therefore, n = 360 windows, etc. Also the
direction of rotation is determined by noting which channel
produces an output first, either channel A or channel B giving two
directions of rotation, A leads B or B leads A. This arrangement is
shown below.
17. • One main disadvantage of incremental encoders when
used as a position sensor, is that they require external
counters to determine the absolute angle of the shaft
within a given rotation.
• If the power is momentarily shut off, or if the encoder
misses a pulse due to noise or a dirty disc, the resulting
angular information will produce an error.
• One way of overcoming this disadvantage is to use
absolute position encoders.
18. Absolute Position Encoder
• Absolute Position Encoders are more complex
than quadrature encoders. They provide a unique
output code for every single position of rotation
indicating both position and direction. Their coded
disk consists of multiple concentric "tracks" of light
and dark segments. Each track is independent with
its own photo detector to simultaneously read a
unique coded position value for each angle of
movement. The number of tracks on the disk
corresponds to the binary "bit"-resolution of the
encoder so a 12-bit absolute encoder would have
12 tracks and the same coded value only appears
once per revolution.
20. • One main advantage of an absolute encoder is its
non-volatile memory which retains the exact position
of the encoder without the need to return to a
"home" position if the power fails. Most rotary
encoders are defined as "single-turn" devices, but
absolute multi-turn devices are available, which
obtain feedback over several revolutions by adding
extra code disks.