breeding methods and varities of hibiscus

1. Hibiscus
breeding
Seemanthini N S
1st Ph. D (Hort.) FLA Dept.
COH, BAGALKOT
UHS BAGALOKT
Hibiscus breeding

2. Family : Malvaceae
Genus : Hibiscus
Species : Rosa-sinensis
Origin : Tropical Asia
X : 9
2n : 45,54, 63,72
Flower color : White, red
pink, yellow.
 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, known as the Chinese
hibiscus, China rose and shoe flower.
 An evergreen flowering shrub. A native of
Southeastern Asia(China).
 Most ornamental varieties are hybrids as the
present wide range of cultivars is considered
to be a complex of interspecific hybrids,
between 8 or more different species.
 The national flower of Malaysia.

3. BOTANY
1.
• Simple leaves
• Ovate- lancolate
• Alternately arranged
• Leathery
• Entire at the base and
coarsely toothed at the
apex.
2.
• Flowers are pedicillate, bisexual actinomorphic,
pentamerous and complete.
• Inflorescence : Soliatry/Cymose
• Calyx : 5 sepals, fused, Valvate, Hypogynous.
• Corolla: 5 petals, red in colour Distinct, Hypogynous.

4. Complete flower Androecium Gynoecium:

5. Androecium:
 Distinct,
 Hypogynous
 Fascicled/ Monadelphous,
 Adnate to Base of Corolla
Stamens = Anther + Filament

6. Anthesis 7:30 to 8:30 am

7. Gynoecium:
 Syncarpous,
 Unicarpellary
 Ovary: Superior
Placentation: Axile

8. Fruit: Capsule or Schizocarp.
3.

10. SPECIES…

11.  A native of Asia, probably China, but
now conspicuous in all warm
countries.
 The leaves are brightly green ovals,
pointed at the apex and coarsely
toothed except round the base.
 There are many new colours
including white, yellow, pink,
orange, terracotta, cerise etc.
H. rosa-sinensis
A large evergreen shrub called the Shoe flower or Chinese
rose and most popular hibiscus.

12. Hibiscus syriacus
Most commonly grown ornamental species in temperate zones. Known
in some areas as the "Rose of Althea" or "Rose of Sharon”
 It is a native of East Asia.
 It is also known as Tree Hollyhock
or Althea shrub.
 A glabrous erect growing shrub.
 Leaves rather small, triangular-
ovate, 5-7 cm long.
 Thriving best in hills and Produces
lovely white, blue or mauve

13. Hibiscus mutabilis
 This is native of China.
 It is known as the Changeable Rose or
Persian Rose.
 Leaves large, heart-shaped, almost as
broad as they are long and hairy.
 The edge is serrate. The flowers are single
or double, 7-10 cm across, pure white in
the morning and gradually turn pale pink
to deep pink

14.  This is also called Coral hibiscus and was
imported from Africa.
 A large, glabrous distinct shrub with many
slender drooping branches.
 Bears red or orange-red flowers drooping
and with deeply fringed and recurved
petals.
 The staminal tube is quite long measuring
up to 15 cm.
 Leaves ovate-elliptic, 5-7 cm long, acute
or acuminate, dentate, calyx tubular,
staminal column long and exerted
H. schizopetalus Hook.:

15.  Hibiscus malacophyllus
 Hibiscus pedunculatus
 Hibiscus platanifolius
 Hibiscus lasiocarpos
 Hibiscus lavaterioides
 Hibiscus macropodus
H. paramutabilis H. ludwigii H. macrophyllus H. moscheutos

16. HAWAIN TYPES

17. Hollyhock shrub

18. Hibiscus arnottians H. waimeae

19. Progenitors of china rose
 Hibiscus arnottianus,
 Hibiscus boryanus,
 Hibiscus denisonii,
 Hibiscus fragilis,
 Hibiscus genevii,
 Hibiscus kokio,
 Hibiscus liliiflorus,
 Hibiscus schizopetalus
 Hibiscus storckii.
The complex group of H. rosa-sinensis is thought to be derived from,

20.  Many of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivars : Completely sterile.
 Only a limited number combined desirable characters with a reasonable
degree of fertility, could be used as parents for the breeding programme.
 The improvement of ornamental Hibiscus through breeding in India is mainly
done in tropical areas of southern states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and
Kerala where the environmental conditions like temperature and humidity are
congenial for seed setting in some of the species and cultivars.
 The major objectives included were plant with good growth habit, floriferous
nature, desirable flower colour, size, shape and good keeping quality
Breeding

21. Genetics of some characters
Bloom color is determined by a group of genes.
: If we cross a genetically pure red Hibiscus with a genetically pure white,
probably all the seedlings would be identical pink. indicating the Co-dominant
gene action.
With Hibiscus, pink is the most dominant color while pure white is rarely encountered in seedlings

22. When we examine the complicated multi-colored
blooms resulting from some modern hybrids, it yields
several other new combinations, indicating
involvement of multiple genes.
Backcrossing onto Hawaiian whites would allow a
pairing of some recessive white genes.
 Flower scent – the gene for scent is recessive gene.

23. MALE PARENTFEMALE PARENT
Example: two crosses of 'King Kalakua' and 'Mystic Pink'.
The photographs demonstrate that the flowers of the offspring plants
have virtually no color characteristics of the parent plants, and few
of the physical characteristics.
2 DIFFERENTOFFSPRINGS

24. Breeding objectives
1. Large bloom size 2. Potted indoor Hibiscus
to flower under
conditions of lower
temperature and light.
3. Flowers of bright colors
with attractive pattern

25. Breeding objectives
4. Breeding for aphid and mealy
bug tolerance
5. Cold tolerance
6. Prolific flowering, freedom from
sun scorch and bud drop.
7. Development of scented cultivars
8. More diversified flower morphology

26. Methods of crop improvement
 Introduction
Hybridization
Mutation breeding

27. Procedure of Hybridization
 After selecting the desired female parents, flower buds are emasculated
with a fine forceps one day prior to the opening.
 Buds can be tied in the middle with a thread and bagged.
 Pollen from the desired male parent is brought along with the staminal
column and smeared on the sticky stigmatic surface.
 After crossing the crossed flowers are bagged with a butter paper bag to
protect from further cross-pollination.

28. The pollinated flowers are labelled indicating the parents involved and
the date of crossing.
After a week of crossing, the bags can be removed and the young
capsules may allowed to develop under natural conditions.
Generally, the successful crosses will show swelling of the capsule and do
not fall easily.

29. MUTATION BREEDING
 By exposing the cv. ‘Cruenthus’ to gamma rays, a mutation with change of
flower from double to single type occurred.
 In cv. ‘Alipore Beauty’(Single, light red caramine color), two somatic
mutants one with deep red color and other with deep red coupled with semi-
double form were obtained.
 ‘Anjali’ – developed by exposing the cv. Alipore Beauty to gamma rays.
 A twig bearing white flowers (spontaneous mutant) was observed in plants of
H. syriacus having violet pink flowers.

30. oA dwarf mutant ‘Ggoma’ is released by
mutation breeding using gamma ray
irradiation at the Korea Atomic Research
Institute.
o‘Hongdansim 2’ is the parent material
which is irradiated with 100 Gy gamma ray
from a Co60 source.

31. H. waimeaeHibiscus arnottians
BREEDING FOR FRAGRANCE
Most species of hibiscus, although very beautiful and exotic, do not have a scent.
Native Hawaiian
species
These can be used for further breeding to induce scent by crossing with H.rosa-
sinensis.

32. Breeding for Cold Hardiness
 H. moscheutos,
 H. coccineus,
 H. laevis,
 H. militaris
 H. palustris
Many cold-hardy Hibiscus cultivars are hybrids of
Indeterminate genetic contributions from each parent species.

33. Breeding for Blue Hibiscus
A blue pigment does not exist in this species, thus
hybridizers have not been successful so far in creating a
plant with blue flowers.
 Texas AgriLife Research plant physiologists could able to
develop a unique blue shade of hibiscus.
 There are a couple of recently introduced cultivars with
plum and lavender flower color.
 These cultivars were used in their breeding project for
several generations

34. After several generations, the flowers get a fantastic
blue in shade, but in full sunlight they are still plum-
lavender-bluish.
Now the goal is to stabilize the blue color in full
sunlight and increase flower size from the current 7
inches to the 12-inch diameter.

35. Intra specific hybridization at – IIHR, Hessarghatta
Lalbagh – Banglore,
TNAU – Coimbatore, resulted in raising of F1 progeny.
From the segregating populations, promising seedlings with desirable
characters were developed.
SOME OF THE HYBRIDIZATION WORKS

36.  'Aikta' (Post Office Red),
 'Anuradha' (Golden Buff),
 'Arunodaya' (Nasturtium Orange),
 'Ashirwad' (Yellow),
 'Basant' (SulphurYellow),
 'Benazeer' (Bright Yellow),
 'Bharat Sundari' (Deep Neyron Rose),
 'Chitralekha' (China Rose with white variegated petal),
 'Dilruba' (Mark Golden Buff),
 'Geetanjali' (Turkey Red),
 'Jogan' (Azalea Pink),
 'Nartaki' (Marigold Orange),
 'Nazneen' (Tangerine Orange),
 'Neelofer' (Magenta Rose),

Varieties developed at IIHR, Hessaraghatta:
Out of the nearly 1200 intravarietal hybrids and open-pollinated seedlings of H. rosa-sinensis,
25 new varieties with attractive flowers were released.
 'Pakeezah' (Carmine Red),
 'Phulkari' (Delft Rose with yellow border),
 'Priya' (Rose Bengali),
 'Queen of Hessaraghatta' (Orange),
 'Ratna' (light yellow with orange stripe),
 'Red Gold' (Dutch Vermilion),
 'Red Saturn' (Signal Red),
 'Shanti' (Primrose Yellow),
 'Smt. Indira Gandhi' (Indian Yellow),
 'Smt. Kamala Nehru' (Rose Bengal) and
 'Tribal Queen' Cardinal Reds.

37. VARIETIES
Arunodaya: Cross between I.I.H.R-H.2 x Rachaiah. Vigorous shrub with
many branches. Flowers are single, petals are incurved along the margin. Orange
color.
Ashirwad: H.S 21 x Hombe Gowda. Flowers - single, petals with slightly
ruffled margin. Orange color.
Basanth: I.I.H.R 1 x Rachaiah. Corolla sulphur yellow. Petals slightly incurved
along the margin.

38. Chitralekha: Debby Ann x H.S. 203. vigorous shrub with drooping
branches. Flowers single slightly reflexed along the margin. White
variegation in the center of each petal is unique feature of this variety.
Nartaki: H.S red x H.S.123. Flowers double. Outer whorl of the
petals are incurved inner whorls are fused with staminal column.
Marigold orange color.
Ratna: H.S.127 x Ruffle. Flowers single, saucer shaped. Petals slightly
frilled along the margin. Corolla yellow with white center

39.  'Dr. B.P. Pal': This is also a seedling of 'Lahiana'. Flowers single, measures
22 cm across. The base of the corolla is whitish pink and turns to rose pink later
on. The petals are Mandarin Red with prominent veins. The general colour
effect of the flower is rich deep gold washed
 'Nazneen': This seedling was produced from the cross 'H.S. 203' and
'Rashtrapati'. A moderately vigorous shrub with slightly pubescent leaves,
floriferous. Flowers are single, Nightly cup-shaped, 18-22 cm across. Corolla
is Tangeririe Orange (24 B). Petals are recurved along the margin and with
silky texture. Basal part of the corolla is red -with light mauve border which
spreads up to 3 cm.

40. From TNAU Coimbatore:
oPunnagi (CO1) – Seedling selection. Yellow flowers, floriferous
oThilagam (CO2) – Inter generic hybrid. Hibiscus rosasinensis x Malvaiscus
arboreus). Red flowers, highly floriferous
oInterclonal hybrid between ‘Bright yellow’ x ‘Red Gold (CO3)’ produces apricot
yellow flowers with red throat.
oFloriferous and produces 1309 flowers/plant/year compared to 374 and 503
flowers by the parents

41. Black Jack Midnight Serenade
Some rare shades of Hibiscus

42. ZoeyChartreuse Rose