GPB 311: RICE-Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Rice crop.
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
Pract no. 9 (a) floral biology of bananatusharamodugu
Botanical name : Musa paradisiaca L. (Fruit variety)
Musa sapientum (Vegetable variety)
Common Name : Banana, Kela
Chromosome number : 2n = 3x = 33
Banana is one of the oldest fruits and second largest growing fruit crop in the world. It is also known as “Adams Fig “and “Apple of Paradise.”
Importance :
It is widely used as a fresh fruit.
The central core of the pseudostem is used as a vegetable.
The banana pseudostem is also used for manufacturing paper and boards.
Latest methods and recipes and decorations that can work by diy clothes pins the whole works is simple for 15 minutes Watch and learn
full article http://www.diyclothespins.tech/
GPB 311: RICE-Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Rice crop.
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
Pract no. 9 (a) floral biology of bananatusharamodugu
Botanical name : Musa paradisiaca L. (Fruit variety)
Musa sapientum (Vegetable variety)
Common Name : Banana, Kela
Chromosome number : 2n = 3x = 33
Banana is one of the oldest fruits and second largest growing fruit crop in the world. It is also known as “Adams Fig “and “Apple of Paradise.”
Importance :
It is widely used as a fresh fruit.
The central core of the pseudostem is used as a vegetable.
The banana pseudostem is also used for manufacturing paper and boards.
Latest methods and recipes and decorations that can work by diy clothes pins the whole works is simple for 15 minutes Watch and learn
full article http://www.diyclothespins.tech/
OUTLINE
Definition
Birth of arts and crafts
Influences
Social reforms of arts and crafts
Principles
Characteristics
Ideals
Architecture
Features
John ruskin
William morris
Architects
Decline of arts and crafts movement
Arts and crafts movement in US
Arts and crafts movement vs arts nouveau
It describes everything about Sericulture (Silk Farming).
Types of Sericulture.
It's Historical Perspectives.
Global production of Silk.
How it can be done.What are the ways to do it.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
Advances in Apple Breeding (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
The cultivated apple is likely the result of interspecific hybridization and at present the binomial Malus x domestica has been generally accepted as the appropriate scientific name (Korban and Skirvin, 1984). It belongs to the family Rosaceae and subfamily Maloideae and haploid chromosome number is x = 17 and somatic chromosome is 2x =34. The genus Malus has 25 to 30 species and several subspecies of so-called crab apples(Malus baccata). Apple is an allopolyploid, but behaves like a diploid. While diploids are frequent, triploids can occur spontaneously in crosses between diploids. Such triploids have larger leaves and fruit than their diploid relatives but are pollen sterile and cannot supply pollen for fertilization. Many popular cultivars (‘Jonagold,’ ‘Mutsu’) are triploids and prized for their quality and fruit size. Many Malus species have been used and continue to be used in breeding, with the increased recognition of the value of diversity and a means to study genes present in these relatives of cultivated apple.
There are over 30 primary species of apple and most can be readily hybridized (Korban 1986, Way et al. 1991). The cultivated apple is likely the result of initial domestication followed by inter-specific
hybridization (Harris et al. 2002). Its primary wild ancestor is M. sieversii whose range is centered at the border between western China and the former Soviet Union. Apples are the main forest tree there and display the full range of colors, forms and tastes found in domesticated apples across the world (Forsline et al. 1994, Hokanson et al. 1997). The domesticated apple has been referred to with the epithet Malus x domestica (Korban and Skirvin 1984), although recently Mabberley et al. (2001) proposed that Malus pumila should properly refer to the domesticated apple and its presumed wild relative M. sieversii. Other species of Malus which contributed to the genetic background of the apple likely include: M. orientalis of Caucasia, M. sylvestris from Europe, M. baccata from Siberia, M. mandshurica from Manchuria, and M. prunifolia from China. It is likely that these species hybridized with domesticated apples as they were spread by humans (Harris et al. 2002).
Malus has 25 to 30 species and several sub-species, many of which are cultivated as ornamental trees for their profuse blossoms and attractive fruits. Many of the species intercross freely and semi selfincompatibility is common. Trees grown from collection of Malus are frequently inter-specific or inter-varietal hybrids. The cultivated apple is botanically Malus domestica Borkh. Malus baccata (Crab apple) and M. sikkimensis occur wild in India. M. baccata var. himalaica in North Western region and Meghalaya and M. baccata var. dirangensis in Arunachal Pradesh. Seven ecotypes of M. baccata have also been collected from different temperate region. (Randhawa, 1987). Varietal diversity of apple in Indian Himalayas is primarily introduction from Europe and North American
“Advances in breeding of banana ”
Advances breeding of Banana, breeding of banana , breeding of banana by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Banana igkv, mutation breeding of banana, biotechnology of banana, seed production breeding of banana,
cotton crop needs highest pesticide application for pest management, So we came with ipm practices for reducing insecticide spray, to manage the resistance development and secondary outbreak of sucking pest
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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Mulberry and raspberry
1.
2. Pawan Nagar
(M.Sc {Horti.} Fruit Science)
B.A College of Agriculture,
(Department of horticulture)
Anand- 388 110.
Anand Agricultural University
3.
4. Botanical Name: Morus alba
Family: Moraceae
Origin: Northern china
Chromosome Number: 2n=28
1. Morus alba L. var. multicaulis
(Perr.) Loudon
2. Morus alba L. var. tatarica (L.)
Ser.
3. Morus tatarica L.
5. Mulberry is a fast growing deciduous woody perennial
plant.
It has a deep root system.
The leaves are simple, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, entire or
lobed.
Plants are generally dioecious.
Inflorescence is catkin with pendent or drooping peduncle
bearing unisexual flowers.
Inflorescence is always auxiliary.
The chief pollinating agent in mulberry is wind.
Mulberry fruit is a sorosis, mainly violet black in colour.
Most of the species of the genus Morus and cultivated
varieties are diploid, with 28 chromosomes.
However, triploids (2n=(3x)=42) are also extensively
cultivated for their adaptability, vigorous growth and quality
of leaves.
6. There are about 68 species of the genus Morus.
In India, there are many species of Morus, of which
Morus alba, M. indica. M. serrata and M. laevigata
grow wild in the Himalayas.
Several varieties have been introduced belonging to
M. multicaulis, M. nigra, M. sinensis and M.
philippinensis. Most of the Indian varieties of
mulberry belong to M. indica.
S-1, S-7999, S-1635, S-146, Tr-10 and BC-259
varieties are recommended for the hilly regions of
north and northeastern India.
7. Mode of pollination: Cross pollination
Mechanism of pollination: Through wind
Pistillate flowers.The staminate (male) flowers are more
compact than those of Red or Paper
Mulberry.
9. Flower: Normally Dioecious; small, green catkins, male flowers narrow, 1
to 2 inches long; female flowers plump, 1 inch long.
10. Reported from the China-Japan Center of
Diversity, white mulberry,.
Japan has about 700 types of which 21 are
extensively cultivated.
Most important cv. grown in India is M. alba var.
muticaulis Loud., fast growing, adapted to field
culture, and giving high yield of large, tender, thick
leaves.
11. Survey, exploration, collection and introduction
of mulberry germplasm resources
CSGRC at Hosur has been aptly established in the year
1990 by Central Silk Board (CSB), Ministry of Textiles, and
Government of India under prestigious National Sericulture
Project.
It is the nodal agency for mulberry germplasm
management in India and recognised as National Active
Germplasm Site (NAGS) for mulberry by National Bureau
of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, India
under Indian National Plant Genetic resources System (IN
PGRS).
12. CSGRC, Hosur so far conducted 46 survey and
exploration trips covering more than 50 districts
from Himalayan belt to Andaman and Nicobar
Islands covering forest areas, biosphere reserves,
national parks, back yards, kitchen gardens,
agricultural lands and farmhouses etc. and collected
516 diverse mulberry germplasm resources which
mainly belong to 4 Indian species.
Out of 4 species of genus Morus reported in India,
M.laevigata is distributed throughout India both
under natural and managed habitats and M. serrata
is confined to northwest India in wild condition. M.
indica and M. alba are mostly available in cultivated
forms .
13. The sericulture research institutes like
Central Sericultural Research and Training
Institute (CSRTI) at Berhampore (West
Bengal), Mysore (Karnataka) and Pampore
(Jammu and Kashmir) have started
collection of Morus species in Central
Himalayas, North-Eastern India, North-
Western Himalayas, Kumaon and North
Eastern India and Western ghats and Kerala.
All these germplasm resources are collected
and introduced in the field gene bank.
14.
15. Development of high yielding mulberry varieties
with quality leaves suitable to different agro-
climatic zones of India especially for southern
states.
Developing mulberry varieties for productive
areas.
Developing mulberry varieties for tolerance to
water stress under semi-arid condition.
Breeding mulberry varieties suitable under
fertilizer and irrigation constraints.
Developing mulberry varieties for disease
resistance with special reference to Root-rot and
Root-knot diseases.
17. Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a crop plant of economic
importanceinsericulture.
Mulberry improvement through conventional breeding
has substantially contributed to the success of sericulture
industry.
However, the application of biotechnology in mulberry
crop improvement holds a great promise especially in those
areas where conventional research has not achieved the
desiredsuccess.
18. The biotechnological research in genome
characterization with isozyme and DNA markers,
micropropagation, regeneration from callus, somatic
hybridization, in vitro conservation technologies like
slow-growth storage and cryopreservation, genetic
transformation etc., have contributed to the success in
mulberryimprovement.
Besides discussing the progress achieved so far in
mulberry biotechnology, the article also emphasizes
the future priorities in this direction both in terms of
19. Challenges in improving mulberry productivity and leaf
quality
IPR issues and biodiversity
Mulberry breeding strategies for development of varieties
for diverse environments
Screening and evaluation techniques for different abiotic
and biotic stress conditions
Biochemical and Molecular techniques for crop
improvement
Genetic enhancement of mulberry germplasm through
pre-breeding efforts
20.
21. Botanical Name: Rubus idaeus L.
Family: Rosaceae.
Origin: Ide Mountains of Tukey.
Chromosome Number: 2n=14.
22. Rubus is one of the most diverse genera of
flowering plants in the world, consisting of 12
subgenera, some with hundreds of species.
Three species with greatest horticultural
importance are recognized as:
i. Blackberry – “Rubus spp.”
ii. Red Raspberry – R. idaeus L.
iii. Black Raspberry - R. occidentalis L.
23. Red raspberries are widely distributed in all
temperate
regions of Europe, Asia and North America with the
Greatest diversity in China, the likely centre of origin of
the subgroup.
There are 15 recognized subgenera within Rubus; the
domesticated raspberries are part of the Idaeobatus
subgroup that contains more than 200 wild species.
Cultivated red raspberries are derived mainly from
two
Subspecies of R. idaeus var. vulgaris from Europe and R.
Idaeus var. strigosus from North America.
24. Cultivated forms of raspberries are very
different from their relatives.
Wild forms produce large number of canes
that are shorter and thinner than the
cultivated forms.
The cultivated forms produce large fruits
while the wild forms produce small, soft,
crumbly fruit with fewer but larger
drupelets.
25. Plants:
Raspberries are erect, semi-erect, or trailing, generally
thorny shrubs, producing renewal shoots from the ground
called “canes”.
The plants are perennial, composed of biennial canes
which overlap in age.
Individual canes grow vegetative for one year, initiate
flower buds in late summer, fruit the following summer,
then die.
The first year canes are called “primo canes”, and in the
second year when they flower, “floricanes”.
Within raspberries, black and purple have more
prominent thorns than red raspberries.
Leaves are palmately compound with 3-5 leaflets, the
middle one being the largest. Leaf margins are finely serrate.
26. Flower:
White to pink flowers (1″ diameter) are borne terminally
on current season’s growth.
Inflorescences are cymose, and some flowers are borne
singly in axils of leaves on fruiting laterals.
Flowers are initiated in late summer in biennial types,
early to mid-summer in primocane fruiting types.
The gynoecium consists of 60-100 ovaries, each of which
develops into a drupelet.
There are 60-90 stamens, five sepals and five petals.
27.
28. Pollination:
Raspberries are self-fruitful and do not require
pollinizers.
Honey bees are naturally attracted to brambles, and
wind also aids pollination.
Fruit:
The fruit is an aggregate of drupelets.
Fruiting begins in the second year of the planting, and
continues for >10 years if properly managed.
Fruit development occurs rapidly, taking only 30-50
days for most raspberries.
29.
30. Rubus breeding is hampered by several genetic problems
including polyploidy, apomixes, pollen incompatibility
and poor seedling germination.
The highly heterozygous nature of the germplasm
requires evaluation of large seedling populations.
Breeding is based on a generation by generation
improvement in breeding stock through selection and
intermating individuals showing promise of producing
superior progeny.
This average improvement in the progeny of breeding
stock resulting from intermating selected parents is called
response to selection.
31. The core primary objectives in raspberry breeding
programmes include:
• High quality fruit.
• Good yield.
• Shelf life.
• Suitability for shipping, if for the fresh market.
• Suitability for mechanical harvesting for the
processing
Market.
• Adaptation to the local environment.
• Improved pathogen resistance.
32. Hybridization
• Interspecific hybridization between cultivated
raspberries and wild Rubus germplasm frequently
exposes a large numer of gene and chromosome
organization.
• This leads to a bewildering complexity of variation in the
segregating generations.
Mutation
• Spontaneous mutations for yellow fruit and large fruit
size have been reported.
• Two yellow fruiting mutations are ‘Kiwigold’ from ‘Heritage’
and ‘Allgold’ from ‘Autumn Bliss’.
• ‘Glen Garry’s’ large fruit size traces to a spontaneous mutation
of ‘Malling jewel’.
33. Rubus Conservation
Seed Storage Field Genebanks
In Vitro Methods
Micropropagation
Genetic Variation
• Cryopreservation
Markers and Their Uses in Rubus
• Morphological
Markers
• Molecular Markers
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was the first DNA-
based marker developed.
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and their variants
are the most commonly used PCR-based marker type.
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) is a DNA fingerprinting
technique based on the amplification of subsets of genomic restriction fragments
using PCR .