3. GROUP MEMBERS
•AHSAN NAWAZ 20014795-004
•HUZAIFA YAQOOB 20014795-013
•BAREERA MASUD 20014795-015
•MUAZAM MANSOOR 20014795-018
•SAAD SOHAIL 20014795-022
•HUSNAIN ALI 19014795-008
4. TABLE OF CONTENT
• Yahya Government
Causes of separation of east Pakistan
• Geographical and socio- cultural differences
• The language issues.
• Economics disparity and exploitation of the eastern wing
• Disparity in development planning
• Disparity in civil services and armed forces
• Difference over constitution making
• The degeneration of Muslim league and the rise of regional Bengali parties.
• Political grievances of alienation of east Pakistan
• The Agartala conspiracy case and the rise of sheikh Mujeeb.
• The election of 1970
5. DURING 1964
The political pressure exerted by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto had weakened the president Ayub khan
To ease the situation. President Ayub tried reaching out to terms with Pakistan peoples party
(PPP) and awami league (AL) but remain unsuccessful.
6. IN POOR HEALTH
• Resigned from the presidency
• On March 24, 1969, President Ayub directed a letter to general Yahya khan
7. DECLARATION OF MARTIAL LAW YAHYA
KHAN ANNOUNCED THAT
• BASIC DEMOCRACIES HAD NOT BEEN A SUCCESS.
• PROPERLY ELECTED GOVERNMENT
• RETURN TO PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
8. ON 28 NOVEMBER 1969
1 2 3 4
D i s s o l v e d
t h e o n e -
u n i t s c h e m e
Re s t o re d w e s t
Pa k i s ta n a n d
c re a t e d
B a l u c h i s t a n
Restored
Parity
b etween 2
W in g s
C o m m i t e d t o
b r i n g i n g
D e m o c ra c y t o
Pa k i s t a n
9. RESULTS
ONE UNIT SCHEME WAS CRITICIZED SO REMOVING IT WAS A POPULAR
DECISION AMONG PEOPLE
BROUGHT BACK DIRECT ELECTIONS
10. ON 30 MARCH 1970
A Federal Republic was to put
in place by the Islamic Republic
of Pakistan
The constitution had to
be framed in 120 Days
Invoked the 6 Points
Legal Framework was prorogated; Prescribing limits for elections and Framework for the
constitution
11. RESULTS
• The legal framework order has made it clear that Yahya khan was eager to hand over to an
elected government and that there would be no constitutional crisis after the government was
elected
12. FederalGovernment with Direct
Elections
1
2
3
4
5
55%population would give majority
in Assembly andallow todominate
the government
FederalGovernment would control
defenceetc
All decisions tobemadeatprovincial
level
Separate Currencies
6 EachProvince tohaveits own Troops
The Six Points Declared
14. FAILURE
• BEING IN MILITARY PERSONNEL IT WAS HIS RESPONSIBILITY TO UNDERSTAND THAT IF ANY
MILITARY PERSONNEL WILL BE EXPELLED FROM HIS JOB, HE WILL DIRECTLY GO TO THE ENEMY
SIDE JUST FOR HIS SURVIVAL, THE GORE EXPULSION OF LOCAL ARMY PERSONNEL IN EAST
PAKISTAN WAS A BLUNDER ON PART OF A MILITARY DIRECTOR
• IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO DEPEND EAST PAKISTAN FOR A LONG TIME
15. MORE FAILURES
• Being a military dictator, it was his responsibility to understand that west Pakistani military who
were defending the east Pakistan were having no serious interest in that region, nor their
families neither their any state property was there. Therefore, it was totally unjustified to force
soldiers of west Pakistan to flow their blood and to sacrifice their lives for a province which was
having no shortage of population but infect was the largest province of Pakistan.
16. EVEN MORE FAILURES
• Even after surrender of the army in east pakistan this dictator was not ready to leave the post of
president and chief of army staff. General yaya khan put his own interest before his countries
and in my opinion that is a reason for his ultimate failures.
17. FALL FROM POWER
• When the news of surrender of east Pakistan reaches through the national television, the
spontaneous and overwhelming public anger over Pakistan's defeat by Bangladeshi rebels and
the Indian army, followed by the division of Pakistan into two parts boiled into street
demonstrations throughout Pakistan. Yalıya became the highest-ranking casualty of the war to
forestall further unrest, on 20 December 1971 he handed over the presidency and government
to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto..
18. DEATH
• Yahya remained under the house arrest orders until 1979 when he was released from the
custody by martial law administrator/general Fazel Haq. He remained out from the public
events and died on 10 august 1980 in Rawalpindi.
20. THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL
DIFFERENCES
• Territory distances
• Geographical separation basis
• Religion
• Institutions
• Education facts
• Character differences
21. THE LANGUAGE ISSUE
• LUCKNOW meeting
• Bengali language movement
• Demands
• 1948 student league role
• Khawaja nizamuddin role
• Constitution assembly recommendation
• Results
23. Disparity in development planning
• In the six-year development program (July 1951 to June 1957), and in the first and second five-year plans (1955-
60 and 60-65), east Pakistanis again complained of injustice.
• The economic difference between the two wings was recognized and admitted in various reports and economic
studies conducted by the central government during Ayyub Khan's presidency. Acknowledging the injustice,
Ayyub promised that development in East Pakistan would be accelerated to make up for the shortfall. The 1962
constitution also promised the adoption of such economic policies as would help eliminate disparities in per
capita income between provinces. However, the gap widened after ten years of Ayyub's rule. Per capita income in
West Pakistan was 32 percent higher than that of East Pakistan in 1959-60 and 61 percent higher in 1969-70.
• Yahya khan also tried to remove the economic differences between the two wings through "step by step
concession", but the impatient Bengalis were in a mood of revolution at the time rather than waiting for the
evolutionary process.
24. DISPARITY IN CIVIL SERVICES AND ARMED FORCES
• Bengalis were very poorly represented in the civil service and in the army. Moreover, west Pakistani civilian and military
officials stationed in east Pakistan viewed Bengali Muslims as inferior converts from lower caste Hindus.
• In 1970, about 85 percent of the armed forces belonged to Punjab, while the majority of the population was in East
Pakistan. Some argue that this difference was not intentional on the part of the West Pakistan-dominated ruling elite, but
was a result of the legacy of British rule during which Punjabis were preferred in the armed forces due to their martial
spirit and willingness to enter military service. there was no justification for differences in bureaucracy. As the Bengalis
were underrepresented in the armed forces and bureaucracy, they were always opposed to the military government and
never trusted these two players in Pakistani politics.
• The disparity in the civil services and the armed forces was fast disappearing as in 1966 Ayub Khan allocated 60 percent
of the vacancies to East Pakistan. In 1965, East Pakistan CSP officers constituted 34 percent of the total civil service
strength, but by 1969 their proportion had risen to 40.8 percent.
• To give some share to Bengalis in the top posts of the administration, Yahya made six Bengali CSP officers "Central
Secretaries" and instructed all ministries that whenever a senior post became vacant, Bengali candidates should be given
preference. even if it means not respecting the principle of seniority". The quota for Bengali recruitment into the armed
forces was also doubled. It was a step in the right direction, but it came too late; it should have been taken in the early
1960s when Bengali nationalism was still in its infancy
25. DIFFERENCE OVER CONSTITUTION MAKING
• The dispute over constitution-making began as early as March 12, 1949, when the objective resolution was passed, and the
committee on fundamental principles was set up to report on the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan was to be
framed. The Bengali leaders objected to some points in the objective resolution and the interim report of the committee on basic
principles, which they believed would lead to a unified central government that would make east Pakistan a colony of west
Pakistan.
• IN CONSTITUTION MAKING, THE TWO MAIN ISSUES HARD OF SOLUTION WERE THE RATIO OF REPRESENTATION IN THE CENTRAL
LEGISLATURE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS BETWEEN THE CENTER AND THE PROVINCES
• After the failure of the First Constituent Assembly, the Second Constituent Assembly gave the country its first constitution on 29
February 1956, which provided for a unicameral legislature with parity between the eastern and western wings.35 Bengali was
adopted as one of the state languages. 36 However, East Pakistan was not satisfied with the principle of parity. The demand for
greater provincial autonomy still persisted and eventually culminated in Sheikh Mujeeb Ur Rehman's six-point programmed.
26. THE DEGENERATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE AND
THE RISE OF REGIONAL BENGALI PARTIES
• Muslim league after independence
• East Pakistan awami Muslim league
• Maulana Abdul Hameed Bhashani and Fazlul Haq
• All Pakistan awami Muslim league
• Suharwardi and shaikh Mujeeb Ur Rahman
• Awami league
• Krishak sramik party
• 1954 election
27. POLITICAL GRIEVANCES AND ALIENATION
OF EAST PAKISTAN
• After independence
Role of
Hussain shaheed Suharwardi, Nizamuddin and Liaqat Ali khan
• Ghulam Muhmmad and Muhmmad Ali Bogra
• 1954 elections
• 1955 Ch Muhmmad Ali
• Facts and figures
28. THE AGARTALA CONSPIRACY CASE AND THE
RISE OF SHEIKH MUJEEB
• 1960 Bengali leaders' feelings
• Agartala case trial
• Sergeant Zahoor Haq murder
30. BACKGROUND OF 1970 ELECTIONS
• For the first time were held in 1970 elections after the independent in 1947.
• 26 March 1969 Ayub khan succumbed to political pressure and handed over to the general Yahya
khan.
• On 31 March 1970 Yahya khan announced for direct election ‘one man, one vote’.
• The voters were called upon to elect members of a national assembly by direct vote
• The principal of representation was made based on populations & east Pakistan got more than
half seats in the national assembly.
• The election were planned 5 October 19170 but actually were held 7 December 1970 & 17
January 1971.
31. 1970-THE HISTORICAL GENERAL ELECTION
• Twenty-four political parties prepared to land in the election arena of 1970, held under gen
Yahya khan’s martial law.
• Every party had its programmed but two parties — the awami league and the Pakistan people’s
party — were being eyed by the electorate as the winners.
32. ANNOUNCEMENT OF CAMPAIGN
• On January 4, 1970, on his 42nd birthday Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto launched his election campaign by
addressing A public meeting at Nishtar park, Karachi
• In east Pakistan shaikh Mujeebur Rahman, through his emotional and livid speeches, spoke
about the injustices meted out to Bengalis since the inception of Pakistan and told them that
the only solution lay in his six-point programmed.
• In east Pakistan shaikh Mujeebur Rahman, through his emotional and livid speeches, spoke
about the injustices meted out to Bengalis since the inception of Pakistan and told them that
the only solution lay in his six-point programmed.
33.
34. AFTERMATH OF THE ELECTION(CONTD
• On december 17, 1970, mujib said that no one could stop the creation of bangladesh. Bhutto readily
replied that no constitution could be framed, nor government run at the center, without his party’s
cooperation.
• To find a solution yahya visited karachi on december 28.
• After the results the two leaders had taken a rigid stand on their viewpoints. Mujib wanted dhaka to
take A pivotal role and everyone who wanted to meet mujib should come to dhaka.
• This created a situation whereby yahya khan sent congratulatory messages to both the party leaders
but addressed mujib as the future prime minister.
• A tormenting situation arose for yahya. While mujib sat in dhaka discussing the future government’s
priorities, yahya saw himself in an awkward situation. He had pledged that the constitution would be
prepared within 120 days
37. NET IMPACT OF THIS ELECTION IN EAST
PAKISTAN
• Awami league emerged as the single majority party in the Pakistan national assembly with 167
seats out of A total of 313.
• On the other side, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan people’s party won 88 seats (all from the
western wing) and emerged as the second largest parliamentary party.
38. REASONS FOR SUCCESS
• Six point which was the main attraction in the party's election manifesto.
• Language issued.
• Economic disparity.
• Bhola cyclone.
