Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan became Pakistan's first military dictator and second president after taking power in a bloodless coup in 1958. As president, he introduced various economic and political reforms but faced opposition over perceived favoritism towards West Pakistan. His presidency also saw the 1965 war with India and the Tashkent Declaration that ended hostilities. Facing growing public resentment, especially from East Pakistan, Ayub resigned in 1969 and handed power to General Yahya Khan.
This content is full of information.from this source you can get the history of martial law .After studding this content you will be able to give presentation on Ayub Khan's era. this content is full of information of beigning years of Pakistan
Political social and economic Reforms of zulfiqar Ali bhuttoAqdasNoor
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto introduced many political, economic, and social reforms during his time as President and later Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971-1979. Some key reforms included nationalizing major industries, implementing land reforms, establishing rural health centers and education reforms like making primary education free. However, some of the economic reforms led to inefficiencies and high inflation over time. Bhutto sought to reduce inequality but some of his reforms were not effectively implemented and had unintended consequences for Pakistan's economy.
Ayub Khan came to power in Pakistan in 1958 through a military coup. During his rule from 1958-1969:
- Pakistan experienced rapid economic growth of 6.25% annually on average due to industrialization policies that encouraged private sector growth and foreign investment.
- Agriculture was revived through green revolution policies involving new seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation infrastructure which increased crop yields.
- However, the economy also became over-reliant on foreign aid and developed large trade deficits as industrialization required many imports of machinery.
Zia-ul-Haq came to power in 1977 through a bloodless coup after disputed elections. He suspended the constitution and imposed martial law. Zia began a process of Islamization, banning alcohol and introducing Islamic punishments. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 had major effects on Pakistan, flooding it with refugees and bringing weapons and drugs. Zia used the Afghan war to build up Pakistan's military and nuclear program. He held a referendum in 1984 to extend his presidency for another 5 years. In 1988, Zia dismissed the elected Prime Minister Junejo and dissolved the assembly before dying in a plane crash later that year.
Ayub Khan was Pakistani politician and army general who served as the second President of Pakistan .
.In 1958 until being forced to resign amid the 1969 uprising in East Pakistan.
Born: 14 May 1907 at Rehana.
Died: 19 April 1974 at Islamabad
Education : For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was about 4 miles from his village , after that he was shifted to Haripur School .
. After passing his Matriculation Examination in 1922, Ayub was sent to Aligarh University where he spent four years. However, before appearing exams, he was selected for the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He sailed for England in 1926.
The document provides information about group members for a project and includes essays about Pakistan's former President Ayub Khan and the reforms he introduced. It lists 6 group members and their student IDs. There are essays about Ayub Khan's early life and career, how he declared martial law in 1958, and the legal, economic, educational, agricultural, trade and foreign policy reforms he introduced as President from 1958-1969.
Pervez Musharraf was born in 1943 in Delhi and became the Army Chief of Staff of Pakistan in 1998. In 1999, he carried out a bloodless coup and became the President of Pakistan. As President, he instituted several economic reforms that increased GDP, exports, education and healthcare. However, his suspension of the Chief Justice in 2007 and declining public approval led to his resignation in 2008 after nearly 9 years in power.
Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan became Pakistan's first military dictator and second president after taking power in a bloodless coup in 1958. As president, he introduced various economic and political reforms but faced opposition over perceived favoritism towards West Pakistan. His presidency also saw the 1965 war with India and the Tashkent Declaration that ended hostilities. Facing growing public resentment, especially from East Pakistan, Ayub resigned in 1969 and handed power to General Yahya Khan.
This content is full of information.from this source you can get the history of martial law .After studding this content you will be able to give presentation on Ayub Khan's era. this content is full of information of beigning years of Pakistan
Political social and economic Reforms of zulfiqar Ali bhuttoAqdasNoor
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto introduced many political, economic, and social reforms during his time as President and later Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971-1979. Some key reforms included nationalizing major industries, implementing land reforms, establishing rural health centers and education reforms like making primary education free. However, some of the economic reforms led to inefficiencies and high inflation over time. Bhutto sought to reduce inequality but some of his reforms were not effectively implemented and had unintended consequences for Pakistan's economy.
Ayub Khan came to power in Pakistan in 1958 through a military coup. During his rule from 1958-1969:
- Pakistan experienced rapid economic growth of 6.25% annually on average due to industrialization policies that encouraged private sector growth and foreign investment.
- Agriculture was revived through green revolution policies involving new seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation infrastructure which increased crop yields.
- However, the economy also became over-reliant on foreign aid and developed large trade deficits as industrialization required many imports of machinery.
Zia-ul-Haq came to power in 1977 through a bloodless coup after disputed elections. He suspended the constitution and imposed martial law. Zia began a process of Islamization, banning alcohol and introducing Islamic punishments. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 had major effects on Pakistan, flooding it with refugees and bringing weapons and drugs. Zia used the Afghan war to build up Pakistan's military and nuclear program. He held a referendum in 1984 to extend his presidency for another 5 years. In 1988, Zia dismissed the elected Prime Minister Junejo and dissolved the assembly before dying in a plane crash later that year.
Ayub Khan was Pakistani politician and army general who served as the second President of Pakistan .
.In 1958 until being forced to resign amid the 1969 uprising in East Pakistan.
Born: 14 May 1907 at Rehana.
Died: 19 April 1974 at Islamabad
Education : For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was about 4 miles from his village , after that he was shifted to Haripur School .
. After passing his Matriculation Examination in 1922, Ayub was sent to Aligarh University where he spent four years. However, before appearing exams, he was selected for the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He sailed for England in 1926.
The document provides information about group members for a project and includes essays about Pakistan's former President Ayub Khan and the reforms he introduced. It lists 6 group members and their student IDs. There are essays about Ayub Khan's early life and career, how he declared martial law in 1958, and the legal, economic, educational, agricultural, trade and foreign policy reforms he introduced as President from 1958-1969.
Pervez Musharraf was born in 1943 in Delhi and became the Army Chief of Staff of Pakistan in 1998. In 1999, he carried out a bloodless coup and became the President of Pakistan. As President, he instituted several economic reforms that increased GDP, exports, education and healthcare. However, his suspension of the Chief Justice in 2007 and declining public approval led to his resignation in 2008 after nearly 9 years in power.
From 1958-1969, Pakistan experienced significant political developments under military rule and President Ayub Khan. In 1958, martial law was declared and Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator, ousting President Sikandar Mirza. Ayub Khan introduced a system of Basic Democracies in 1959 and was later elected president in 1960 based on a referendum. However, opposition grew and the constitution was abrogated in 1969, with Ayub handing over power to General Yahya Khan and martial law being enforced once again.
General Muhammad Zia Ul Haq - Dictatorship in PakistanAqib Syed
General Muhammad Zia Ul Haq - Dictatorship in Pakistan
Zia was born in Jalandhar, British India, in 1924 asthe second child of Muhammad Akbar, who workedin the Army GHQ in Delhi and Selma, prior to theliberation of Pakistan from British colonial rule in1947.
He completed his initial education in Selma andthen attended St. Stephen's College, Delhi for hisgraduate degree. After graduation from St. XavierCollege, Zia joined the British Indian Army in 1943.
The document summarizes Pakistani political history from 1988-2008, including periods of democratic rule and military rule. It discusses the tenures of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif as Prime Ministers from 1988-1990, 1990-1993, 1993-1996, and 1997-1999. It also covers the military rule of Pervez Musharraf from 1999-2007. Key events included Zia-ul-Haq's death in 1988, various elections and dismissals of Bhutto and Sharif's governments, and periods of caretaker rule.
power point document on general zia ul haq's policies, his early life, his governance, afghan miracle, zia as president and chief martial law administrator
Gen. Zia ul Haq took power in Pakistan in 1977 through a bloodless coup. Over the next 11 years, he instituted "Islamization" policies and cracked down on press freedoms, political opposition, and dissent. These policies included imposing sharia law, banning student unions and Ahmadi religious practices, and amending the constitution to strengthen the presidency. Zia remained in power through manipulated elections and referendums until his death in a 1988 plane crash.
1) The document provides a historical overview of Pakistan from 1947 to 2020, covering major political events and leaders. It discusses the early challenges facing Pakistan after independence and the establishment of separate governments in East and West Pakistan.
2) The period from 1971-2020 focuses on West Pakistan/Pakistan after East Pakistan became Bangladesh. Key developments included Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's socialist reforms, General Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization policies, and the democratic and military governments that followed.
3) Major political figures that governed Pakistan in this period included ZA Bhutto, General Zia-ul-Haq, Benazir Bhutto, Nawaz Sharif, Pervez
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq staged a coup in 1977 against Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. He suspended the constitution and imposed martial law. Zia ruled for over 11 years until his death in a plane crash in 1988. During his rule, Zia pursued the Islamization of laws and society in Pakistan, oversaw the Soviet-Afghan War, and engaged in a power struggle with Prime Minister Junejo before dismissing him in 1988. Zia's rule was the longest period of martial law in Pakistan's history.
1) Pakistan has experienced over 33 years of military rule over its history through 3 martial laws declared in 1958, 1977, and 1999.
2) The first President of Pakistan, Iskander Mirza, relied on the military and declared martial law in 1958, appointing General Ayub Khan as chief administrator, who later became President.
3) Weak civilian leadership, political parties, institutions, and rising civil-military bureaucracy have contributed to the military's repeated interventions in domestic politics throughout Pakistan's history.
The document provides biographical information about Pervez Musharraf, the 10th President of Pakistan. It details that he was a four-star general in the Pakistan Army who seized control of the country in a bloodless coup in 1999. As President, he supported the US war on terror but faced increasing domestic opposition. Pressure grew due to the Taliban insurgency and US drone strikes in Pakistan, leading to his resignation in 2008.
General ayoub khan and its constitution 1962IBA, sukkur
The document contains a quote criticizing intelligence offices for making guesses and qualifying their assessments with words like "probably" and "possibly" since they have no definite information. It then provides biographical information about General Ayub Khan, who introduced Pakistan's 1962 constitution that established a presidential system but concentrated power in the presidency. The constitution faced criticisms for being authored by one man without checks and balances and for enabling dictatorship instead of true democracy.
In 1957, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the youngest
member of Pakistan's delegation to the United Nations.
As his father was politically active, Bhutto had learned
politics and its affairs from very early age.
In 1958, he became Pakistan’s youngest cabinet
minister. He was assigned ministry of Water and
Power.
He was then given ministry of Commerce,
Communication and Industry.
Close and trustworthy to Ayub Khan.
Indus Water Treaty and Oil Exploration Agreement.
1963, Bhutto became Foreign Minister.
Nawaz Sharif served three non-consecutive terms as Prime Minister of Pakistan. He pursued policies of privatization and economic liberalization during his first term in the 1990s. However, his second term in the late 1990s was marked by high inflation, debt, and unemployment. Sharif's third term from 2013-2017 saw continued privatization and infrastructure development through projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, but his government also accumulated significant debt. Sharif's tenure was cut short in 2017 due to corruption allegations.
General Zia-ul-Haq suspended Pakistan's constitution and instituted martial law after overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a 1977 coup. During his rule from 1977 to 1988, Zia introduced policies of Islamization, including stricter Islamic laws and increased emphasis on religion in education. He legitimized his power through a referendum and elections in 1985. Zia also strengthened Pakistan's ties with the U.S. and Saudi Arabia by supporting the mujahideen against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. However, his Islamization policies faced opposition, and unrest grew in Sindh and Balochistan. Zia ultimately died in a mysterious plane crash in 1988.
Zia-ul-Haq introduced several measures to Islamize Pakistan between 1977-1988 after declaring martial law. He established Sharia courts, introduced Islamic laws like Hudood Ordinance, and made Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies compulsory subjects. Zia also received significant foreign funds due to Pakistan's support for the Afghan mujahideen fighting the Soviet invasion, allowing him to strengthen the military and undertake some economic reforms. However, he consolidated power by restricting the courts and establishing a military-dominated government.
The document summarizes Pakistani politics from 2008 to 2014. It discusses the 2008 general election that was won by the PPP. Makhdoom Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani became Prime Minister at this time. It also discusses issues like terrorism, energy crisis, unemployment, poverty, and inflation during this period. The Supreme Court removed Prime Minister Gilani from office in 2012. Raja Pervaiz Ashraf then became Prime Minister until elections were held in 2013, bringing Nawaz Sharif and the PML(N) party to power.
This document summarizes the major political events in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. During this period, Pakistan experienced leadership changes as it transitioned from its founding as an independent nation under Jinnah to periods under various prime ministers and governors-general. Key events included the Kashmir crisis in 1948, the Objectives Resolution in 1949 establishing Islam as the guiding principle, and the establishment of the One Unit system in 1955. The first constitution was introduced in 1956, though martial law was declared in 1958 under Ayub Khan.
Constitutional devolopment in pakistan 1947 to 18th Amenment.Dr Tahir Jamil
The document summarizes the constitutional development in Pakistan from 1947 to 1973. It discusses the various constitutions and interim arrangements during this period, including the Objectives Resolution of 1949, the constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the martial law periods, and the process that led to the 1973 constitution. It provides details on the key committees and proposals involved in the constitution-making process and the criticisms of the different documents.
The document summarizes key constitutional developments in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It discusses the interim constitution based on the Government of India Act 1935, the establishment of the first Constituent Assembly led by Jinnah, and the passage of the Objectives Resolution in 1949 which defined Pakistan as a democratic Muslim state. It also outlines the two reports produced by the Basic Principles Committee on the constitution in 1950 and 1952, which disagreed on representation between East and West Pakistan. The second Constituent Assembly was established in 1955 and passed the One Unit bill, finally adopting the first constitution in 1956 which was implemented in 1957. Key problems in the constitution-making process included disagreements over representation and the nature of the federation between East and
Objective resolution, 3 constitution of pakistankhushiatti
The document summarizes the key constitutional developments in Pakistan, including the Objective Resolution of 1949, the Constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973. It outlines the major features of each constitution, such as establishing Pakistan as an Islamic republic, including Islamic principles and provisions, adopting a federal system of government, and establishing bodies like the Advisory Council for Islamic Ideology. Objections from non-Muslims to the Objective Resolution focusing on the role of religion in government are also noted.
Ayub Khan served as President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969 after imposing martial law. He introduced the Basic Democracies system in 1959 to allow for some representation while maintaining authoritarian rule. During his rule, Pakistan saw some industrial development including textile industries in major cities. However, Ayub Khan faced increasing opposition, particularly from Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and ultimately handed over power to Yahya Khan in 1969.
1) General Ayub Khan imposed martial law in 1958 and framed a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system with a powerful president.
2) The constitution was in effect from 1962 to 1969. Growing opposition from Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and others led to Ayub Khan's resignation in 1969.
3) General Yahya Khan took over and abrogated the 1962 constitution. Elections were held but resulted in political instability, contributing to the events leading to the 1971 war and the independence of Bangladesh.
From 1958-1969, Pakistan experienced significant political developments under military rule and President Ayub Khan. In 1958, martial law was declared and Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator, ousting President Sikandar Mirza. Ayub Khan introduced a system of Basic Democracies in 1959 and was later elected president in 1960 based on a referendum. However, opposition grew and the constitution was abrogated in 1969, with Ayub handing over power to General Yahya Khan and martial law being enforced once again.
General Muhammad Zia Ul Haq - Dictatorship in PakistanAqib Syed
General Muhammad Zia Ul Haq - Dictatorship in Pakistan
Zia was born in Jalandhar, British India, in 1924 asthe second child of Muhammad Akbar, who workedin the Army GHQ in Delhi and Selma, prior to theliberation of Pakistan from British colonial rule in1947.
He completed his initial education in Selma andthen attended St. Stephen's College, Delhi for hisgraduate degree. After graduation from St. XavierCollege, Zia joined the British Indian Army in 1943.
The document summarizes Pakistani political history from 1988-2008, including periods of democratic rule and military rule. It discusses the tenures of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif as Prime Ministers from 1988-1990, 1990-1993, 1993-1996, and 1997-1999. It also covers the military rule of Pervez Musharraf from 1999-2007. Key events included Zia-ul-Haq's death in 1988, various elections and dismissals of Bhutto and Sharif's governments, and periods of caretaker rule.
power point document on general zia ul haq's policies, his early life, his governance, afghan miracle, zia as president and chief martial law administrator
Gen. Zia ul Haq took power in Pakistan in 1977 through a bloodless coup. Over the next 11 years, he instituted "Islamization" policies and cracked down on press freedoms, political opposition, and dissent. These policies included imposing sharia law, banning student unions and Ahmadi religious practices, and amending the constitution to strengthen the presidency. Zia remained in power through manipulated elections and referendums until his death in a 1988 plane crash.
1) The document provides a historical overview of Pakistan from 1947 to 2020, covering major political events and leaders. It discusses the early challenges facing Pakistan after independence and the establishment of separate governments in East and West Pakistan.
2) The period from 1971-2020 focuses on West Pakistan/Pakistan after East Pakistan became Bangladesh. Key developments included Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's socialist reforms, General Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization policies, and the democratic and military governments that followed.
3) Major political figures that governed Pakistan in this period included ZA Bhutto, General Zia-ul-Haq, Benazir Bhutto, Nawaz Sharif, Pervez
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq staged a coup in 1977 against Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. He suspended the constitution and imposed martial law. Zia ruled for over 11 years until his death in a plane crash in 1988. During his rule, Zia pursued the Islamization of laws and society in Pakistan, oversaw the Soviet-Afghan War, and engaged in a power struggle with Prime Minister Junejo before dismissing him in 1988. Zia's rule was the longest period of martial law in Pakistan's history.
1) Pakistan has experienced over 33 years of military rule over its history through 3 martial laws declared in 1958, 1977, and 1999.
2) The first President of Pakistan, Iskander Mirza, relied on the military and declared martial law in 1958, appointing General Ayub Khan as chief administrator, who later became President.
3) Weak civilian leadership, political parties, institutions, and rising civil-military bureaucracy have contributed to the military's repeated interventions in domestic politics throughout Pakistan's history.
The document provides biographical information about Pervez Musharraf, the 10th President of Pakistan. It details that he was a four-star general in the Pakistan Army who seized control of the country in a bloodless coup in 1999. As President, he supported the US war on terror but faced increasing domestic opposition. Pressure grew due to the Taliban insurgency and US drone strikes in Pakistan, leading to his resignation in 2008.
General ayoub khan and its constitution 1962IBA, sukkur
The document contains a quote criticizing intelligence offices for making guesses and qualifying their assessments with words like "probably" and "possibly" since they have no definite information. It then provides biographical information about General Ayub Khan, who introduced Pakistan's 1962 constitution that established a presidential system but concentrated power in the presidency. The constitution faced criticisms for being authored by one man without checks and balances and for enabling dictatorship instead of true democracy.
In 1957, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the youngest
member of Pakistan's delegation to the United Nations.
As his father was politically active, Bhutto had learned
politics and its affairs from very early age.
In 1958, he became Pakistan’s youngest cabinet
minister. He was assigned ministry of Water and
Power.
He was then given ministry of Commerce,
Communication and Industry.
Close and trustworthy to Ayub Khan.
Indus Water Treaty and Oil Exploration Agreement.
1963, Bhutto became Foreign Minister.
Nawaz Sharif served three non-consecutive terms as Prime Minister of Pakistan. He pursued policies of privatization and economic liberalization during his first term in the 1990s. However, his second term in the late 1990s was marked by high inflation, debt, and unemployment. Sharif's third term from 2013-2017 saw continued privatization and infrastructure development through projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, but his government also accumulated significant debt. Sharif's tenure was cut short in 2017 due to corruption allegations.
General Zia-ul-Haq suspended Pakistan's constitution and instituted martial law after overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a 1977 coup. During his rule from 1977 to 1988, Zia introduced policies of Islamization, including stricter Islamic laws and increased emphasis on religion in education. He legitimized his power through a referendum and elections in 1985. Zia also strengthened Pakistan's ties with the U.S. and Saudi Arabia by supporting the mujahideen against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. However, his Islamization policies faced opposition, and unrest grew in Sindh and Balochistan. Zia ultimately died in a mysterious plane crash in 1988.
Zia-ul-Haq introduced several measures to Islamize Pakistan between 1977-1988 after declaring martial law. He established Sharia courts, introduced Islamic laws like Hudood Ordinance, and made Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies compulsory subjects. Zia also received significant foreign funds due to Pakistan's support for the Afghan mujahideen fighting the Soviet invasion, allowing him to strengthen the military and undertake some economic reforms. However, he consolidated power by restricting the courts and establishing a military-dominated government.
The document summarizes Pakistani politics from 2008 to 2014. It discusses the 2008 general election that was won by the PPP. Makhdoom Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani became Prime Minister at this time. It also discusses issues like terrorism, energy crisis, unemployment, poverty, and inflation during this period. The Supreme Court removed Prime Minister Gilani from office in 2012. Raja Pervaiz Ashraf then became Prime Minister until elections were held in 2013, bringing Nawaz Sharif and the PML(N) party to power.
This document summarizes the major political events in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. During this period, Pakistan experienced leadership changes as it transitioned from its founding as an independent nation under Jinnah to periods under various prime ministers and governors-general. Key events included the Kashmir crisis in 1948, the Objectives Resolution in 1949 establishing Islam as the guiding principle, and the establishment of the One Unit system in 1955. The first constitution was introduced in 1956, though martial law was declared in 1958 under Ayub Khan.
Constitutional devolopment in pakistan 1947 to 18th Amenment.Dr Tahir Jamil
The document summarizes the constitutional development in Pakistan from 1947 to 1973. It discusses the various constitutions and interim arrangements during this period, including the Objectives Resolution of 1949, the constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the martial law periods, and the process that led to the 1973 constitution. It provides details on the key committees and proposals involved in the constitution-making process and the criticisms of the different documents.
The document summarizes key constitutional developments in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It discusses the interim constitution based on the Government of India Act 1935, the establishment of the first Constituent Assembly led by Jinnah, and the passage of the Objectives Resolution in 1949 which defined Pakistan as a democratic Muslim state. It also outlines the two reports produced by the Basic Principles Committee on the constitution in 1950 and 1952, which disagreed on representation between East and West Pakistan. The second Constituent Assembly was established in 1955 and passed the One Unit bill, finally adopting the first constitution in 1956 which was implemented in 1957. Key problems in the constitution-making process included disagreements over representation and the nature of the federation between East and
Objective resolution, 3 constitution of pakistankhushiatti
The document summarizes the key constitutional developments in Pakistan, including the Objective Resolution of 1949, the Constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973. It outlines the major features of each constitution, such as establishing Pakistan as an Islamic republic, including Islamic principles and provisions, adopting a federal system of government, and establishing bodies like the Advisory Council for Islamic Ideology. Objections from non-Muslims to the Objective Resolution focusing on the role of religion in government are also noted.
Ayub Khan served as President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969 after imposing martial law. He introduced the Basic Democracies system in 1959 to allow for some representation while maintaining authoritarian rule. During his rule, Pakistan saw some industrial development including textile industries in major cities. However, Ayub Khan faced increasing opposition, particularly from Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and ultimately handed over power to Yahya Khan in 1969.
1) General Ayub Khan imposed martial law in 1958 and framed a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system with a powerful president.
2) The constitution was in effect from 1962 to 1969. Growing opposition from Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and others led to Ayub Khan's resignation in 1969.
3) General Yahya Khan took over and abrogated the 1962 constitution. Elections were held but resulted in political instability, contributing to the events leading to the 1971 war and the independence of Bangladesh.
Ayub Khan became Pakistan's first native Commander-in-Chief in 1951 and seized power in a 1958 military coup. As President, he introduced reforms but faced increasing opposition. In 1965, war broke out with India over Kashmir, and both sides claimed victory before agreeing to a ceasefire. Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Declaration in 1966 but criticism of his authoritarian rule and family's corruption grew. He stepped down in 1969.
General Ayub Khan led the first military coup in Pakistan in 1958, declaring himself President and implementing economic reforms that led to high growth rates while concentrating power among a small elite. His regime introduced some land reforms and encouraged industrialization but faced increasing opposition over corruption and neglect of education, ultimately leading him to hand over power to Yahya Khan in 1969.
Ayub Khan became the first martial law administrator in Pakistan in 1958 and suspended the constitution. He later became President and introduced a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system. However, unrest grew during his rule, especially between East and West Pakistan. He held a presidential election in 1965 but faced opposition. While his regime saw some development, he was ultimately unable to maintain national harmony in the country.
Ayub Khan ruled Pakistan from 1958 to 1969 after declaring martial law. Some key policies and events during his rule included implementing five-year plans that boosted the economy and agriculture, introducing industrialization, and fighting the 1965 war with India. However, his regime also faced criticisms like curtailing political rights, economic issues after the war, and failing to address the growing nationalist movement in East Pakistan, which contributed to Pakistan's division in 1971.
Ayub Khan emerged as a military ruler in Pakistan in 1958 during a critical time. He ruled for over 10 years, bringing economic prosperity but also political instability. His regime established a rigid political system called "Basic Democracy" and saw modernization of the economy. However, his discriminatory policies toward East Pakistan contributed to the independence movement there.
Muhammad Ayub Khan was Pakistan's first military dictator, serving as President from 1958 to 1969. He seized power in a bloodless coup against President Iskander Mirza. Ayub consolidated power by banning opposition parties and censoring the press. During his rule, Pakistan experienced some economic growth but also increased inequality and corruption. Public unrest grew over poverty and the political and economic disparity between East and West Pakistan. Mass protests ultimately forced Ayub's resignation in 1969.
This document provides background information on the disintegration of Pakistan and creation of Bangladesh. It discusses the post-partition difficulties Pakistan faced, the political situation in 1947, and the various constitutional drafts proposed between 1950-1956 that created tensions between East and West Pakistan over representation. It also outlines Mujibur Rahman's six points, the role of the Awami League, events during the eras of Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan, Operation Searchlight in 1971, the Bangladesh Liberation War, and the key causes of the separation including language controversies, economic disparity, the dominance of the West Pakistani ruling elite, and Indian support for Bangladeshi independence.
An Overview of the History of Pakistan: 1947 - 1973 Waleed Liaqat
Describes early problems faced by Pakistan as an independent state.
Major events between 1947 and 1973 are given in a timeline. Foreign relations between Pakistan and power states such as China,Former USSR and US are also described.
The document provides an overview of the history of Pakistan since its independence in 1947. It discusses the initial problems faced by Pakistan including the refugee crisis and conflicts over Kashmir. It then outlines the various political leaders and regimes over the decades including Ayub Khan's rule in the 1960s, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in the 1970s, General Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s, and the struggle for democracy in the 1990s and 2000s. Key events mentioned include the 1965 and 1971 wars with India, Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear weapons, and the impacts of 9/11.
The document summarizes the history of Bangladesh from 1947 to 1971, beginning with the partition of British India and the creation of Pakistan and India as separate states. It describes the establishment of East and West Pakistan on either side of India, and the tensions that arose from their separation and cultural differences. Key events included the Bengali language movement of 1952, the election of 1954 which brought Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to power, and his formulation of the Six Points demand for greater autonomy of East Pakistan. Despite Awami League's victory in the 1970 elections, talks over power sharing failed and led to Bangladesh declaring independence in 1971 after the Pakistan army launched a violent crackdown, resulting in war and Bangladesh gaining independence in December 1971
The document summarizes the key political events and causes of tensions that led to the separation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) from Pakistan in 1971. It discusses:
1) Growing ethnic and economic tensions between East and West Pakistan since Pakistan's independence in 1947, with West Pakistan dominating political and economic power despite East Pakistan having a larger population.
2) The Awami League's electoral victory in 1970 based on its platform of greater autonomy for East Pakistan, and the military's refusal to convene the national assembly.
3) The breakdown of political negotiations in early 1971 and imposition of martial law in East Pakistan, leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and its independence in December 1971.
Ayub Khan served as the President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He came to power through a military coup and declared martial law. During his rule, he introduced several reforms including land reforms, establishing industries, building dams for agriculture. However, he faced increasing criticism over corruption, nepotism, and his handling of the 1965 war with India. While there were some developments under his rule, he was unable to maintain national harmony in Pakistan.
1) Muhammad Ayub Khan took over as President of Pakistan in 1958 after declaring martial law.
2) During his rule from 1958-1969, Ayub Khan implemented economic development plans that increased GDP by 20% and prioritized agriculture, industry, and science.
3) However, Ayub Khan faced increasing opposition over social disparities, the 1965 war with India, and growing resentment in East Pakistan, leading to the end of his regime.
The document discusses the constitutional history of Pakistan. It outlines 4 main constitutions: the colonial constitution of 1935, the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and the current 1973 constitution. The 1956 constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic Republic but was abandoned after 9 years. The 1962 constitution established a presidential system that concentrated power in the president and was also short-lived. The current 1973 constitution returned Pakistan to a parliamentary democracy but maintained some centralized federal powers.
Banckground to bangladesh liberation warTopu Kawser
The document summarizes the background and key events leading up to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. It discusses how East Pakistan, despite having a larger population, was politically dominated by West Pakistan. This caused growing resentment in East Pakistan that escalated after they won a landslide victory in the 1970 election but West Pakistan refused to let them have power. The document outlines the social, political, economic, and cultural discrimination faced by East Pakistanis, as well as important events like the language movement and six point movement that increased calls for independence in East Pakistan and ultimately led to the Bangladesh Liberation War.
This slide I made for my History course presentation to describe about Ayub Khan and the 11 Points Programme. In this slide, I also focus on the primary reason behind the fall of the Ayub regime.
Week 10 Constitutal development of Pakistan.pptxamnashahid94
The document summarizes the constitutional development of Pakistan from its independence in 1947 to the present. It outlines that Pakistan's first constitution was framed in 1956, defining Pakistan as an Islamic republic. This constitution was abrogated by Ayub Khan in 1958. A new constitution was introduced in 1962 under Ayub Khan's presidency, concentrating power in the executive. The current 1973 constitution was introduced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto after the separation of East Pakistan, but its provisions have been undermined by repeated martial laws and amendments over the decades.
The document traces Pakistan's political development from its founding in 1947 through various regimes. It notes the early struggles of lacking resources and establishing governance. Various prime ministers and policies are outlined, along with two periods of martial law. Constitutional developments and issues are discussed over time. Key events, policies, and criticisms of different leaders are summarized for each era.
Mobile app development agreement february 18 2020Abubakr Cheema
This document is a mobile application development agreement between SoftSecure Software Solutions and Bravo Security Agency. Key points:
- SoftSecure will develop a "Human Safety System" mobile app for Bravo for 175,000 PKR.
- SoftSecure is responsible for app design, development, delivery and hosting. Bravo is responsible for text content, media, and app maintenance.
- The agreement outlines terms of payment, intellectual property rights, acceptance, post-release support and legal responsibilities of both parties.
Pharmacy management system fyp documentationAbubakr Cheema
Pharmacy management system fyp documentation
complete project report
Online Pharmacy is a software which is used for small or big level organization such
as pharmacy.This software is based on online pharmacy in which customer orders a
particular medicine and get it.The main purpose of this webapp is to provide facility
to the people living in remote areas or people who uses a particular medicines
monthly but they can’t get it due to a number of reasons.So this app less their worries
and make medicines available for them.Moreover if people are unable to go to the
doctor,they also visit our website and get medicines after complete consultation of our
online doctor.It performs several other operations like adding new doctor,adding new
medicine,delete or modify a medicine approving medicine orders etc .It is made in
java so it is platform independent it can run on any platform like Windows, Unix and
MacOS etc.
System Programming
Deamon Process
A daemon process is a process which runs in background and has no controlling terminal. A daemon (also known as background processes) is UNIX and it is known as services and agents in windows. Since a daemon process usually has no controlling terminal so almost no user interaction is required. Daemon processes are used to provide services that can well be done in background without any user interaction. Daemons are processes that are often started when the system is bootstrapped (boot time) and terminate only when the system is shut down.
The document outlines the project timeline for developing the Human Safety App from June 2020 to October 2020. It is divided into key stages: Concept Development, System Design, Detail Development, Testing & Refinement, Launch, and Other Tasks. Milestones are scheduled for August 2nd, September 1st, and October 4th to track progress.
App Development
Purpose,
What we are going to Develop
Planning,
Working,
Cost Estimation, Resource Estimation, Time Estimation,
Testing,
Software quality Assurance
And finally What we are going to deliver.
AL-HAREER was Pakistan's first design house to hire professional fashion designers, textile artists, and production managers. It offers employees a dynamic work environment where new ideas are welcome and there are opportunities to grow. AL-HAREER has 26 retail outlets across 12 cities in Pakistan and has established itself as the leading designer brand in the country over 15 years.
The Intel 80286 processor introduced in 1982 was an early 16-bit microprocessor that improved upon its predecessor, the 8086. It featured a 24-bit address bus that enabled access to up to 16MB of RAM. The 80286 also introduced memory management and protected mode, allowing for multitasking and preventing applications from accessing memory outside their allocated zones. It had four independent functional units - instruction unit, bus unit, address unit, and execution unit - and operated in both real and protected modes. The 80286 was designed for multi-user, multitasking environments and executed instructions faster than the 8086.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
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You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
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Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
5. 1958-69
P R E S E N T E D B Y : Abubakr Cheema
Field Marshal of Pakistan Army
First Military Dictator
Second President of Pakistan
6. 1/5/2021
• Early life
• Education
• Appointed Commander-in-Chief in 1951.
• Became a powerful political figure
• the government of Iskander Mirza was unpopular and the
political situation was chaotic.
• People were in despair
• 7 October 1958, martial law was declared by President
Iskander Mirza.
Introduction
Military Career
Martial Law
7.
Oct 7,1958: Martial law enforced
by President Iskandar Mirza.
Gen. Muhammad Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law
Administrator.
Oct 27,1958: Mirza was ousted by Ayub in a bloodless
coup, after Mirza tried to undercut Ayub's authority by
coopting military officers.
1958
8.
Oct 27,1959: Ayub introduced “Basic Democracies”.
A pyramidal plan allowing people to directly elect local councilmen they
knew.
80,000 Basic Democrats were elected.
Ayub used those democrats for referendum held in Feb 14,1960.
Winning 95.6% of the vote, he used the confirmation as impetus to
formalise his new system.
9. As a result of the referendum, Ayub
became the president for next 5
years & replaced his military
government into civilian
constitutional government.
Ayub promulgated the Constitution
of 1962 on Mar 1.
The capitol infrastructure had been
moved to newly planned state capital,
Islamabad, after all capital work
development was relocated from
Karachi.
10. Constitution Of 1962
Background
On 17 February 1960 Ayub Khan appointed a commission to report on the future political
framework for the country
The Commission was headed by the former Chief Justice of Pakistan, Muhammad Shahabuddin,
and had ten other members, five each from East Pakistan and West Pakistan, composed of
retired judges, lawyers, industrialists and landlords.
The report of the Constitution Commission was presented to President Ayub on 6 May 1961 and
thoroughly examined by the President and his Cabinet. In January 1962, the Cabinet finally
approved the text of the new constitution.
It was promulgated by President Ayub on 1 March 1962 and finally came into effect on 8
June 1962. The Constitution contained 250 articles divided into twelve parts and three
schedules.
11. Written
Constitution
Rigid Constitution
Name of the
Country
National Language
Islamic Provisions
Unicameral
Legislature
Presidential Form
of Govt
Freedom of
Judiciary
Fundamental
Rights
Islamic Ideology
Council
Emergency
Provisions
Powers of
President
Silent Feature
Of
Constitution
12.
4 Candiates: Fatima Ali Jinnah, Ayub Khan, 2 more members with no
party affiliation.
Ayub won with 64% of the vote in a bitterly contested election, again
becoming the President.
The election did not conform to international standards per many
journalists of the time and some accused Ayub of rigging.
13. ELECTIONS 1965
Background
Presidential elections were held in Pakistan on 2 January
1965. The vote was held amongst the 80,000 "basic
democrats", who were members of the urban and regional
councils.
Elections for the Presidency were to take place in
January 1965. Ayub Khan was nominated by a new
party, the Convention Muslim League, which he had
helped form.
The five opposition
parties all agreed
to support
Mohtarma Fatima
Jinnah.
14. It is believed that had the elections been held via the
direct method, Fatima Jinnah would have won. The
Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic
Democrats, who were easily manipulated. The
importance of this election lay in the fact that a woman
was contesting the highest political office of the
country. The orthodox religious political parties,
including the Jamaat-e-Islami led by Maulana Maududi,
which had repeatedly declared that a woman could not
hold the highest office of a Muslim country.
There were riots in Karachi and East Pakistan in which 20
people were killed.
Results
15.
16. Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar was designed to infiltrate
forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an
insurgency against Indian rule.
India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on
West Pakistan. Made Lahore offensive on Sep 6 at 3AM,
offensive launched on Sialkot.
The 17-day war caused thousands of casualties on both
sides and also witnessed the largest tank battle since
World War II.
- Neutral.
- Suspended aid to both.
- Supported Pakistan.
- Declared ceasefire, implemented on Sep 23
17. Address of Ayub Khan
Before 1965 War
"My dear countrymen, in this
hour of trial you have to remain
absolutely calm. You must know
that each one of you has to
perform a supreme duty which
demands complete dedication
and devotion… Be prepared to
strike and to strike hard; for
the evil which has raised its
head against your borders is
doomed to destruction. Go
forward and meet the enemy.
God is with you..."
18.
Jan 10, 1966: The Tashkent Declaration was a peace
agreement signed to resolve the Indo-Pak War of 65.
Peace had been achieved on 23 Sep by the intervention of the
great powers who pushed the two nations to cease fire, afraid
the conflict could escalate and draw in other powers.
Economic development and hiring for government jobs favoured
West Pakistan, eventually giving rise to Bengali Nationalism.
Feb 12,1966: S. Mujib-ur-Rehman of Awami League presented
6-points to demand provisional autonomy for East Pakistan
(forcefully rejected by Bhutto).
1966
19.
Under pressure from PPP, public resentment, and
anger against his administration mainly from East
Pakistan, Ayub resigned from the presidency in poor
health.
Mar 25: Ayub handed over powers to General Yahya
Khan.
Martial law was enforced again, suspending the
1962 constitution.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto appeared as Chairman of PPP.
1969
20.
Model of capitalism and followed free-market economics
principles, period of Industrialization.
Private sector was encouraged to establish medium and small-
scale industries in Pakistan
Generated employment and economic growth
New curriculum and books for schools; construction of new
schools and colleges
Agricultural reforms: Land reform, new agricultural equipment,
consolidation of personal and family land-holdings, and stern
measures against commodity-hoarding (such as wheat and
sugar) were combined with rural credit programs for the welfare
of the people in Pakistan.
These reforms led to 15% GNP growth of the country that was
three times greater than that of India, and 7% GDP growth
greater among the entire subcontinent.
Economic Policies &
The Great Decade
21.
Sept 1960: Indus Water Treaty was signed between to
resolve disputes regarding the sharing of the waters of the
six rivers in the Punjab Doab that flow between India &
Pakistan.
Modernisation of Pakistan Army with support of the US.
Establishment of Pakistan's National Space Agency, the
Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
(SUPARCO) directed by Abdus Salam; continuation of
nuclear power program
Cultural shift: the pop music industry, film industry and
drama pictures gained public attention and nationwide
popularity.
Economic Policies &
The Great Decade
22. Ayub Khan allied Pakistan with the global
U.S. military alliance against the Soviet
Union developing strong economic,
political and strategic ties with the United
States.
Secret intelligence base at Peshawar Air
Station leased to CIA.
Appointed left-wing intellectual Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto as the Foreign Minister, but soon
forced him to resign when he excessively
criticized the United States.
Bhutto established close political and
military ties with socialist China.
Foreign Policy
23. DEMERITS OF AYUB REGIME
In spite of success in industrial diversification and export performance,
Ayub Khan’s policies had several shortcomings.
High rates of effective protection continued to make Pakistani
industry inefficient, and a number of international studies
documented Pakistan as a worst example of industrialization.
Unlike other countrie0s, Pakistani use of tariffs and quotas was not
carefully planned.
The paradox of industrialization was, the regime resulted in a
progressive worsening in the balance of payment account with the
increase in the imports of machinery and other industrial raw
materials.
24. DEMERITS OF AYUB REGIME
The 1960's also marked Pakistan’s increase reliance on
foreign aid.
While the external economic assistance as a percentage of
GDP was a modest 2.8% in 1960's, it became substantial
within the next five years reaching to 6.6% in 1965.
Another negative feature of Ayub's industrial and trade
policies were the deliberate repression of wages.
It was felt that the low wages for industrial workers and the
restriction of trade union activity would help industry
acquire the critical mass needed for industrial takeoff.
25. Final year in office
opened up negotiations
increasing pressure from Bhutto and Bhashani
handed over control of Pakistan by Yahya khan
Death 19 April 1974
BhuttoBhashani
26. Criticism against ayub khan
Government corruption and nepotism
Criticisms of his sons and family's personal wealth
Presidential elections against Fatima Jinnah
Gohar Ayub's corruption
Increasing price of sugar
Conclusion
man of great determination but lacking the quality of
‘listening to others.
He always did what he thought better in the light of his
own experience.
His regime can be characterized with some
developments but he couldn’t maintain the national
harmony among the distant provinces of Pakistan