After World War II ended in 1945, Japan made a new start toward economic reconstruction as a democratic and pacifist state. Thanks to its highly educated and abundant labor force and to the concentration of capital and resources in certain key industries, such as electric power and steel, Japan succeeded in recovering from the ruins of war and achieving industrialization during the 1950s and 1960s.
1) Muhammad Ayub Khan took over as President of Pakistan in 1958 after declaring martial law.
2) During his rule from 1958-1969, Ayub Khan implemented economic development plans that increased GDP by 20% and prioritized agriculture, industry, and science.
3) However, Ayub Khan faced increasing opposition over social disparities, the 1965 war with India, and growing resentment in East Pakistan, leading to the end of his regime.
This content is full of information.from this source you can get the history of martial law .After studding this content you will be able to give presentation on Ayub Khan's era. this content is full of information of beigning years of Pakistan
Political social and economic Reforms of zulfiqar Ali bhuttoAqdasNoor
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto introduced many political, economic, and social reforms during his time as President and later Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971-1979. Some key reforms included nationalizing major industries, implementing land reforms, establishing rural health centers and education reforms like making primary education free. However, some of the economic reforms led to inefficiencies and high inflation over time. Bhutto sought to reduce inequality but some of his reforms were not effectively implemented and had unintended consequences for Pakistan's economy.
The document summarizes how the U.S. government and economy mobilized for World War II. It discusses how:
1) Government spending increased dramatically, taxes were raised across all classes, and war bonds were issued to finance the war effort.
2) Many new government agencies were created to centrally plan and coordinate the economy, like the WPB which directed production and contracts.
3) Industry was converted to military production, inflation was controlled, and women entered the workforce as men went to war, though women and minorities still faced discrimination.
4) By 1945, massive amounts of weapons, ships, and aircraft had been produced to equip U.S. and allied forces, and the economy
1. Ayub Khan imposed martial law in Pakistan in 1958 due to political instability and economic crisis.
2. His regime carried out many reforms in areas like the economy, administration, education, and land distribution to stabilize the country.
3. Key economic reforms included curbing smuggling, collecting hidden wealth, introducing bonus vouchers to boost exports, and implementing land reforms.
Ayub Khan was Pakistani politician and army general who served as the second President of Pakistan .
.In 1958 until being forced to resign amid the 1969 uprising in East Pakistan.
Born: 14 May 1907 at Rehana.
Died: 19 April 1974 at Islamabad
Education : For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was about 4 miles from his village , after that he was shifted to Haripur School .
. After passing his Matriculation Examination in 1922, Ayub was sent to Aligarh University where he spent four years. However, before appearing exams, he was selected for the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He sailed for England in 1926.
The document summarizes Japan's economic development during World War 1 and the 1920s. It discusses how WW1 brought an export-led boom to Japan's economy, but the bubble burst in 1920 and a recession began. During this period, foreign direct investment and import substitution expanded heavy industries and new large business conglomerates (zaibatsu) emerged. The document also outlines the rise of democracy, labor movements, and diplomacy during the Taisho period from 1910-1920s. Kijuro Shidehara pursued more moderate diplomacy to maintain relations with the US and respect arms limitation treaties during his time as Foreign Minister from 1924-1927 and 1929-1931.
After World War II ended in 1945, Japan made a new start toward economic reconstruction as a democratic and pacifist state. Thanks to its highly educated and abundant labor force and to the concentration of capital and resources in certain key industries, such as electric power and steel, Japan succeeded in recovering from the ruins of war and achieving industrialization during the 1950s and 1960s.
1) Muhammad Ayub Khan took over as President of Pakistan in 1958 after declaring martial law.
2) During his rule from 1958-1969, Ayub Khan implemented economic development plans that increased GDP by 20% and prioritized agriculture, industry, and science.
3) However, Ayub Khan faced increasing opposition over social disparities, the 1965 war with India, and growing resentment in East Pakistan, leading to the end of his regime.
This content is full of information.from this source you can get the history of martial law .After studding this content you will be able to give presentation on Ayub Khan's era. this content is full of information of beigning years of Pakistan
Political social and economic Reforms of zulfiqar Ali bhuttoAqdasNoor
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto introduced many political, economic, and social reforms during his time as President and later Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971-1979. Some key reforms included nationalizing major industries, implementing land reforms, establishing rural health centers and education reforms like making primary education free. However, some of the economic reforms led to inefficiencies and high inflation over time. Bhutto sought to reduce inequality but some of his reforms were not effectively implemented and had unintended consequences for Pakistan's economy.
The document summarizes how the U.S. government and economy mobilized for World War II. It discusses how:
1) Government spending increased dramatically, taxes were raised across all classes, and war bonds were issued to finance the war effort.
2) Many new government agencies were created to centrally plan and coordinate the economy, like the WPB which directed production and contracts.
3) Industry was converted to military production, inflation was controlled, and women entered the workforce as men went to war, though women and minorities still faced discrimination.
4) By 1945, massive amounts of weapons, ships, and aircraft had been produced to equip U.S. and allied forces, and the economy
1. Ayub Khan imposed martial law in Pakistan in 1958 due to political instability and economic crisis.
2. His regime carried out many reforms in areas like the economy, administration, education, and land distribution to stabilize the country.
3. Key economic reforms included curbing smuggling, collecting hidden wealth, introducing bonus vouchers to boost exports, and implementing land reforms.
Ayub Khan was Pakistani politician and army general who served as the second President of Pakistan .
.In 1958 until being forced to resign amid the 1969 uprising in East Pakistan.
Born: 14 May 1907 at Rehana.
Died: 19 April 1974 at Islamabad
Education : For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was about 4 miles from his village , after that he was shifted to Haripur School .
. After passing his Matriculation Examination in 1922, Ayub was sent to Aligarh University where he spent four years. However, before appearing exams, he was selected for the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He sailed for England in 1926.
The document summarizes Japan's economic development during World War 1 and the 1920s. It discusses how WW1 brought an export-led boom to Japan's economy, but the bubble burst in 1920 and a recession began. During this period, foreign direct investment and import substitution expanded heavy industries and new large business conglomerates (zaibatsu) emerged. The document also outlines the rise of democracy, labor movements, and diplomacy during the Taisho period from 1910-1920s. Kijuro Shidehara pursued more moderate diplomacy to maintain relations with the US and respect arms limitation treaties during his time as Foreign Minister from 1924-1927 and 1929-1931.
This document provides an overview of several key events in the Pakistan movement between 1909-1940, including the Khilafat movement, the Montague-Chelmsford reforms of 1919, the Congress and Muslim League reactions, and the Nehru Report. The Khilafat movement was a mass protest by Indian Muslims against the treatment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The Montague-Chelmsford reforms expanded Indian representation but were rejected by the Congress. The Nehru Report presented an Indian constitution drafted by the All Parties Conference in response to the Simon Commission, which lacked Indian representation.
The document provides an economic history of Pakistan from 1947 to 2013 summarized in six periods. The first period from 1947-1958 saw the establishment of Pakistan's economy following independence but slow growth due to political instability and refugee influx. The second period from 1958-1969 under Ayub Khan's rule saw impressive economic growth averaging 6% annually through industrialization and Green Revolution policies. However, regional economic disparities increased resentment. The third period from 1971-1977 aimed to continue industrial growth but modest results due to the 1965 war and constraints. Overall the document traces Pakistan's mixed economic performance and inability to realize its potential due to political and implementation challenges.
After World War II ended in 1945, Japan made a new start toward economic reconstruction as a democratic and pacifist state. Thanks to its highly educated and abundant labor force and to the concentration of capital and resources in certain key industries, such as electric power and steel, Japan succeeded in recovering from the ruins of war and achieving industrialization during the 1950s and 1960s.
The Cripps Mission of 1942 failed to satisfy Indian political parties as it did not provide a clear timeline for independence or address the Muslim League's demand for a separate Muslim state. This led to the Quit India Movement in August 1942. The Simla Conference in 1945 also failed when the Muslim League refused to accept any representation other than through the League. Provincial elections in 1945-46 showed the League had strong support among Indian Muslims. The 1946 Cabinet Mission Plan proposed devolution of power but was rejected by both the Congress and League. Mountbatten took over as viceroy in 1947 and his 3rd June Plan announced independence and the partition of British India into two new states.
1) General Ayub Khan imposed martial law in 1958 and framed a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system with a powerful president.
2) The constitution was in effect from 1962 to 1969. Growing opposition from Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and others led to Ayub Khan's resignation in 1969.
3) General Yahya Khan took over and abrogated the 1962 constitution. Elections were held but resulted in political instability, contributing to the events leading to the 1971 war and the independence of Bangladesh.
Difference in MAKING of democracy between POLAND and CHILE by- YASHUYashu Garg
THE PRESENTATION IS ABOUT THE Difference in MAKING of democracy between POLAND and CHILE. THAT HOW THESE 2 COUNTRIES ESTABLISHED DEMOCRACY. AND STRUGGLE AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLE IN IT.
Ayub Khan ruled Pakistan from 1958 to 1969 after declaring martial law. Some key policies and events during his rule included implementing five-year plans that boosted the economy and agriculture, introducing industrialization, and fighting the 1965 war with India. However, his regime also faced criticisms like curtailing political rights, economic issues after the war, and failing to address the growing nationalist movement in East Pakistan, which contributed to Pakistan's division in 1971.
After World War II ended in 1945, Japan made a new start toward economic reconstruction as a democratic and pacifist state. Thanks to its highly educated and abundant labor force and to the concentration of capital and resources in certain key industries, such as electric power and steel, Japan succeeded in recovering from the ruins of war and achieving industrialization during the 1950s and 1960s.
The slide describes the history of Nepal monarchy ascendance under challenge between 1979 to 1988 and the people's movement for restoration of democracy between 1989 to 1991
Pakistan has experienced varying economic conditions under different rulers since independence in 1947. The early years from 1947-1958 focused on economic planning and development as the new nation took shape. Rapid growth occurred from 1958-1968 under Ayub Khan as the private sector expanded. However, income inequality also grew. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's rule from 1971-1977 saw a downturn as policies became more restrictive. Zia-ul-Haq from 1977-1988 liberalized the economy and benefited from foreign aid, fueling a second economic revolution. Democracy returned from 1988-1999 but instability remained. Pervez Musharraf oversaw growth from 1999-2007 before economic indicators showed failure by 2000-2003. The current era from
China represents a large, growing, and resilient market with increasing normalization of business practices. It has a population of over 1.35 billion people and is the world's second largest economy. While China poses some political and business risks, it also offers opportunities as a low-cost manufacturing hub with a large talent pool. The Chinese government maintains a strong role in the economy through state-owned enterprises and banks, and the Communist Party exerts control over political and economic decision making. China has experienced rapid economic growth since implementing market reforms in the late 1970s.
The document summarizes the process of developing constitutions in Pakistan after its independence in 1947. It describes the formation of committees to draft constitutions, their reports, criticisms of the reports, and revised proposals. Key events included the Objectives Resolution of 1949, two reports by the Basic Principles Committee in 1950 and 1952, the Muhammad Ali Bogra formula of 1953, dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in 1954, formation of a second Constituent Assembly in 1955, and the One Unit scheme that united western provinces, helping constitution drafting be completed and approved in 1956, establishing Pakistan as an Islamic Republic.
This document discusses the history of democracy in Chile, Poland, and globally. It describes how Salvador Allende became president of Chile through democratic elections but was overthrown in a military coup in 1973. Democracy was later restored in Chile. It also details the rise of the Solidarity movement in Poland in the 1980s which helped bring democratic reforms. Overall, the document traces the expansion of democracy worldwide over the 20th century, though many countries still lack fully free and fair democratic systems.
Japan's government has three branches - executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch is headed by the emperor, who serves as head of state but has no real power, and the prime minister and cabinet. The legislative branch consists of the bicameral Diet elected by citizens. The judicial branch is led by the supreme court. Japan has a thriving market economy based on supply and demand with little government ownership of industry.
The document provides information about group members for a project and includes essays about Pakistan's former President Ayub Khan and the reforms he introduced. It lists 6 group members and their student IDs. There are essays about Ayub Khan's early life and career, how he declared martial law in 1958, and the legal, economic, educational, agricultural, trade and foreign policy reforms he introduced as President from 1958-1969.
This document outlines the major economic and political events in Japan's history from the 1600s to present day. It begins with the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1600 which began early modern industrialization. The Meiji Restoration in 1868 marked the beginning of industrialization and opening of Japan to Western influence. In the 1930s Japan had a controlled economy focused on military expansion. After World War 2 and the American occupation, Japan's economy was devastated but began recovering in the 1950s through policies promoting private enterprise and trade. Japan experienced major economic growth through bubbles and crises over subsequent decades.
The USSR needed to rapidly industrialize to catch up with more developed Western nations and protect itself. Stalin's goals were to transform the Soviet Union into a modern, powerful industrial state within 10 years through collectivizing agriculture, increasing coal and steel production, and creating an industrial workforce. However, this came at great human costs as millions died, living standards declined, and basic freedoms were restricted under Stalin's oppressive policies.
Muhammad Ali Bogra’s CabinetFrom April 1953 to Oct 1954 #Pakistan HostoryYo yo Nody khan
The document summarizes Muhammad Ali Bogra's cabinet in Pakistan from 1953-1955. It notes that the cabinet was appointed by the Governor General and consisted mainly of members from West Pakistan. The cabinet aligned Pakistan with the Western bloc by signing defense pacts with the US and others. However, the cabinet struggled with internal divisions and a weak prime minister, and failed to adequately address Pakistan's economic problems. Military and bureaucratic elites also exerted significant influence over decision making.
decade of development pakistan study Presentation, The era of Ayub Khan.
After this presentation students will be able to know about :
Personal Profile of Ayub Khan.
Reforms done by Ayub Khan.
Why did Ayub Khan fall from power?
Ayub Khan:
Born on May 14, 1907 in Rehana village, near Haripur, Hazara, Pakistan.
Studied at Aligarh Muslim University.
Joined the army of the British Colonial powers in 1926.
Fought in World War II as Commissioned Officer.
In 1950, became first Pakistani to lead army as its Commander-In-Chief.
Army took control of the country in 1958 & appointed General Ayub Khan as Chief Martial Law Administrator.
Soon after, Ayub Khan declared himself as President.
Ayub Khan emerged as a military ruler in Pakistan in 1958 during a critical time. He ruled for over 10 years, bringing economic prosperity but also political instability. His regime established a rigid political system called "Basic Democracy" and saw modernization of the economy. However, his discriminatory policies toward East Pakistan contributed to the independence movement there.
Banckground to bangladesh liberation warTopu Kawser
The document summarizes the background and key events leading up to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. It discusses how East Pakistan, despite having a larger population, was politically dominated by West Pakistan. This caused growing resentment in East Pakistan that escalated after they won a landslide victory in the 1970 election but West Pakistan refused to let them have power. The document outlines the social, political, economic, and cultural discrimination faced by East Pakistanis, as well as important events like the language movement and six point movement that increased calls for independence in East Pakistan and ultimately led to the Bangladesh Liberation War.
This document provides an overview of several key events in the Pakistan movement between 1909-1940, including the Khilafat movement, the Montague-Chelmsford reforms of 1919, the Congress and Muslim League reactions, and the Nehru Report. The Khilafat movement was a mass protest by Indian Muslims against the treatment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The Montague-Chelmsford reforms expanded Indian representation but were rejected by the Congress. The Nehru Report presented an Indian constitution drafted by the All Parties Conference in response to the Simon Commission, which lacked Indian representation.
The document provides an economic history of Pakistan from 1947 to 2013 summarized in six periods. The first period from 1947-1958 saw the establishment of Pakistan's economy following independence but slow growth due to political instability and refugee influx. The second period from 1958-1969 under Ayub Khan's rule saw impressive economic growth averaging 6% annually through industrialization and Green Revolution policies. However, regional economic disparities increased resentment. The third period from 1971-1977 aimed to continue industrial growth but modest results due to the 1965 war and constraints. Overall the document traces Pakistan's mixed economic performance and inability to realize its potential due to political and implementation challenges.
After World War II ended in 1945, Japan made a new start toward economic reconstruction as a democratic and pacifist state. Thanks to its highly educated and abundant labor force and to the concentration of capital and resources in certain key industries, such as electric power and steel, Japan succeeded in recovering from the ruins of war and achieving industrialization during the 1950s and 1960s.
The Cripps Mission of 1942 failed to satisfy Indian political parties as it did not provide a clear timeline for independence or address the Muslim League's demand for a separate Muslim state. This led to the Quit India Movement in August 1942. The Simla Conference in 1945 also failed when the Muslim League refused to accept any representation other than through the League. Provincial elections in 1945-46 showed the League had strong support among Indian Muslims. The 1946 Cabinet Mission Plan proposed devolution of power but was rejected by both the Congress and League. Mountbatten took over as viceroy in 1947 and his 3rd June Plan announced independence and the partition of British India into two new states.
1) General Ayub Khan imposed martial law in 1958 and framed a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system with a powerful president.
2) The constitution was in effect from 1962 to 1969. Growing opposition from Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and others led to Ayub Khan's resignation in 1969.
3) General Yahya Khan took over and abrogated the 1962 constitution. Elections were held but resulted in political instability, contributing to the events leading to the 1971 war and the independence of Bangladesh.
Difference in MAKING of democracy between POLAND and CHILE by- YASHUYashu Garg
THE PRESENTATION IS ABOUT THE Difference in MAKING of democracy between POLAND and CHILE. THAT HOW THESE 2 COUNTRIES ESTABLISHED DEMOCRACY. AND STRUGGLE AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLE IN IT.
Ayub Khan ruled Pakistan from 1958 to 1969 after declaring martial law. Some key policies and events during his rule included implementing five-year plans that boosted the economy and agriculture, introducing industrialization, and fighting the 1965 war with India. However, his regime also faced criticisms like curtailing political rights, economic issues after the war, and failing to address the growing nationalist movement in East Pakistan, which contributed to Pakistan's division in 1971.
After World War II ended in 1945, Japan made a new start toward economic reconstruction as a democratic and pacifist state. Thanks to its highly educated and abundant labor force and to the concentration of capital and resources in certain key industries, such as electric power and steel, Japan succeeded in recovering from the ruins of war and achieving industrialization during the 1950s and 1960s.
The slide describes the history of Nepal monarchy ascendance under challenge between 1979 to 1988 and the people's movement for restoration of democracy between 1989 to 1991
Pakistan has experienced varying economic conditions under different rulers since independence in 1947. The early years from 1947-1958 focused on economic planning and development as the new nation took shape. Rapid growth occurred from 1958-1968 under Ayub Khan as the private sector expanded. However, income inequality also grew. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's rule from 1971-1977 saw a downturn as policies became more restrictive. Zia-ul-Haq from 1977-1988 liberalized the economy and benefited from foreign aid, fueling a second economic revolution. Democracy returned from 1988-1999 but instability remained. Pervez Musharraf oversaw growth from 1999-2007 before economic indicators showed failure by 2000-2003. The current era from
China represents a large, growing, and resilient market with increasing normalization of business practices. It has a population of over 1.35 billion people and is the world's second largest economy. While China poses some political and business risks, it also offers opportunities as a low-cost manufacturing hub with a large talent pool. The Chinese government maintains a strong role in the economy through state-owned enterprises and banks, and the Communist Party exerts control over political and economic decision making. China has experienced rapid economic growth since implementing market reforms in the late 1970s.
The document summarizes the process of developing constitutions in Pakistan after its independence in 1947. It describes the formation of committees to draft constitutions, their reports, criticisms of the reports, and revised proposals. Key events included the Objectives Resolution of 1949, two reports by the Basic Principles Committee in 1950 and 1952, the Muhammad Ali Bogra formula of 1953, dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in 1954, formation of a second Constituent Assembly in 1955, and the One Unit scheme that united western provinces, helping constitution drafting be completed and approved in 1956, establishing Pakistan as an Islamic Republic.
This document discusses the history of democracy in Chile, Poland, and globally. It describes how Salvador Allende became president of Chile through democratic elections but was overthrown in a military coup in 1973. Democracy was later restored in Chile. It also details the rise of the Solidarity movement in Poland in the 1980s which helped bring democratic reforms. Overall, the document traces the expansion of democracy worldwide over the 20th century, though many countries still lack fully free and fair democratic systems.
Japan's government has three branches - executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch is headed by the emperor, who serves as head of state but has no real power, and the prime minister and cabinet. The legislative branch consists of the bicameral Diet elected by citizens. The judicial branch is led by the supreme court. Japan has a thriving market economy based on supply and demand with little government ownership of industry.
The document provides information about group members for a project and includes essays about Pakistan's former President Ayub Khan and the reforms he introduced. It lists 6 group members and their student IDs. There are essays about Ayub Khan's early life and career, how he declared martial law in 1958, and the legal, economic, educational, agricultural, trade and foreign policy reforms he introduced as President from 1958-1969.
This document outlines the major economic and political events in Japan's history from the 1600s to present day. It begins with the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1600 which began early modern industrialization. The Meiji Restoration in 1868 marked the beginning of industrialization and opening of Japan to Western influence. In the 1930s Japan had a controlled economy focused on military expansion. After World War 2 and the American occupation, Japan's economy was devastated but began recovering in the 1950s through policies promoting private enterprise and trade. Japan experienced major economic growth through bubbles and crises over subsequent decades.
The USSR needed to rapidly industrialize to catch up with more developed Western nations and protect itself. Stalin's goals were to transform the Soviet Union into a modern, powerful industrial state within 10 years through collectivizing agriculture, increasing coal and steel production, and creating an industrial workforce. However, this came at great human costs as millions died, living standards declined, and basic freedoms were restricted under Stalin's oppressive policies.
Muhammad Ali Bogra’s CabinetFrom April 1953 to Oct 1954 #Pakistan HostoryYo yo Nody khan
The document summarizes Muhammad Ali Bogra's cabinet in Pakistan from 1953-1955. It notes that the cabinet was appointed by the Governor General and consisted mainly of members from West Pakistan. The cabinet aligned Pakistan with the Western bloc by signing defense pacts with the US and others. However, the cabinet struggled with internal divisions and a weak prime minister, and failed to adequately address Pakistan's economic problems. Military and bureaucratic elites also exerted significant influence over decision making.
decade of development pakistan study Presentation, The era of Ayub Khan.
After this presentation students will be able to know about :
Personal Profile of Ayub Khan.
Reforms done by Ayub Khan.
Why did Ayub Khan fall from power?
Ayub Khan:
Born on May 14, 1907 in Rehana village, near Haripur, Hazara, Pakistan.
Studied at Aligarh Muslim University.
Joined the army of the British Colonial powers in 1926.
Fought in World War II as Commissioned Officer.
In 1950, became first Pakistani to lead army as its Commander-In-Chief.
Army took control of the country in 1958 & appointed General Ayub Khan as Chief Martial Law Administrator.
Soon after, Ayub Khan declared himself as President.
Ayub Khan emerged as a military ruler in Pakistan in 1958 during a critical time. He ruled for over 10 years, bringing economic prosperity but also political instability. His regime established a rigid political system called "Basic Democracy" and saw modernization of the economy. However, his discriminatory policies toward East Pakistan contributed to the independence movement there.
Banckground to bangladesh liberation warTopu Kawser
The document summarizes the background and key events leading up to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. It discusses how East Pakistan, despite having a larger population, was politically dominated by West Pakistan. This caused growing resentment in East Pakistan that escalated after they won a landslide victory in the 1970 election but West Pakistan refused to let them have power. The document outlines the social, political, economic, and cultural discrimination faced by East Pakistanis, as well as important events like the language movement and six point movement that increased calls for independence in East Pakistan and ultimately led to the Bangladesh Liberation War.
MAJOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS -1947-1958.pptxsyedmirsyed
- Pakistan faced many challenges after partition in 1947, including losing its more developed provinces and industries to India. It also fought wars with India over the disputed territory of Kashmir.
- Between 1947-1958, Pakistan experienced political instability under various governors-general and prime ministers. The constitution was also delayed and amended multiple times.
- Martial law was imposed from 1958-1962 by Ayub Khan, who introduced economic reforms but faced opposition. Yahya Khan then imposed martial law in 1969 and oversaw elections in 1970, but failed to peacefully transfer power, leading to war and the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.
The document traces Pakistan's political development from its founding in 1947 through various regimes. It notes the early struggles of lacking resources and establishing governance. Various prime ministers and policies are outlined, along with two periods of martial law. Constitutional developments and issues are discussed over time. Key events, policies, and criticisms of different leaders are summarized for each era.
The document traces Pakistan's political development from its founding in 1947 through various regimes. It notes the early struggles of lacking resources and establishing governance. Various prime ministers and policies are outlined, along with two periods of martial law. Constitutional developments and issues are discussed over time. Key events, policies, and criticisms of different leaders are summarized for each era.
The document summarizes the history of Bangladesh from 1947 to 1971, beginning with the partition of British India and the creation of Pakistan and India as separate states. It describes the establishment of East and West Pakistan on either side of India, and the tensions that arose from their separation and cultural differences. Key events included the Bengali language movement of 1952, the election of 1954 which brought Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to power, and his formulation of the Six Points demand for greater autonomy of East Pakistan. Despite Awami League's victory in the 1970 elections, talks over power sharing failed and led to Bangladesh declaring independence in 1971 after the Pakistan army launched a violent crackdown, resulting in war and Bangladesh gaining independence in December 1971
Pakistan has experienced several different political eras since independence in 1947, with periods of democratic governance interrupted by military coups. The document divides Pakistan's political history into time periods from 1947 to 2022, providing brief summaries of the leadership and political developments during each era. Key figures include Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Ayub Khan, Bhutto, Zia-ul-Haq, Sharif, and Imran Khan. Military interventions imposed martial law in 1958, 1977, and 1999, with transitions back to democratic rule and elections over time.
This document summarizes the major political events in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. During this period, Pakistan experienced leadership changes as it transitioned from its founding as an independent nation under Jinnah to periods under various prime ministers and governors-general. Key events included the Kashmir crisis in 1948, the Objectives Resolution in 1949 establishing Islam as the guiding principle, and the establishment of the One Unit system in 1955. The first constitution was introduced in 1956, though martial law was declared in 1958 under Ayub Khan.
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Poverty is a multifaceted social issue characterized by the lack of sufficient resources needed to meet basic human needs, such as food, shelter, education, and healthcare. It is a global phenomenon affecting millions of people across the world, regardless of geographic location, race, or culture. Poverty can manifest in various forms, including absolute poverty, where individuals lack the basic necessities for survival, and relative poverty, which refers to the inability to maintain the standard of living common in a particular society.
Several factors contribute to the perpetuation of poverty, including unequal distribution of wealth, limited access to education and employment opportunities, inadequate healthcare services, political instability, environmental degradation, and systemic discrimination based on factors such as gender, ethnicity, or disability.
The consequences of poverty are far-reaching and severe, impacting individuals, families, and communities. It undermines human dignity, restricts opportunities for social mobility, and exacerbates inequalities. Poverty often leads to malnutrition, poor health outcomes, inadequate housing, limited access to education, and increased vulnerability to exploitation and violence.
Efforts to alleviate poverty require a comprehensive approach involving government policies, social programs, economic empowerment initiatives, and community-based interventions. Addressing poverty involves strategies aimed at promoting inclusive economic growth, ensuring equitable distribution of resources, improving access to education and healthcare, empowering marginalized communities, and fostering sustainable development practices.
Despite ongoing efforts, poverty remains a persistent challenge worldwide, necessitating continued commitment and collaboration across sectors to
Causes of Failure of Muhammad Ayub Khan Regime.pptxZawarali786
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اگر آپ تعلیمی نیوز، رجسٹریشن، داخلہ، ڈیٹ شیٹ، رزلٹ، اسائنمنٹ،جابز اور باقی تمام اپ ڈیٹس اپنے موبائل پر فری حاصل کرنا چاہتے ہیں ۔تو نیچے دیے گئے واٹس ایپ نمبرکو اپنے موبائل میں سیو کرکے اپنا نام لکھ کر واٹس ایپ کر دیں۔ سٹیٹس روزانہ لازمی چیک کریں۔
نوٹ : اس کے علاوہ تمام یونیورسٹیز کے آن لائن داخلے بھجوانے اور جابز کے لیے آن لائن اپلائی کروانے کے لیے رابطہ کریں۔
Jawaharlal Nehru, impressed by the Soviet system of five-year plans, adopted the model for India's economic development in 1950 and established the Planning Commission. The Commission develops, executes, and monitors India's five-year plans with the Prime Minister as Chair. The first plan focused on agriculture while the second emphasized industry building. Subsequent plans aimed to increase farm output but faced challenges including wars with China and Pakistan.
Pakistan has experienced three periods of martial law since gaining independence in 1947. The first was declared in 1958 by President Iskander Mirza and Chief Martial Law Administrator General Ayub Khan due to political instability. Ayub Khan lifted martial law in 1962 after nearly four years. The second was declared in 1969 by General Yahya Khan after President Ayub Khan resigned. The third was imposed in 1977 when General Zia ul-Haq overthrew Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. While not officially martial law, General Pervez Musharraf also seized power in a bloodless coup in 1999, dissolving the elected government.
General Ayub Khan led the first military coup in Pakistan in 1958, declaring himself President and implementing economic reforms that led to high growth rates while concentrating power among a small elite. His regime introduced some land reforms and encouraged industrialization but faced increasing opposition over corruption and neglect of education, ultimately leading him to hand over power to Yahya Khan in 1969.
An Overview of the History of Pakistan: 1947 - 1973 Waleed Liaqat
Describes early problems faced by Pakistan as an independent state.
Major events between 1947 and 1973 are given in a timeline. Foreign relations between Pakistan and power states such as China,Former USSR and US are also described.
- In 1958, President Iskander Mirza declared martial law with General Ayub Khan as chief martial law administrator. Within 3 weeks, Ayub Khan ousted Mirza and became president, beginning 11 years of military rule.
- Ayub Khan focused on land reforms, local government schemes, and improving agriculture. He held a referendum in 1960 to legitimize his rule and framed the 1962 constitution.
- However, opposition grew and the 1965 presidential election was believed to be rigged in Ayub's favor. He allied with the US but faced increasing unrest and resigned in 1969.
From 1958-1969, Pakistan experienced significant political developments under military rule and President Ayub Khan. In 1958, martial law was declared and Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator, ousting President Sikandar Mirza. Ayub Khan introduced a system of Basic Democracies in 1959 and was later elected president in 1960 based on a referendum. However, opposition grew and the constitution was abrogated in 1969, with Ayub handing over power to General Yahya Khan and martial law being enforced once again.
This document provides a summary of the political history of Pakistan from its independence in 1947 to 2017. It outlines the key periods including formative phase (1947-1958), martial law regimes from 1958-1972 and 1977-1988, democratic regimes from 1972-1977 and 1988-1999, and the 4th martial law period from 1999-2008 followed by restoration of democracy from 2008-2017. It also discusses the constitutional development of Pakistan through objectives resolutions, Islamic provisions, and constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.
This document summarizes the constitutional and political development in Pakistan from 1947 to 1956. It discusses the interim constitution based on the Government of India Act 1935, the establishment of the constituent assembly, and India's successful framing of a constitution by 1950-51. It also covers events like the deaths of Quaid-e-Azam and Liaquat Ali Khan, the issues of Islamic ideology and principles, and the division between East and West Pakistan. The document outlines the various draft constitutions presented between 1952-1954 and the dissolution of the constituent assembly in 1954, which led to political instability until the martial law declaration in 1958.
Similar to PAK301- Pakistan Studies- Lecture 22 (20)
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. Lecture 22
Pak301
Political History
I. 1947-1971
II. 1972- to the Present
• First Part: 1947-1971
I. 1947-58
II. 1958-69
III. 1969-71
1: First Eleven Years (1947-58)
Pakistan won independence under extremely difficult conditions. The next task was
setting up of a new state.
There was no administrative structure. Riots, refugee’s problem and economic pressures
were challenging for the new state.
Negative attitude from Indian government and war on Kashmir created problems in
relations with India.
The Government of India Act 1935 was adopted as the first Interim Constitution. Quaid-i-
Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor General (GG) of Pakistan and Liaquat Ali
Khan, the first Prime Minister (PM).
Governor Generals:
1. M. A. Jinnah August Sept. 1947-Sept. 1948
2. Kh. Nazimuddin Sept. 1948-Oct 1951
3. Ghulam Mohammad Oct. 1951-Oct. 1955
4. Iskander Mirza Oct. 1955-March 1956
President:
1. Iskander Mirza March 1956-Oct. 1958
Prime Ministers:
1: Liaquat Ali Khan August 1947-Oct 1951
2: Kh. Nazimuddin Oct. 1951-April 1953
3: Muhammad Ali Bogra
(i) April 1953-Oct 1954 Oct.
(ii) 1954-August 1955
4: Ch. Muhammad Ali August 1955-Sept 1956
5: H.S. Suhrawardy Sept. 1956-Oct 1957
6: I.I. Chundrigar Oct. 1957-Dec 1957
7: Firoz Khan Noon Dec. 1957-Oct. 1958
Major Issues
• Constitution-making
• Elections at the provincial level
Punjab, NWFP 1951
Sindh 1953
East Bengal 1954
• 1st
Constituent Assembly (CA) was dissolved and 2nd
CA was constituted in 1955.
• One Unit Scheme October 1955
• Economic management, Agriculture, Industrialization and Education was a question
dealt in 1st
Five Year Plan.
• Political Instability was there. Weak and short-lived governments shattered the whole
political system.
48
2. • Decline of Political Parties created bad name for politicians.
• Instability was also there at the provincial level.
2: Second Phase (1958-69)
Martial Law remained imposed from October 1958 to June 1962. Constitutional Rule was
restored on June 1962 and remained till the 2nd
Martial Law on March 1969.
Ayub Khan took over as Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA) and the President. He
got himself elected through referendum in 1960 and re-elected in January 1965 through
presidential elections.
Important Policy Measures
Important Policy Measures taken by the Ayub government were:
• Administrative Reforms which included removal of unwanted officials, some 1662 in
number.
• Restrictions on political activities. Political leaders were stopped from taking part in
politics for 6 years on the charge of corruption and other charges under the law named
EBDO.
• Economic planning was done for industrial development and green Revolution.
• Educational Reforms
• Constitution was introduced.
Downfall of Ayub Khan:
Indo-Pakistan war started and at the end of war Tashkand Pact was signed with India.
People were not satisfied with this pact. They also resented the election results of 1965. Fruits of
economic development were not distributed at masses level. Wealth of nation was concentrated
in a few hands. This brought people to agitation and public demand resulted in resignation of the
president.
3: Third Phase (1969-71)
Ayub Khan handed over power to Army Chief Yahya Khan. He imposed Martial Law and 1962
Constitution was abrogated. He took some immediate steps:
== Removal of officers 303
== Provinces Revived: March 30, 1970
== Abolition of Parity
== Legal Framework Order (LFO) as interim law issued in March 1970 which provided basic
principles for:
• Constitution making
• Rules and regulations for elections
• Seats in the assemblies
National Assembly 313 (300 plus 13 women seats)
For East Pak 162 plus 7
West Pak 138 plus 6
General Elections
General Elections were held in December 1970. Election Results were:
Awami League 160 general seats
Pakistan People’s Party 81 general seats
Transfer of power became a major problem. Failure of dialogue for transfer of Power
among three top leaders led to confrontation and military action on March 25, 1971. It ultimately
resulted in Civil war and alienation of East Pakistan.
India played a very negative role. It attacked on East Pakistan and India-Pakistan war
started which ended with the separation of East Pakistan.
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