Ayub Khan came to power in 1958 after a military coup. He aimed to rapidly industrialize Pakistan's economy and encourage private sector growth. Agricultural reforms like high-yielding seeds boosted farm output. Industrial policy focused on import substitution. Economic growth averaged 6.25% annually during Ayub's rule. However, foreign aid dependence rose and industrial protection policies made some industries inefficient. The 1965 war with India also slowed economic progress.
power point document on general zia ul haq's policies, his early life, his governance, afghan miracle, zia as president and chief martial law administrator
Ayub Khan was Pakistani politician and army general who served as the second President of Pakistan .
.In 1958 until being forced to resign amid the 1969 uprising in East Pakistan.
Born: 14 May 1907 at Rehana.
Died: 19 April 1974 at Islamabad
Education : For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was about 4 miles from his village , after that he was shifted to Haripur School .
. After passing his Matriculation Examination in 1922, Ayub was sent to Aligarh University where he spent four years. However, before appearing exams, he was selected for the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He sailed for England in 1926.
power point document on general zia ul haq's policies, his early life, his governance, afghan miracle, zia as president and chief martial law administrator
Ayub Khan was Pakistani politician and army general who served as the second President of Pakistan .
.In 1958 until being forced to resign amid the 1969 uprising in East Pakistan.
Born: 14 May 1907 at Rehana.
Died: 19 April 1974 at Islamabad
Education : For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was about 4 miles from his village , after that he was shifted to Haripur School .
. After passing his Matriculation Examination in 1922, Ayub was sent to Aligarh University where he spent four years. However, before appearing exams, he was selected for the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He sailed for England in 1926.
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinentAqib Syed
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinent
Political system in Pakistan broke down in 1971 because of output failure arising out of conflict among East and West Pakistan.
Though separation of East Pakistan occurred in 1971, the separation’s elements had begun to work with the emergence of Pakistan in 1947. Following were the main causes of the separation of East Pakistan.
1.Choice of Capital and Establishment of Government
2. Unfair Boundary Distribution
3.Division of Military Assets
4.Division of financial assets:
5. Economic Problems
6.Issue of national language
7.Electricity Problem
8.Kashmir Dispute
9. Canal Water Dispute
10. Constitutional Problem
These reports have been made by me and my classmates at IBA Karachi. The sole purpose of putting these reports here is to help the free flow of knowledge to everyone.
This document discusses the Foreign policy of Pakistan in detail along with its constituents. Attention is given to the challenges faced by policy makers and the prospects of our policy.
Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014)Tallat Satti
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1947-56)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1957-72)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1973-88)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1989-2000)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan(2001-2014)
In this report the topics are:
Introduction, An Overview
Challenges to Economy of Pakistan are War on terror, We consume more and save less, Poor academic set-up, Energy crisis, Inadequate exports, Inflation, Lack of tourism, Government spends more than it earns as revenues, Our share in the world trade is shrinking, Corruption, Kashmir issue, We badly lag in social indicators, Trade, Investment failing, Political stability, law and order, Poor use of natural resources, Poverty, We face energy and water shortages, Poor governance, Uncertainty and unpredictability due to lack of continuity
And Recommendations and solutions are:
To Improve Economy, Technology, Taxation, Governance, devolution and decentralization, Energy crisis, Private sector, Government should utilize the resources well, Stakeholders in the Pakistani, Possible solutions of Energy Crisis in Pakistan, Impacts of law and order situation on economy, Natural resources, Lack of tourism, Illiteracy, Change in national psyche and mind set, Inflation, Low export and high Import, Technology, Energy solutions and climate change, Conclusion, Bibliography.
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinentAqib Syed
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinent
Political system in Pakistan broke down in 1971 because of output failure arising out of conflict among East and West Pakistan.
Though separation of East Pakistan occurred in 1971, the separation’s elements had begun to work with the emergence of Pakistan in 1947. Following were the main causes of the separation of East Pakistan.
1.Choice of Capital and Establishment of Government
2. Unfair Boundary Distribution
3.Division of Military Assets
4.Division of financial assets:
5. Economic Problems
6.Issue of national language
7.Electricity Problem
8.Kashmir Dispute
9. Canal Water Dispute
10. Constitutional Problem
These reports have been made by me and my classmates at IBA Karachi. The sole purpose of putting these reports here is to help the free flow of knowledge to everyone.
This document discusses the Foreign policy of Pakistan in detail along with its constituents. Attention is given to the challenges faced by policy makers and the prospects of our policy.
Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014)Tallat Satti
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1947-56)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1957-72)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1973-88)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1989-2000)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan(2001-2014)
In this report the topics are:
Introduction, An Overview
Challenges to Economy of Pakistan are War on terror, We consume more and save less, Poor academic set-up, Energy crisis, Inadequate exports, Inflation, Lack of tourism, Government spends more than it earns as revenues, Our share in the world trade is shrinking, Corruption, Kashmir issue, We badly lag in social indicators, Trade, Investment failing, Political stability, law and order, Poor use of natural resources, Poverty, We face energy and water shortages, Poor governance, Uncertainty and unpredictability due to lack of continuity
And Recommendations and solutions are:
To Improve Economy, Technology, Taxation, Governance, devolution and decentralization, Energy crisis, Private sector, Government should utilize the resources well, Stakeholders in the Pakistani, Possible solutions of Energy Crisis in Pakistan, Impacts of law and order situation on economy, Natural resources, Lack of tourism, Illiteracy, Change in national psyche and mind set, Inflation, Low export and high Import, Technology, Energy solutions and climate change, Conclusion, Bibliography.
Advantages and disadvantes of foreign aid to developmentBaseera Hashmi
There is no doubt that today’s world is more affluent and has more advanced technology than ever before ,however, there are famine, pollution, water shortages and development problems in dozens of countries. In that case, many countries and organizations are supplying aid and supporting undeveloped countries. Ordinary people who live in rich countries also have greater awareness of helping their infrastructural development. Food, technological, educational aids have become an accepted policy of advanced countries to assist in furthering the development of the human and material resources of poor countries.
Unfortunately, problems were misdiagnosed or not foreseen. It is no good taking over the aid of foreign countries uncritically. Moreover, foreign aid would make undeveloped countries lose their economy, market and other area’s independence. At the same time, as a kind of political exchange, undeveloped countries have to obey new rules which created by developed countries and further to be vassal states again. Nowadays, most countries in the world have not finished the progress of being industrialized.
This Pakistan Studies presentation is created by the students of C@SE Islamabad and it gives an overview of the economic issues of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
5 year plans of pakistan by brands academyBrands Academy
Brand Academy provides details brand analysis, research, article and insights for free.
Contact us :
brandsmentor@gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/1stbrandsacademy
Pakistan Five Year Development PlansSince 1955 to 2010An Overview
Introduction
Almost all five-year plans prepared during political or military regimes were shelved in the country’s history after regime change and none of them succeeded in getting the desired results.
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries.
The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political
disputes, a fast growing population and ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India.
Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period.
Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade.
Introduction
Two wars with India, in Second Kashmir War 1965 and Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 and separation of Bangladesh adversely affected economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s.
Pakistan is aggressively cutting tariffs and assisting exports by improving ports, roads, electricity supplies and irrigation projects. Islamabad has doubled development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Targets
Emphasis mainly on achieving high national income.
The First Plan was implemented within certain obvious handicaps and limitations and its release was delayed by two Years.
In practice, this plan was not implemented, however, mainly because political instability led to a neglect of economic policy, but government, Deputy Chairman Planning Board (Commission) Said Hassan announces the plan in 1957.
The development expenditures were regarded as the foundation for rapid progress in the future and plans explicitly affirmed that some sectors of the economy must be expanded much more rapidly than others in order to secure maximum gains.
The size of the First Plan initially was Rs. 11.5 billion which was revised and decreased to 10.8 billion out of which Rs. 750 million for the public sector and Rs. 3.3 billion for the private sector was allocated. Of the total plan amount of Rs. 6.6 billion from the internal sources and R.s 4.2 billion was to be achieve from the foreign sources in the form of loans and aid.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Achievements/Failure
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
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Political Economy of a Post-Colonial State; Economic Development of PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
Despite all the ups and downs, Pakistan is now the 26th largest economy in the world in terms of Purchasing Power Parity, (44th largest in terms of nominal GDP). With per capita income of US$ 4550, Pakistan occupies at 140th place on this count in the world, thanks to her burgeoning population of 200 million people. Pakistan is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a potential to become one of the world's large economies in the 21st century. By 2050, with an estimated GDP of $3.33 trillion, Pakistan is expected to become world’s 18th largest economy, according to Goldman Sachs. However, this progress is not as impressive as it looks or should have been keeping her potential. Similarly her dismal social indicators, structural anomalies and income disparities leave much to be desired.
This presentation sums up the development experience—what Pakistan did marvellously, what it did marginally and where it failed miserably during her development journey. It ends with an the lessons other developing countries can learn from this development experience of Pakistan.
Presentation on Globalization and it's impact on Pakistan
course: Pakistan Economic Policy
Instructor: Mr,Zia Abbas
by: Shumaila Zaheer Siddiqui and Nauman Ahmed
Institute of business management (Iobm),Karachi
The document provides a general overview of the economy in Sri Lanka from the time of Independence in 1948 to the Present era in terms of policy changes, the general affect on different regime changes on the economy and how they have molded the present situation in Sri Lanka in a macro economic perspective.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
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What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
5. Personal Profile
▪ Born on May 14, 1907 in RehanaVillage, near Haripur,
Hazara, Pakistan
▪ Studied at Aligarh Muslim University
▪ Joined the army of British Colonial Powers in 1926
▪ Fought inWorldWar II as Commissioned Officer.
▪ Attained the rank of Brigadier General in 1947.
▪ In 1950, became first Pakistani to lead army as its
Commander-In-Chief
▪ Army took control of the country in 1958 & appointed
General Ayub Khan as Chief Martial LawAdministrator.
▪ Soon after, Ayub khan declared himself as President
7. Economic Condition of Pakistan
▪ Country was in total disarray.
▪ Had no economic weapon in their armory to fight the battle of its recovery.
▪ Growth rate of 11 years (1959-70) was high as 6.25%.
▪ Created an environment where the private sector was encouraged to
establish medium and small-scale industries in Pakistan.
▪ Opened up avenues for new job opportunities, the economic graph of the
country started rising.
▪ He was the first Pakistani ruler who attempted to bring in land reforms but
the idea was not implemented properly.
▪ Labor, law and administrative reforms were also introduced during his
regime.
9. Economic Strategy
▪ The commitment to rapid
industrialization.
▪ The benefits of economic growth
would drop down to the poorest
segments of the society.
Key priority
▪ Achieve rapid rates of economic
growth and price stability.
▪ Develop Pakistan’s agricultural and
industrial capacity.
11. Monetary Policy (1958-1969)
▪ The year 1959-60 marked the beginning of a phase of liberalization and
deregulation of the economy and substantial flow of resources from abroad.
▪ This included gradual liberalization of import policy and introduction of Export
Bonus Scheme.
▪ From this period, government granted liberal concessions to the private sector to
establish industries in the country resulting an increase in monetary supply.
▪ First plan (1955-60) - the monetary expansion amounted to Rs. 1.96 Billions.
▪ Second plan (1960-65) – the money supply increased by Rs. 2.80 Billions.
▪ The bank credit both in the private and public sector expanded to Rs. 1.62 Billions
during the first and during the second plan period it was equal to Rs. 4.77 Billions.
13. Economic Performance of Pakistan
▪ The country’s economic performance in terms of growth rates of the
important sectors include:
Agriculture
Manufacturing
Balance of payments situation
Price Index
16. Policies in the Agriculture Sector
▪ One of the salient features of Ayub Khan Regime was the reversal of
the neglect in agricultural sector that had been there in the early
1960s .
▪ A series of reforms strengthened the Pakistani Agriculture Sector.
▪ Rural infrastructure was increased to improve the overall availability
of irrigation water and the amount of cultivated land.
▪ The two factors that contributed to the revival of agriculture were :
– The Green Revolution, characterized by the introduction of high yielding
varieties of rice and wheat.
– The mechanization and diffusion of technology among agriculture products.
17. Policies in the Agriculture Sector
▪ Between 1959 and 1964, agriculture grew at an overall rate of 3.7%
and by 6.3% between 1965 and 1970s.
Improved seeds
Agricultural Machinery
Tube well irrigation
19. Policies in the Industrial Sector
▪ Focus on reconstruction and development of agriculture based
industries.
▪ Priority of Ayub’s administration was to achieve the rapid rate of
economic growth and develop Pakistan’s industrial capacity.
▪ Emphasized on private sector.
▪ Removal of administrative controls and price stability to provide a
macro economic environment conducive to private investment.
20. Policies in the Industrial Sector
▪ In February 1959, Government announced a new industrial policy.
The main emphasis was put on the utilization of raw materials
available in the country to benefit small and medium scale industries.
▪ Among the major steps that were taken in the promotion of
industrialization were:
– Establish amen of Financial and Development Corporations
– IndustrialTrading Estates
– Price Controls
– Investment Promotion Bureau
– Encouragement of Private Enterprises
21. Policies in the Industrial Sector
▪ Establishment of Financial & Development Corporations:
– PIDC played an important role
– Set up with a capital of 1 billion
– PIDC was put in charge to promote the following industries:
▪ Jute
▪ Paper-board and newsprint
▪ Heavy engineering
▪ Fertilizers
▪ Sugar
▪ Cement
▪ Textiles, etc
22. Policies in the Industrial Sector
▪ IndustrialTrading Estates:
– Four new estates for small industries were established in Bahwalpur,Gujarat,
Larkana and Peshawar
– It helped in the process of industrialization by handling the initial difficulties
faced by new industrialists.
▪ Price Controls:
– In October 1958, the government took several measures to check the rising
spiral of prices.
– Price controls covering a large number of consumer goods and industrial raw
materials were imposed.
– These measures led to a fall in prices and improvement in supply position of a
large number of articles.
23. Policies in the Industrial Sector
▪ Investment Promotion Bureau
– In order to attract foreign investment the government set
up an investment promotion bureau in April 1959.
– The main function of this organization was to sanction
proposals for the establishment of new industries
involving foreign investments.
– To provide guidance to industrialists and serve as a
clearing house for problems of foreign investors in the
matter of procurement of land, building materials, water,
power, railway etc.
24. Policies in the Industrial Sector
Encouragement of Private Enterprise
– Establishment of investment promotion bureau to give
information and guidance to private investments.
– Industrial legislation with a view to facilitating the growth of
industry with minimum government interference.
– Giving further incentives for encouragement of exports.
25. Other Measures
- SUPPLY OF CREDIT
▪ Liberally provided to the industrial sector by both
the commercial banks & the specialized credit
institutions
- FOREIGN AIDS AND LOANS
▪ Foreign aid and loans received from friendly
countries, played a dominant role in industrial and
economic development of Pakistan. Without such
aid the remarkable growth in that era could not be
possible
26. Other Measures
FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
▪ Liberal policies in tax concession and other measures taken by
government, the inflow of capital increased
▪ According to state bank of Pakistan foreign private investments
increased
▪ 1956 13.20 Mn
▪ 1959 16.59 Mn
▪ 1965 26.11 Mn
▪ 1966 26.28 Mn
28. Foreign Trade Policy
▪ Export Bonus System
▪ The export sector responded dramatically to the policies.
▪ Growth rates of exports jumped to7% per annum.
▪ Large diversification of the composition of Pakistan’s export portfolio, with cotton
and jute slowly replacing primary commodities.
▪ Ninety percent of the export growth in the 1960's was due to the increase in
manufactured export, which grew at an annual rate of 20 %.
▪ Significant dismantling of import licenses and hence, greater ease in importing
industrial raw material and spare parts for industry.
30. Balance of Payments
Few reasons for the negative balance of payment.
Import of Capital Goods
Industrial base in the early times was almost negligible.
– In order to build the economy, Pakistan had to import capital goods like machinery, etc for rapid
industrialization .
– Heavy import of machinery considerably increased the import bill and effected the balance of payment on
current account.
Increase in import payments of Fertilizers
– Due to the increase in prices of fertilizers, edible oil, there was a sharp increase in the import payments.
Consumption oriented Society
– Pakistan as a whole is consumption oriented society.
– The import of consumer goods was 16% of the total import.
– Most of the consumer goods imported from outside could easily be manufactured in Pakistan and ease the
situation in balance of payment.
32. Balance of Trade
(In crores Rupees)
Year (Jun-July) Exports Imports Balance
1959-1960 184.27 246.10 -61.83
1964-1965 240.77 537.42 -296.65
1968-1969 330.54 489.66 -159.12
1969-1970 333.71 609.81 -176.10
33. Balance of Trade
Deficit Financing:
▪ Trade deficit in the early times was financed by the foreign aid
▪ At the beginning of the first five-year plan, about 19% of Pakistan’s import and 35%
of its development expenditure were being financed by foreign aid.
▪ At the end of the plan period, these proportions had risen to 31% & 38%
respectively.
▪ Halfway through the second plan, these proportions had shoot up to 56 and 42
percent respectively.
▪ In 1967-68 foreign aid was financing 50% of imports and 34% of development
expenditures.
35. 1965 War
– The Indian aggression in 1965 had implications for the economy,
including monetary policy.
– There was a significant interruption in the inflow of foreign
assistance, which in the past had significantly contributed high
growth rate, particularly in the industrial sector and private
investment.
– Also budget deficit rose from Rs. 2.1 billion in 1964-65 to Rs 5.2
billion in 1966-67.
– Difficulties created by Indian aggression were compounded by an
extraordinary deficiency, which affected the country’s main crops
for two years.
– Thus in 1966-67 the growth rate of economy slowed down to 3.1%
the lowest in ten-year period ending 1969-70.
37. Ayub Khan’s Foreign Policy
▪ The objectives in that era were the security and development of Pakistan and the preservation of
its ideology.
▪ While retaining and renewing the alliance with the United States, Ayub Khan emphasized his
preference for friendship, not subordination, and bargained hard for higher returns to Pakistan.
▪ Other than ideology and Kashmir, the main source of friction between Pakistan and India was the
distribution of the water of the Indus River system.
▪ As the upper riparian power, India controlled the head works of the repartition irrigation canals.
▪ After independence India had, in addition, constructed several multipurpose projects on the
eastern tributaries of the Indus.
▪ A compromise that appeared to meet the needs of both countries was
reached during the 1960; called “IndusWaterTreaty”.
39. Demerits of Ayub’s Regime
▪ The 1960's also marked Pakistan’s increase reliance on foreign aid.
▪ Another negative feature of Ayub's industrial and trade policies were the deliberate
repression of wages.
▪ In spite of success in industrial diversification and export performance, Ayub Khan’s
policies had several shortcomings.
▪ High rates of effective protection continued to make Pakistani industry inefficient, and a
number of international studies documented Pakistan as a worst example of
industrialization.
▪ Unlike other countries, Pakistani use of tariffs and quotas was not carefully planned.
▪ The paradox of industrialization was, the regime resulted in a progressive worsening in
the balance of payment account with the increase in the imports of machinery and other
industrial raw materials.