This document provides information on types of abortion including spontaneous, threatened, inevitable, complete, incomplete, missed, and septic abortions. It defines each type and outlines their signs, symptoms, and management approaches. Causes of abortion are also discussed including fetal, maternal, endocrine, drug/environmental, and autoimmune factors. Common causes in the first and mid-trimester are identified. Induced abortions are defined as those deliberately terminating a pregnancy before viability, and can be legal or illegal medical procedures.
This ppt is made by Mr. arkab khan pathan under guidance of Mrs. RAKHI GOAR. this ppt contain the detail and all the lecture notes of HEG.
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Arkab khan
This ppt is made by Mr. arkab khan pathan under guidance of Mrs. RAKHI GOAR. this ppt contain the detail and all the lecture notes of HEG.
THANK YOU.
Arkab khan
Threatened abortion by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
Threatened abortion is associated with bleeding and/or uterine cramping while the cervix is closed. This stage of abortion may progress to spontaneous incomplete or complete abortion. While this event may be considered a part of the quality control process in human reproduction, it is important to know the possible etiologies and when therapy might prevent pregnancy loss. The World Health Organization estimated that 15% of all clinically recognizable pregnancies and in spontaneous abortion, 50-60% of which are due to chromosomal abnormalities. Apart from the fetal factors, several maternal and probably paternal factors contribute to the causes of spontaneous abortion. The maternal factors that may be responsible for abortion include both local and systemic conditions such as infections, maternal disease states, genital tract abnormalities, endocrine factors and other miscellaneous causes (antiphospholipid antibodies, maternal-fetal histocompatibility, excessive smoking and other environmental toxicants, etc.). This review focuses on the management of threatened abortion, but it should be emphasized that the management to maintain pregnancy is reasonable only in those cases, in which the fetus is not seriously affected. It would not be beneficial to provide treatment that would permit chromosomally and anatomically abnormal embryos to survive to term. Treatment is feasible first of all in cases with maternal factors. Surgical procedures may precede pregnancy (correction of septate uterus, removal of a submucous leiomyomata) or may be performed usually in the second trimester (cervical cerclage). Maternal general diseases (diabetes, hypothyroidism) and infections should be treated accordingly. The most common entity to be treated in this category is luteal phase deficiency. Progesterone is the most important hormone for the maintenance of an early human pregnancy. Besides progesterone administration, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) also is the logical endocrine treatment of choice. In the pregnant woman hCG stimulates and optimizes hormonal production in the corpus luteum and may also influence the fetoplacental unit. The contribution of environmental, physical and chemical agents to the incidence of spontaneous abortion is controversial. They may be abortifacient even if they are not teratogenic. Exposure to environmental toxicants should be avoided. Paternal leukocyte immunotherapy has been associated with successful outcome in patients with unexplained repeated spontaneous abortion. This therapeutic approach is considered experimental, as there may be some significant risks. Associating maternal antiphospholipid antibodies with reproductive failure is a rapidly developing field. Administration of corticosteroids with low doses of aspirin has resulted in fetal salvage in women in whom antiphospholipid antibodies are present.
It is the expulsion or extraction from its mother of an embryo or fetus weighing 500 gm or less when it is not capable of independent survival (WHO).
The 500gm of fetal development is attained approximately at 22 weeks of gestation.
Expelled fetus- Abortus
Threatened abortion by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
Threatened abortion is associated with bleeding and/or uterine cramping while the cervix is closed. This stage of abortion may progress to spontaneous incomplete or complete abortion. While this event may be considered a part of the quality control process in human reproduction, it is important to know the possible etiologies and when therapy might prevent pregnancy loss. The World Health Organization estimated that 15% of all clinically recognizable pregnancies and in spontaneous abortion, 50-60% of which are due to chromosomal abnormalities. Apart from the fetal factors, several maternal and probably paternal factors contribute to the causes of spontaneous abortion. The maternal factors that may be responsible for abortion include both local and systemic conditions such as infections, maternal disease states, genital tract abnormalities, endocrine factors and other miscellaneous causes (antiphospholipid antibodies, maternal-fetal histocompatibility, excessive smoking and other environmental toxicants, etc.). This review focuses on the management of threatened abortion, but it should be emphasized that the management to maintain pregnancy is reasonable only in those cases, in which the fetus is not seriously affected. It would not be beneficial to provide treatment that would permit chromosomally and anatomically abnormal embryos to survive to term. Treatment is feasible first of all in cases with maternal factors. Surgical procedures may precede pregnancy (correction of septate uterus, removal of a submucous leiomyomata) or may be performed usually in the second trimester (cervical cerclage). Maternal general diseases (diabetes, hypothyroidism) and infections should be treated accordingly. The most common entity to be treated in this category is luteal phase deficiency. Progesterone is the most important hormone for the maintenance of an early human pregnancy. Besides progesterone administration, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) also is the logical endocrine treatment of choice. In the pregnant woman hCG stimulates and optimizes hormonal production in the corpus luteum and may also influence the fetoplacental unit. The contribution of environmental, physical and chemical agents to the incidence of spontaneous abortion is controversial. They may be abortifacient even if they are not teratogenic. Exposure to environmental toxicants should be avoided. Paternal leukocyte immunotherapy has been associated with successful outcome in patients with unexplained repeated spontaneous abortion. This therapeutic approach is considered experimental, as there may be some significant risks. Associating maternal antiphospholipid antibodies with reproductive failure is a rapidly developing field. Administration of corticosteroids with low doses of aspirin has resulted in fetal salvage in women in whom antiphospholipid antibodies are present.
It is the expulsion or extraction from its mother of an embryo or fetus weighing 500 gm or less when it is not capable of independent survival (WHO).
The 500gm of fetal development is attained approximately at 22 weeks of gestation.
Expelled fetus- Abortus
Covers the basic information about abortions that you need to know with in depth discussion of the different types of abortions and their characteristics
Pathophysiology of Normal Labor:
A series of events that take place in female genital organs to expel the product of conception that are fetus, placenta, membranes) out of womb through the vagina into the outer world. We further describe pathogenesis and features of different stages of labor
OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING- HIGH RISK PREGNANCY ABORTION.pptxmagie12
The students will be able to
*define abortion
*Identify the difference between various types of abortion
*Perform medical induction for abortion
*Describe various surgical techniques used for abortion
*Detect the consequences that occur by abortion and provide appropriate care
Abortion or pregnancy loss is accounts to spontaneous events or through legal termination.
The first large scale study on abortions and unintended pregnancies conducted by The Lancet in 2017 said one in three of the 48.1 million pregnancies in India end in an abortion with 15.6 million taking place in 2015.
*Definition
*Types of abortion- Spontaneous, Induced, Complete abortion, Incomplete abortion, Missed abortion, Recurrent abortion, Induced abortion
*Risk factors,
*etiology, mechanism,
* clinical manifestations of each type
*Management – medical & surgical
Nursing management
Abortion is the expulsion or extraction from its mother of an embryo or fetus weighing 500 gm or less when it is not capable of independent survival
-WHO
The 500gm of fetal development is attained
approximately at 22 weeks(154 days of gestation).
The expelled embryo or fetus is called abortus
Abortion is the cause for bleeding in early pregnancy.
Abortion occurring without medical or mechanical means to empty the uterus is referred to as spontaneous.
Another widely used term is miscarriage.
10-20% of cases of all clinical pregnancies end in miscarriage.
About 75%miscarriages –before 16th week
About 80% occur –before 12th week of pregnancy.
Increases with parity
Increased maternal and paternal age
The frequency of abortion increases from 12% in women younger than 20 years to 26% in those older than 40 years
Women conceiving within 3 months following a term birth, have a higher incidence of abortion
Anembryonic Gestational sac
- Positive HCG test as placenta secretes HCG and stops later
Presents in first few weeks of pregnancy
Removal through medical or surgical induction
Uncommon causes of abortion in human
Listeria monocytogenes
Clamydia trachomatis
Mycoplasma hominis
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Toxoplasma gondii
Diabetes mellitus
Celiac sprue
Cause both male and female infertility and recurrent abortions
ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid autoantibodies → incidence of abortion is high
Diabetes mellitus
Poor glucose control → incidence of abortion increased
Progesterone deficiency
Luteal phase defect
Insufficient progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum or placenta
DRUG USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Recurrent pregnancy loss patients : 15%
Antiphospholipid antibody : most significant
LCA (lupus anticoagulant), ACA (anticardiolipin Ab)
ALLOIMMUNE FACTORS
- Inherited thrombophilia
Uterine synechiae (Asherman syndrome)
Partial or complete obliteration of the uterine cavity by adherence of uterine wall
The retention power of the cervix(Internal os) may be impaired functionally and or anatomically in an incompetent cervix
Etiology
Previous trauma during pregnancy
Causes and management of first and second trimester abortions
anatomical, chromosomal, immunological, hormonal causes and infections. Investigation for detection of cause and possible treatment. Surgical correction of cervical incompetence and medical treatment, progestational drugs
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Definition
An abortion is the premature expulsion of products of
conception from the uterus. Vaginal bleeding during early
pregnancy (up to 24 weeks of gestation) can be due to
various types of abortions, ectopic pregnancy or the
presence of a hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy).
4. Etiology
More the 80% of abortion occur in first 12 weeks and the
rate decreases rapidly thereafter. various maternal and fetal
factors have been implemented.
• Fetal factors
• Maternal factor
• Endocrine disorder
• Drug used and environmental factors
• Autoimmune disorder
• Uterine defects
5. Common cause
First trimester:-
• Genetic factor.
• Hormonal deficiency
• Trauma
• Acute infection.
Mid trimester:-
• Cervical incompetence
• Uterine malformation such as bicornuate septate or double uterus.
• Uterine fibroid
• low implantation of placenta
• Twins and hydramnios
6. Spontaneous abortion
I. Threatened abortion
Women have threat to abort as the process of abortion has
started but still the chances of recovery are there are
appropriate measures. Refers to a stage in the abortion that
suggests potential miscarriage may take place.
Process of abortion stared
(Pain following bleeding)
Recovery possible
(As internal OS is closed)
7. Symptoms
• Light bleeding
• Cramping/lower abdominal pain
• Closed cervix
• Uterus softer than normal
• The size of the uterus corresponds to the gestational period
Management of threatened abortion:-
• Medical treatment is usually not required.
• Advise the woman to avoid strenuous activity and sexual intercourse;
complete bed rest is, however, not necessary.
• If the bleeding stops, follow up in an antenatal clinic. Reassess if the
bleeding recurs
8. II. Inevitable abortion
Inevitable abortion is signaled by gross rupture of membranes in the
presence of cervical dilatation, under these condition abortion is
almost certain. In most of the cases after rupture of membranes
uterine contraction develops promptly result in expulsion of
pregnancy or infection develops.
Sign and symptoms
• Heavy bleeding, Dilated cervix
• Cramping/lower abdominal pain
• No expulsion of the products of
conception
• The size of the uterus corresponds
to the gestational period
9. Management
If the pregnancy is less
than 12 weeks
• Plan for evacuation of the
contents of the uterus
• Give Misoprostol 400
mcg (2 tablets of 200 mcg
each) orally. Repeat once
after 4 hours, if necessary.
• Arrange for evacuation as
soon as possible.
If the pregnancy is more than 12
weeks
• Await spontaneous expulsion of the
products of conception and then
evacuate the uterus to remove any
retained products of conception.
• If necessary, augment uterine
contractions by giving Oxytocin 20 U
in 500 ml of R/L @ 40 drops/minute;
• Administer Tab. Misoprostol, 800
mcg (4 tablets of 200 mcg each),
intravaginally. Give 2 tablets (400
mcg) again after 4 hours if the woman
has not aborted till then.
10. III. Complete abortion
When whole of products of conception are expelled in masses.
the patient present with history of passing a fleshy mass per
vagina followed by subsidence of abdominal pain and decreased
vaginal bleeding.
Sign and symptoms:-
• Light bleeding, Closed cervix
• Light cramping/abdominal pain
• History of expulsion of the
products of conception
• The size of the uterus is smaller
than that expected for the
gestational period
• Uterus softer than normal
11. Management
• Evacuation of the uterus is usually not necessary as all the
products of conception have been expelled.
• Observe for heavy bleeding.
• Ensure post-abortion follow up of the woman after
treatment
• Check for any retained products of conception and/or
bleeding
• No further management is required if the condition of the
woman is stable.
12. IV. Incomplete abortion
When the entire product of conception are
not expelled instead a part of it is retained
inside the uterine cavity.
Sign and symptoms:-
• Heavy bleeding
• Cramping/lower abdominal pain
• Dilated cervix
• History of partial expulsion of the products of conception
• The size of the uterus is smaller than that expected for the
gestational period
13. Management
• If the bleeding is light to moderate and the pregnancy is less
than 12 weeks, use your fingers or sponge forceps to remove
the products of conception protruding through the dilated
cervix.
• If the bleeding is heavy and the pregnancy is less than 12
weeks, evacuate the uterus.
• Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) is the preferred method
of evacuation. Do not carry out evacuation by sharp
curettage.
• If evacuation is not immediately possible, give Tab.
Misoprostol 400 mcg orally (repeated once after 4 hours, if
necessary)
14. CONT...
If the pregnancy is more than 12 weeks:
• Start an Oxytocin drip, i.e. 20 U of Oxytocin in 500 ml of R/L
@ 40 drops/minute until the products of conception are
expelled.
• If necessary, give Tab. Misoprostol 200 mcg vaginally every 4
hours until the products of conception are expelled; do not
administer more than a total of 800 mcg.
• Evacuate any remaining products of conception from the
• IV fluids: RL, NS
• Blood grouping & Cross matching → BT if indicated
• Evacuation
• Antibiotics: ampicillin, metronidazole
• Analgesics
15. V. Missed abortion
Missed abortion is defined as retention
of dead products of conception in utero
for several weeks usually more than 4
weeks. A missed abortion or a silent
miscarriage, occurs when a fetus dies,
but the body does not recognize the
pregnancy loss or expel the pregnancy
tissue. As a result, the placenta may
still continue to release hormones, so
the woman may continue to experience
signs of pregnancy
16. Sign and symptoms
• Uterus is smaller in size then period of amenorrhoea
• cervix feel firm
• OS is closed
• On Doppler cardio scope fetal heart motion is not seen
• Immunological test for pregnancy become negative.
• On USG empty gestational sac with absent fetal heart motion.
17. Management
• If a missed miscarriage has occurred early in pregnancy, a
woman will usually be able to expel the pregnancy tissue
naturally.
• if the fetal tissue remains in the body for a longer time, a
D&C or Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) procedure is
usually recommended.
• In this procedure, the cervix is opened and the contents of
pregnancy are removed. This can cut down on infections,
which may occur if the fetal tissue remains in the body.
18. IV. Septic abortion
Septic abortion is defined as abortion complicated by
infection. Sepsis may result from infection if the organisms
ascend from the lower genital tract following either a
spontaneous or an unsafe abortion. Sepsis is more likely to
occur if there are retained products of conception and
evacuation has been delayed. Sepsis is a frequent
complication of unsafe abortion involving instrumentation.
19. Signs and Symptoms
• Abdominal pain
• Fever
• Vaginal discharge (foul smelling) Sick looking, febrile or
jaundiced
• Tender uterus
• Offensive vaginal discharge or bleeding
• Cervix is usually soft and may be dilated
20. Management
• IV fluids: RL, NS
• Insert urethral catheter
• Monitor Input/output
• Blood grouping & Cross matching
• Antibiotics:
• Preferably cephalosporins, if not available ampicilin
and metronidazole
• Evacuation
21. Induced abortion
It Is defined as a process by which the pregnancy is deliberately
terminated before fetal viability.
Legal illegal
Medical termination
of pregnancy (MTP)